LEC40: Lower Extremity Osteology 101

Question 1

“pelvis” means?

Answer 1

basin

Question 2

what comes out of holes in sacrum?

Answer 2

rami

Question 3

what covers opterator foramen?

Answer 3

fascia, muscles

Question 4

what goes through opterator foramen? Where do these structures go?

Answer 4

opterator nerve, artery, vein; to medial portion of thigh

Question 5

how many large plexises of body?

Answer 5

2: lumbosacral, brachial

Question 6

pelvic bones?

Answer 6

1 cocxal bone; 2 oss cocxae, sacrum, coccyx

Question 7

what kind of joint is sacro-ileac joint?

Answer 7

synovial

Question 8

bones of the pelvis?

Answer 8

large ilium, sacrum, pubis, ischium

Question 9

what do we sit on?

Answer 9

ischium, on ischial tuberosity

Question 10

where does femur articular with pelvis?

Answer 10

acetabular fossa - synovial joint

Question 11

what 3 bones fuse in acetabulum?

Answer 11

ilium, pubis, ischium

Question 12

whose acetabular fossa is shallower- newborn or adult?

Answer 12

newborn - so dangerous to straight baby and slam butt, b/c can dislocate the hip

Question 13

what is the biggest bone in the body?

Answer 13

femur

Question 14

technical name of hip joint?

Answer 14

acetabulofemoral joint

Question 15

technical name of knee joint?

Answer 15

genual joint

Question 16

what articulates with acetabulofemoral fossa?

Answer 16

head of femur

Question 17

proximal vs distal femur?

Answer 17

proximal- at acetabulofemoral joint; ditasl- at genual joint

Question 18

features of head of femur

Answer 18

greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, trochanteric crest, head, fovea capitis, neck, pectineal line, linea aspera

Question 19

features of distal femur

Answer 19

lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, patellar surface, intercondylar fossa, lateral condyle

Question 20

what connects to lesser trochanter of femur?

Answer 20

ONLY the ileopsoas m.

Question 21

what is the linea aspera?

Answer 21

surface on posterior portion of femur where adductor muscles attach

Question 22

why so dangerous to break hip?

Answer 22

get avascular necrosis - lots of blood

Question 23

what are swellings on long bones called?

Answer 23

condyles

Question 24

what part of leg articulates w/ femur?

Answer 24

proximal portion of tibia’s tibial tuberoscity

Question 25

structures of patella

Answer 25

patellar surface; medial groove; lateral groove; lateral epicondyl; medial epicondyle; semilunar area; lateral condyle; medial condyle

Question 26

what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

Answer 26

patella

Question 27

"sesamoid" means?

Answer 27

"seed"

Question 28

what are sesamoids

Answer 28

bones in the tendons of muscles

Question 29

patella function?

Answer 29

leverage for quadriceps muscles in thigh; extending knee joint

Question 30

latin for leg?

Answer 30

"crus" pl: "crura"

Question 31

why are compartments significant?

Answer 31

1) functionality, 2) clinically don't want to spread problems across compartments

Question 32

bones of the leg

Answer 32

tibia, fibula

Question 33

which aspect of leg is tibia on?

Answer 33

medial

Question 34

word for fibular side of leg?

Answer 34

"peron" or "peroneal"

Question 35

which leg bone is weight-bearing?

Answer 35

tibia

Question 36

what/where is fabella?

Answer 36

sesamoid bone at distal part of femur, proximal part of tibia

Question 37

what connects tibia-fibula?

Answer 37

ligaments

Question 38

types of joint(s) between tibia-fibula?

Answer 38

synovial, syndesmosis

Question 39

what are melleilei?

Answer 39

"big hammer" swellings at distal end of tibia/fibula, important for leverage

Question 40

term to describe muscles within a part of the extremity?

Answer 40

intrinsic

Question 41

term to describe muscles that go across parts of extremity?

Answer 41

extrinsic

Question 42

what do extrinsic leg muscles do?

Answer 42

put tendons onto the foot

Question 43

tendons that go from leg > foot?

Answer 43

tibialis anterior; tibialis posterior; flexor digitorum longus; flexor hullucis longus

Question 44

major categories of foot bones

Answer 44

tarsals > metatarsals > phalanges

Question 45

what type of structure is the foot?

Answer 45

osteoligamentous - based upon its bones

Question 46

"tarsus" means

Answer 46

"flat"

Question 47

where is dorsum of the foot?

Answer 47

top of the foot

Question 48

where is plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 48

bottom fo the foot

Question 49

what is unique about plantar surface of foot's skin?

Answer 49

some of thickest, most sensitive skin of the body; only connection between human & earth

Question 50

how many bones in tarsus?

Answer 50

7

Question 51

foot bone for ankle joint?

Answer 51

talus

Question 52

bones of tarsus?

Answer 52

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

Question 53

hand counterpart to tarsal bones?

Answer 53

carpal bones

Question 54

technical name for big toe?

Answer 54

hallox

Question 55

where does achilles tendon attach?

Answer 55

to calcaneous bone | aka tendo-calcaneous tendon

Question 56

tendo-calcaneal bursitis

Answer 56

swelling of bursa under where achilles tendon connects calf muscles (gastrocnemius + soleus) to calcaneus (heel bone)

Question 57

how many carpal bones of hand?

Answer 57

8

Question 58

hand bones

Answer 58

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

Question 59

foot arches

Answer 59

1) internal (medial) longitudinal arch 2) transverse (anterior) arch 3) external (lateral) longitudinal arch

Question 60

technical name for limb falling asleep

Answer 60

parasthesia

Question 61

what nerve do skiiers commonly damage?

Answer 61

common fibular / common peroneal nerve

Question 62

spring ligament

Answer 62

plantar-calcaneo-navicular ligament of plantar surface of foot; stretches btwn navicular-calcaneous bones; supports talus bone; supports arch; if damaged, talus falls > flat feet

Question 63

technical name for flat feet

Answer 63

pes planus

Question 64

why do people with flat feet experience fatigue?

Answer 64

leg muscles work to elevate the foot's arch, so constantly fatigued, even if just standing

Question 65

technical name for foot binding

Answer 65

pes cavus

Question 66

result of foot binding

Answer 66

heightened arch

Question 67

what does running on pavement cause

Answer 67

microfractures throughout tibia; potentially alters hormonal systems

Question 68

can foot's articular cartilage regenerate?

Answer 68

no

Question 69

what is tarsal tunnel

Answer 69

narrow areas/areas of constriction in extremeties within which nerves, vessels go

Question 70

what can happen in tarsal tunnel

Answer 70

entrapment neuropathy

Question 71

retinaculum function

Answer 71

binding; binds down muscles, nerves that come underneath it; have one on medial side of leg, binds Tom, Dick, Harry, and distal branches of tibial n. and arteries

Question 72

what happens if tarsal tunnel gets compressed?

Answer 72

distal part of foot loses sensation

Question 73

how many phalanges per toe?

Answer 73

3: proximal, middle, distal; hallox has only 2: proximal, distal

Question 74

what lie underneath the hallox?

Answer 74

sesamoid bones

Question 75

how many of each type of foot bone in each foot?

Answer 75

7 tarsal, 5 metatarsal, 5 phalanges

Question 76

movements of ankle joint?

Answer 76

4: plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion

Question 77

movements of knee joint?

Answer 77

extend, flex

Question 78

movements of hip joint?

Answer 78

6: circumduction, abduct, adduct, flex, extend, medially and laterally rotate