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Structures: Part Deux > LEC34: Pelvis, Perineum, and Female Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

LEC34: Pelvis, Perineum, and Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

openings in male pelvic diaphragm

A

urethral hiatus, anorectal hiatus

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2
Q

openings in female pelvic diaphragm

A

urethra, vagina, rectum

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3
Q

muscles of pelvic diaphragm

A

puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, coccygeus (ischiococcygeus)

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4
Q

extremity muscles

A

muscles that move the lower extremity, but origins are outside pelvic diaphragm

obturator internus, piriformis

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5
Q

levator anai

A

muscles that elevate the anus; cover pelvic opening

puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus

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6
Q

clinical significance of women having wider gap between levator anai muscles

A

after birth, area becomes loose, more likely to have organs prolapse through this area

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7
Q

kegel

A

exercises women can do to tighten pelvic floor muscles

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8
Q

what does pelvic diaphragm support

A

organs: rectum, bladder, uterus

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9
Q

where is external anal sphincter

A

below pelvic diaphragm

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10
Q

muscles of anal sphincter

A

1) levator ani portion of pelvic diaphragm (SKELETAL)
2) external anal sphincter (SKELETAL)
3) internal anal sphincter (SMOOTH)

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11
Q

what innervates anal sphincter area

A

inferior rectal nerve, branch of pudendal n.

S2, 3, 4

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12
Q

what is the shape of the anal canal / why does this matter

A

banana shape- flexure from sigmoid colon > rectum

anything inserted into canal must be flexible, not too big for that area (i.e. re: abuse)

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13
Q

2 triangles inferior to pelvic bones

A

anal triangle of perineum, urogenital triangle of perineum

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14
Q

boundaries of anal triangle of perineum

A

point of coccyx, front of pubis, ischeal tuberosities (on side)

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15
Q

what structure is wider in females

A

urogenital triangle of perineum - can widen during childbirth

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16
Q

perineum meaning

A

“area around the newborn”

same name for men and women

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17
Q

what surrounds anal triangle

A

ischiorectal fossa, pocket filled with fat - can compress when vagina or anus expands, and is expendable

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18
Q

urogenital diaphragm (UGD)

A

aka deep perineal pouch

forms a shelf superficial to the pelvic diaphragm, has 2 layers of fascia

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19
Q

layers of fascia around UGD

A

superior and inferior (perineal) fascia layers

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20
Q

what does UGD’s fascia membrane contain

A

contains muscles of urogenital diaphragm in a pouch called deep perineal pouch

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21
Q

what is within deep perineal pouch

A

deep transverse perineal muscle
sphincter urethrae m (males)
sphincter urethrea m + spincter urethrovaginalis (females)

