LEC 3 - Ear Infections

Question 1

Mild facial pruritus excoriation in Feline

Non-infectious differentials =

Answer 1

Hypersensitivity

Neoplasia

Question 2

Mild facial pruritus excoriation in Feline

Infectious differentials =

Answer 2

FeLV/FIV

Parasites

Question 3

What samples would you collect in a feline with mild facial pruritus excoriation?

Answer 3

Swab/impression smears
Skin scrapings + Biopsies
Blood

Question 4

What diagnostic tests should be ran in a feline with mild facial pruritus excoriation?

Answer 4

FeLV/FIV test
Cytology/Histology
Chest Radiographs

Question 5

What yeasts are commonly seen in ear infections?

Answer 5

Cryptococcus
Malassezia
Candida

Question 6

What is the species of Cryptococcus commonly involved in ear infections?

Answer 6

Gattii

Question 7

What are the subtypes of C. Gattii?

Answer 7

VGI to IV

Question 8

Location of: VGI

Answer 8

Australia

Question 9

Location of: VGII

Answer 9

Northwest

Question 10

Location of: VGIII

Answer 10

South California

Question 11

What is the general structure of C. Gattii in vivo?

Answer 11

Asexual, haploid state

Question 12

What is the general structure of C. Gattii ex vivo?

Answer 12

Sexual, diploid

Hyphae present!

Question 13

What animal is responsible for spreading C. Gattii?

Answer 13

Bird

Question 14

Where are the spores from C. Gattii found?

Answer 14

Creatine in bird droppings

Question 15

What is the ranking in regards to severity to animals affected by C. Gattii?

Answer 15

Cats > Dogs > Horses

Question 16

What happens to ~

Answer 16

Dissemination to CNS + Skin + Bone

Question 17

By what method does C. Gattii infect animals?

Answer 17

Inhalation/Colonization of respiratory tract

Question 18

What are the three virulence factors in C. Gattii?

Answer 18

Calcineurin + Melanin + Capsule

Question 19

Function of ___ in C. Gatti: Calcineurin

Answer 19

Temperature optimization

Question 20

Function of ___ in C. Gatti: Melanin

Answer 20

Protection from oxidative damage

Question 21

Function of ___ in C. Gatti: Capsule

Answer 21

Immune evasion, stability

Question 22

Clinical signs of C. Gatti in: Cats

Answer 22

Nasal swelling
Granulomas
CNS signs

Question 23

Clinical signs of C. Gatti in: Dogs

Answer 23

CNS

Respiratory

Question 24

Clinical signs of C. Gatti in: Horses

Answer 24

Respiratory

Question 25

What type of fungal culture is used to grow C. Gattii?

Answer 25

Bird seed agar

Question 26

What serological test is ran for C. Gattii?

Answer 26

Latex aggluntination

Question 27

What is the treatment for C. Gattii?

Answer 27

Long-term antifungals - azoles + amphotericin B

Question 28

What is the species of Malassezia that contributes to ear infections?

Answer 28

M. Pachydermatitis

Question 29

What two skin infections can be caused by M. Pachydermatitis?

Answer 29

Canine otitis externa -- or -- Canine seborrheic dermatitis

Question 30

What are the predisposing factors to Canine otitis externa?

Answer 30

``` Aural microclimate Diet Metabolic/endocrine health Breed Immune disorder ```

Question 31

What three bacteria commonly cause canine otitis externa?

Answer 31

Pseudomonas Otodectes Staph intermedius

Question 32

What are the three virulence factors that M. Pachydermatitis has?

Answer 32

Lipase Zymogens Proteases

Question 33

Function of ____ in M. Pachydermatitis: Lipases

Answer 33

Can trigger seborrhea

Question 34

Function of ____ in M. Pachydermatitis: Zymogens

Answer 34

Activates complement

Question 35

What diagnostics are done on M. Pachydermatitis?

Answer 35

Impression smears, cytology | Bacterial culture - will see hyphae

Question 36

What treatment can be used in M. Pachydermatitis, topically?

Answer 36

Chlorhexadine -- or -- Diluted vinegar

Question 37

What treatment can be used in M. Pachydermatitis, systemically?

Answer 37

-"azoles"

Question 38

What system does Candida albicans target?

Answer 38

GI

Question 39

Symptoms of C. Albicans: Small animals

Answer 39

Mycotic stomatitis | Enteritis

Question 40

Symptoms of C. Albicans: Large Animals

Answer 40

Rumenitis | Enteritis

Question 41

Symptoms of C. Albicans: Poultry

Answer 41

Thrush | Cloacal infections

Question 42

What are the five virulence factors in C. Albicans?

Answer 42

``` Surface integrin-like molecules Fibrinogen Complement-binding factors Proteases Phospholipases ```

Question 43

What is used to diagnose C. Albicans?

Answer 43

Histology Culture Serum

Question 44

What is seen in serum if C. Albicans is present?

Answer 44

Germ tubes

Question 45

What type of culture is used to grow C. Albicans?

Answer 45

Sab. Dextrose

Question 46

What treatment is used to treat C. Albicans?

Answer 46

Systemic - "-azoles"