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Fungal/Virology > LEC 5 - Systemic Mycoses > Flashcards

LEC 5 - Systemic Mycoses Flashcards

1
Q

What do all biphasic/dimorphic soil fungi cause?

A

Pulmonary disease

which can spread to other areas

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2
Q

What are the three/four examples of edemic fungi?

A

Coccidioides immitis + posadasii
Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis

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3
Q

Define: Edemic pathogen

A

Restricted to specific geographical region

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4
Q

What are other names for coccidiodes?

A

Coccidioidomycosis
San Joaquin Valley Fever
Cocci

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5
Q

Where is C. Posadasii located?

A

Argenitina

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6
Q

Where is C. Immitis located?

A

California

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7
Q

Morphology of Coccidioides

A

Biphasic
Non-Dimorphic = Spherule + Mold
NO YEAST FORM

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8
Q

What does coccidioides look like in tissue?

A

Nonbudding spherules

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9
Q

Describe: Spherules

A

Rich in lipids

Surrounds by giant cell

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10
Q

What is another name for Spherules?

A

Endosporulating spherule

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11
Q

What do spherules do?

A

Release endospores

These will then form new spherules

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12
Q

What tissues are susceptible to spherules?

A 
Lungs 
Skin 
Cardiac 
Pericardium 
Bones 
CNS
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13
Q

How is coccidiodies found in nature?

A

Hyphae
Alternate between barrel-shapped arthrospores/empty
– and –
Disjunctor cells

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14
Q

How long does it take Coccidioides to become mold in culture?

A

1 to 2 wks

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15
Q

What type of agar is used for Coccidioides growth?

A

Sabouraud agar

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16
Q

Define: Coccidioidin

A

Hyphal antigen

Used for immunodiagosis

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17
Q

What animal is most affected by coccidioides?

A

Dogs

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18
Q

What type of infection do pigs and cattle get?

A

Subclincal or inapparent

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19
Q

What is the most common infection type with coccidioides?

A

Pulmonary

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20
Q

What form of coccidioides is inhaled?

A

Arthroconidia

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21
Q

What is the incubation period of coccidioides?

A

7 to 20 days

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22
Q

What happens when coccidioides arthroconidia are inhaled?

A

Spherules with endospores form in lungs (and elsewhere)

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23
Q

What is the primary CONDITION seen in humans with coccidioides ?

A

Pneumonia or influenza like symptoms
Most are benign or inapparent
Self-limitign most of the time

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24
Q

Where does the agressive form of coccidioides tend to spread?

A

Lungs + Skin + Bones + Joints + CNS

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25
Q

What ethnicities tend to be most affected by coccidioides ?

A

Asians
Blacks
Hispanics

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26
Q

What clinical signs are seen in dogs with a coccidioides infection?

A 
Fever 
Lethargy 
Inappentence 
Lameness 
Coughing 
Dyspnea 
Bone swelling 
Wt. Loss
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27
Q

Define: erythema Nodosum

A

Tender red cutaneous nodules in shin region

Delayer hypersensitivity to fungal antigens

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28
Q

What is Erythema Nodosum a good indicator of? Why?

A

Good prognosis

Cell-mediated immunity is functional

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29
Q

Soil dwelling structures of coccidioides

A

Arthroconidia

Hyphae

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30
Q

What are ways to diagnose an animal with coccidioides?

A

Septum/Bronchoalveolar lavage - Sperules

PAS - Histopathilogical exam of affected tissue

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31
Q

Histological description of coccidioides

A

Giant cells w/ spherules

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32
Q

What blood work can be done to test for coccidioides?

A

IgG + IgM with Ab’s to coccidiodin

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33
Q

BSL: coccidioides

A

BSL3

34
Q

DOC: coccidioides

A

Triazoles (Fluconazole + Itraconazole)

Before lab confirmation

35
Q

How long is therapy for coccidioides?

A

~ 1 year for dogs

36
Q

Control: coccidioides

A

Reduce dust by water dirt + planting vegetation + paving road
Infection allows for immunity

37
Q

What is the telemorph of Histoplasma capsulatum called?

A

Ajellomyces capsulatus

38
Q

What does H. Capsulatum produce disease in?

A

Dogs + Cats + Humans

39
Q

How many variants of H. Capsulatum are there?

