LEC38: Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

3 parts of musculoskeletal system

Answer 1

1) osteology, bones
2) myology, muscles
3) arthrology, joints

Question 2

2 types of joints

Answer 2

1) fibrous, cartilaginous

2) synovial - diarthroses

Question 3

fibrous joints

Answer 3

synarthrosis

eg suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis, schindylesis

Question 4

cartilaginous joints

Answer 4

amphiarthrosis

eg symphysis, synchondrosis

Question 5

synovial joints divided by

Answer 5

shape

eg ball and socket, hinge

Question 6

suture

Answer 6

skull joint

Question 7

gomphosis

Answer 7

peg and socket joint between tooth, mandible of gum

Question 8

syndesmosis

Answer 8

fibrous connection between bones
no capsules, no movement
ie distal part of tibia-fibula

Question 9

shindylesis

Answer 9

bone wedged into a groove

ie vomer bone in head, looks like plowshare

Question 10

synchondrosis

Answer 10

joint with bone-cartilage-bone
cartilage of syncondrosis ossifies eventually > bone only in joint, timing of this v. important

1) long bones
2) bottom of skull

Question 11

intervertebral disc join type

Answer 11

symphysis

Question 12

pubic symphysis

Answer 12

between 2 pubic bones

matters a lot for childbirth, allows baby exit

Question 13

characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 13

presence of synovial fluid; capsules, ligaments, often menisci

Question 14

what is between male and female surface of synovial joint

Answer 14

articular cartilage

Question 15

examples of synovial joints with fibrocartilage

Answer 15

menisci in knee
labrum in shoulder, hip

helps articulatory efficiency of joint

Question 16

type of joints between ear bones

Answer 16

synovial

Question 17

problems that can occur with synovial joints

Answer 17

1) muscle atrophy
2) bone remodeling, sclerosis
3) cartilage break down
4) meniscal damage
5) synovial hypertrophy
6) osteophytes
7) ligament dysfunction
8) altered fat metabolism

Question 18

classic name for big toe

Answer 18

hallux

Question 19

animals that swing through trees via arms

Answer 19

brachiators

Question 20

lower extremity consists of

Answer 20

thigh + leg + foot

Question 21

thigh

Answer 21

hip to knee

Question 22

leg

Answer 22

knee to ankle

Question 23

what supports humans’ ability to stand erect

Answer 23

have hyper extended knee; tight ligamentous structures support us, rather than muscles, which are energetically expensive to use

Question 24

sesimoid bone

Answer 24

a bone that doesn’t directly articulate with other bones; is formed in tendons of muscles

Question 25

patella

Answer 25

knee bone

Question 26

knee ligaments

Answer 26

ACL, PCL, collateral ligaments, menisci

Question 27

menisci

Answer 27

fibrocartinagenous structures in joints

Question 28

unhappy triad of the knee

Answer 28

MCL, ACL, medial meniscus all torn together when hit knee is hit from lateral side

Question 29

foot arches, function

Answer 29

longitudinal and transverse

dissipate force on foot

Question 30

important foot muscles

Answer 30

tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hullucis longus

Question 31

how are foot arches supported at resting state

Answer 31

by bony and ligamentous support of the foot itself, & muscles are at rest

Question 32

epiphyseal plate

Answer 32

growth plate of long bone, grows over time; between epiphysis and metaphysis, diaphysis

Question 33

epiphysis

Answer 33

rounded end of long bone, covered with articular cartilage, just above growth plate

Question 34

parts of growth plate

Answer 34

resting zone, proliferating zone, hypertrophic zone

Question 35

why contact sports dangerous for children

Answer 35

can fracture across growth plate

Question 36

stages of life when have bone growth/loss?

Answer 36

active growth: birth-30
slow loss: 30-40
rapid loss: 50-60
less rapid loss: 60+