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22
Q

structures within male urogenital diaphragm/deep pouch

A

urethral sphincter, bulbourethral gland, deep transverse perineal muscle

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23
Q

what does bulbourethral gland contribute to

A

fluid of the ejaculate

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24
Q

shape of female bladder

A

flat top, except when very expanded, because uterus sits directly on top

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25
urethra length in women vs. men
short in women, long in men
26
is cistitis more common in women or men
women because their urethra is so short, can get bacteria up tube very easily
27
cell type of bladder, importance
transitional epithelium | allows for massive distortion of shape of whole organ
28
why does bladder sometimes appear to be an abdominal organ, and is it?
transitional epithelium of bladder means bladder can change shape, go over pelvic brim, appear to go into abdominal area, although in reality it's in peritoneum so isn't an abdominal organ
29
can you work out your bladder muscles
no! | can train yourself to not react when full, but not skeletal, so not excercisable
30
can you work out pelvic floor muscles?
yes! | are skeletal muscles, so can work them out
31
sections of male urethra
1) preprostatic part 2) prostatic part- through the prostate 3) membranous part- through peritoneal membrane 4) spongy part- through penis
32
where do prostate fluids drain
prostatic sinuses, where prostatic utricle, opening of ejaculatory ducts are
33
sympathetic innervation of pelvic area
superior hypogastric plexus | comes from above
34
parasympathetic innervation of pelvic area
pelvics go into inferior hypogastric plexus > smooth muscle of pelvis, i.e. bladder, to propel things down the ureter
35
what controls erectile tissue
blood flow | controlled by autonomics of pelvic splanchnic nerves
36
prostatic plexus
cluster of nerves from inferior hypogastric plexus nerves; run on both sides of diaphragm, cluster around prostate makes surgery difficult
37
glans
where fluid exits seminal vesicle
38
common ducts for urination and ejaculation
ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy (penile) urethra
39
erectile tissue made of
corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum
40
which erectile tissue is where urethra runs
corpus spongiosum
41
why isn't the clitoris a male penis
the urethra doesn't pass through it | its erectile tissues do not enclose the urethra
42
what structures do sperm pass through
testis, epididymis, prostate, passage through diaphragms, corpus spongiosum, glans
43
what surrounds corpus cavernosum
tough fibrous coat | ensures tissue is extremely stiff when erect, penetration occurs
44
why is it important corpus spongiosum is spongy
stays soft, even when erect, so can expand and allow ejaculate w/ sperm to travel through
45
os penis
most mammals have penis made of bone; humans likely don't because ability to become erect means good cardiovascular strength; evolutionarily helpful for mate-finding
46
female erectile tissue function
stiffens the vaginal orifice
47
female erectile bodies/locations
1) corpus cavernosum (body, glans, crus of clitoris) | 2) corpus spongiosum (bulb of vestibule)
48
greater vestibular glands function
lubricate vagina
49
what stiffens vaginal orifice? bulb of vestibule function
bulb of vestibule
50
clitoris body and glans homologous to
dorsal paired penis bodies
51
bulbs of vestibule homologous to
bulb of penis, ventral body, glans
52
where are erectile tissues located
superficial to UGD, in superficial pouch/perineal space
53
what covers erectile tissues
skeletal muscles
54
what covers crus of clitoris
ischiocavernous muscles
55
what covers spongy tissue, bulb of penis?
bulbospongiosus musle
56
skeletal muscles of superficial pouch
bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal
57
what does superficial pouch contain?
scrotal contents, erectile tissues, skeletal muscle covers, an outer layer of fascia
58
superficial pouch location re: UGD
below
59
is urethra inside the clitoris?
no! separate. women do not pee out of their vagina.
60
homologue to testis
ovaries
61
homologue to gubenaculum
round ligament
62
homologue to prostate
skene's glands
63
homologue to prostatic utricle
uterus
64
homologue to bulbourethral glands
greater vestibular glands
65
skene's glands
aka female prostate located between urethra and vagina has ducts, glands; make fluid, "female ejaculation," serves antimicrobial purpose to prevent intercourse-induced cystitis
66
what is g-spot, why controversial
region of anterior vaginal wall | proposed to have increased sensitivity, but no anatomical data exists to support this
67
homologue to body of penis
shaft of clitoris
68
homologue to skin around scrotum
labium majus
69
homologue to raphe of penis
urethral opening
70
innervation of female external genitalia
perineal branch of pudendal nerve, inferior rectal nerve (around anus)
71
blood supply to external female genitalia
perineal branches of internal pudendal artery, inferior rectal artery (around anus)
72
bladder innervation
smooth m., so GVE fibers from lumbar splanchnics (sympathetic) and pelvic splanchnics (parasympathetic)
73
pelvic, UGD diaphragms, superficial pouch innervation
skeletal m., so GSE fibers from pudendal & other sacral spinal nerves (S2-4)
74
ovary innervation
GVA fibers; travel along ovarian artery to T10
75
uterus, vagina innervation
GVE fibers from lumbar splanchnics (sympathetics), pelvic splanchnics (parasympathetics); GVA back travel along same path
76
lymphatic drainage from ovaries goes where?
aortic lymph nodes
77
where do ovarian (gonadal) arteries branch from?
directly from abdominal aorta
78
which arteries are crucial to pregnancy?
abdominal aorta branch:ovarian a., internal iliac branches: uterine a., vaginal a., internal pudendal a. all anastomose, support pregnancy
79
size of uterus over lifetime
grows from birth > puberty > adult > menopause, regresses to size of before changes happened during puberty
80
uterus position re: bladder?
uterus is in an anteverted position over bladder
81
what facilitates vaginal walls' stretch?
abundance of fat in anterior recess of ischiorectal fossa
82
cardinal ligaments function, location
aka lateral cervical ligament/suspensory ligament at base of broad ligament of the uterus contains uterine artery, vein attaches cervix to lateral pelvic wall by attachment to obturator fascia of obturator internus m.
83
ligaments that support uterus, ovaries
round ligament (ligamentum teres), proper ovarian ligament, uterosacral fold, suspensory ligament of ovary (contains ovarian vessels)
84
layers of broad ligament of uterus
covers uterus 1) mesometrium- around body of uterus 2) mesoalpinx- around tube 3) mesovarium- comes out toward us, where ovary is suspended
85
what surrounds cervix
fornix; have 2 fornices (anterior, posterior) | back alley abortion with straight tool can penetrate posterior fornix, go into peritoneum
86
what is cervical opening called
os
87
what/where is opening of uterine tube?
os of uterine tube | in middle of fimbriae
88
how do you ensure a woman can be fertilized, tubes aren't closed?
introduce dye into uterus, it emerges from ostia of uterine tubes and enters peritoneum
89
what happens during ovulation that causes pain?
parietal peritoneum tears > pain
90
why can uterus expand for pregnancy?
transitional epithelium, smooth muscle
91
where does a pregnant woman feel late appendicitis pain?
anywhere that her appendix has been pushed
92
why do pregnant women need to pee so much and become constipated?
bladder becomes compressed, above public arch; rectum compressed also
93
why so much pain during childbirth?
so many different nerve fibers in this area carry pain from all different surrounding structures epidural anesthesia mitigates pain

Structures: Part Deux (36 decks)

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