A

3

40
Q

Morphology: H. Capsulatum

A

Dimorphic
Uninucleated budding cells
Mold = micro/macroconidia
Tuberculate macroconidium

41
Q

What cell types do H. Capsulatum like to reside in?

A

Macrophages + PMNs

42
Q

What type of parasite is H. Capsulatum?

A

Facultative intracellular parasite

43
Q

What does the mold of H. Capsulatum look like in culture?

A

Cottony mold

44
Q

How long does it take H. Capsulatum to grow?

A

12 weeks

45
Q

How is H. Capsulatum inhaled?

A

Microcondidia

46
Q

What happens to the microcondidia once it is inhaled?

A

Becomes yeast cells

47
Q

Clinical signs in humans: H. Capsulatum

A

Influenza like symptoms
Non-productive cough + Fever
Self-limiting

48
Q

Why might dissemiated disease due to H. Capsulatum happen in dogs and cats?

A

Impaired cell-mediated immunity

49
Q

What can the body do to H. Capsulatum yeast once in the lungs?

A

Phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages

= transported deeper into the body

50
Q

HUMANS: What types of lesions occur with H. Capsulatum? Where?

A

Granulomatous foci in lungs + spleen

51
Q

DOGS/CATS: What types of lesions occur with H. Capsulatum? Where?

A

Granulmatous lesions in lungs sometimes

52
Q

What can a H. Capsulatum progress to that can lead to death in dogs?

A

Diesseminated histoplasmosis

53
Q

How does disseminated histoplasmosis present in dogs?

A

Ulcerative intestinal lesions = diarrhea

54
Q

How does disseminated histoplasmosis present in horses?

A

Lymphocutaneous lesions

55
Q

What treatment is recommended in horses with disseminated histoplasmosis?

A

Amphotericin B

56
Q

Virulence Factors: H. Capsulatum

A

Urease
Ammonia
Bicarbonate

57
Q

What state of H. Capsulatum produces the virulence factors?

A

Yeast

58
Q

What do the virulence factors produced by H. Capsulatum yeast cause?

A

Raise pH

Blunt/Eliminate killing action of phagolysosome

59
Q

How does host resistance occur in regards to H. Capsulatum?

A

PMN expresses fungistatic activity + functional T cell-mediated immunity critical

60
Q

What manifests 100% of the time in humans with disseminated disease from H. Capsulatum?

A

Fever

61
Q

Where is H. Capsulatum most commonly found?

A

Eastern US

62
Q

Transmission: H. Capsulatum

A

Aerosol of microconidia

63
Q

What type of soil conditions does H. Capsulatum prefer?

A

Bat guano
– or –
Bird droppings

64
Q

How can H. Capsulatum be ID’ed?

A

Direct microscopic exam
Culture
Histoplasmin

65
Q

Culture: H. Capsulatum

A

Tuberculate macrocondia in culture

66
Q

What do you get a culture for H. Capsulatum from?

A

Sputum
Urine
Lesions
Buffy coat

67
Q

Stain: H. Capsulatum

A

Giemsa-stained smears of marrow or blood

68
Q

Therapy: H. Capsulatum

A

Itraconazole + Amphotericin B

most patients need no treatment

69
Q

Sexual stage: Blastomyces Dermatitidis

A

Ajellomyces dermatitidis

70
Q

Major clinical sign: B. Dermatitidis

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

71
Q

Morphology: B. Dermatitidis

A

Thermally dipmorphic

72
Q

Appearance in tissue/exudate: B. Dermatitidis

A

Multinucleate, broad-based budding cell

73
Q

Appearance in culture: B. Dermatitidis

A

Hyphae bear conidia + chlamydospores

74
Q

Infection phase: B. Dermatitidis

A

microcondidia or mycelial fragments from soil

75
Q

Animals B. Dermatitidis produces disease in

A

Humans + Dogs

76
Q

Clinical symptoms: B. Dermatitidis

A

Pulmonary disease

77
Q

Where can B. Dermatitidis deseminate to?

A

skin + eyes + bone

78
Q

Define: BAD1

A

B. Dermatitidis

Promotes adhesion to respiratory epithelium

79
Q

Epidemiology: B. Dermatitidis

A

Ohio + Mississippi river
Mexico
Central america
Some of Africa

80
Q

What is a sign disseminated disease has occurred with B. Dermatitidis ?

A

Metastatic skin lesions

81
Q

Culture: B. Dermatitidis

A

Sabouraud agar

Fungal/Virology (26 decks)

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