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Fungal/Virology > LEC 11 - Herpesvirus I > Flashcards

LEC 11 - Herpesvirus I Flashcards

1
Q

What genomic viruses are herpes viruses?

A

DNA

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2
Q

What is the general structure of the herpes virus?

A

Enveloped

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3
Q

How does the herpes virus attach to the host cell?

A

Glycoprotein

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4
Q

What happens one the herpes virus is attached to the host cell?

A

Viral envelope fuses with plasma membrane

Nucleocapisid enters cytoplasm

Transported to nucleus

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5
Q

How is the herpes virus released?

A

budding from nuclear membrane

Accumulate in vacuoles

Released by cytolysis

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6
Q

What is seen upon histological exams when herpesvirus is present?

A

Rapid cyopathic effect

– and –

Nuclear inclusion bodies

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7
Q

What is the transcription method of herpesvirus?

A

Mucosal surface contact

– or –

Droplet transmission

Fomites

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8
Q

How is the herpes virus present in the body?

A

Establishes permanent latency

Maintained as episome

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9
Q

What is occurring during latency of the herpes virus?

A

Few genes expressed

Infection truly hidden

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10
Q

What causes reactivation of the herpes virus?

A

Stress -

Transport

Crowding

Boarding

Weather

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11
Q

How can you get false positives in herpes testing?

A

Use of rapid nucleic acid tests (PCR)

Latency + High sensitivity leads to false positives

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12
Q

What does BHV-1 cause?

A

Rhinotracheitits

Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis

Conjunctivitis

Abortion

Enteritis

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13
Q

What can BHV-1 lead to in feedlots?

A

Complicated secondary infections - Bovine respiratory disease

= Shipping fever

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of BHV-1?

A

High temperature

Coughing

Eye/nasal discharge

Weight loss

Abortion

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15
Q

What are the risk factors for a BHV-1 outbreak?

A

Large herds/high density

Presence of dairy cattle

Input of new stock

Visitors

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16
Q

When can BHV-1 be most problemative?

A

Naive herds

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17
Q

What are the preventative mechanisms for BHV-1?

A

Keep herds closed + Vaccination

Live attenuated + Inactivated vaccines avalible

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18
Q

what is the problem with attenuated vaccines for BHV-1?

A

Potentially abortigenic + pose risk to unvaccinated animals

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19
Q

What are the pros and cons of attenuated BHV-1 vaccines?

A

Work fast

Useful for controlling outbreaks

Allow latency establishment + potential furture virus reactivation

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20
Q

What are the pros and cons of inactivated BHV-1 vaccines?

A

OK for pregnant animals

Do not create immunosuppression

Reduce latency shedding of virus

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21
Q

What does OHV-2 cause?

A

Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle or bison

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22
Q

What is the source of OHV-2?

A

Recently lambed sheep or goats

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23
Q

What symptoms ares seen with malignant catarrhal fever?

A

High fever

Depression

nasal/ocular discharges

extensive ulcerations in oral cavity

Corneal opacity

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24
Q

What does EHV-1,4 cause?

A

Acute febrile respiratory disease

Rhinopharyngitis

Tracheobronchitis

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25
Q

Which EHV is most common with annual outbreaks in foals?

A

EHV-4

26
Q

What is important to note about EHV-1?

A

Neuropathic

Increasing in virulence + prevalence

= Emerging infection

27
Q

What specific diseases processes do EHV-1 cause?

A

Abortion in horses

Respiratory disease

Encephalomyelitis

28
Q

What does EHV-1 do in the blood stream?

A

Produce viremia

Focus on vascular endothelium of nasal mucosa + lungs + CNS

Neuropathogenic strinas produce much high viremic loads (less gross pathology)

29
Q

What are the risk factors for an EHV-1 infection?

A

Age

Stabled vs pastured

High traffic of animals + humans

Frequant transport

Season

30
Q

What seasons are EHV-1 infections most common?

A

Late Autumn - Winter - Spring

31
Q

What is done to control the spread of EHV-1?

A

Cease transport

Seperate/Quarantine diseased stock

Sanitary precautions for handlers

Regular serial vaccinatiosn

32
Q

How long should a horse be quarantined for EHV-1?

A

21 to 28 days

33
Q

Where do EHV-4 infections target?

A

Respiratory epithelium

Associated with lymph nodes

34
Q

What is the most common disease process caused by EHV-4?

A

Foals infected early

Acute respiratory disease (over 2 months old)

35
Q

Why do foals tend to become infected with EHV-4 after 2 months of age?

A

Passive immunity from mare declines

36
Q

What is the therapy for EHV-4?

A

Rest

Nursing care + anti-pyretics

Valacyclovir

37
Q

What does gallid herpesvirus 1 cause in chickens/

A

Infectious laryngotracheitis

38
Q

At what age do chickens tend to get infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

4 to 18 months of age

39
Q

What are the common symptoms of infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

Coughing

Sneezing

Nasal/Ocular discharge

40
Q

What do you see in chickens with infectious laryngotracheitis?

A

Pump handle respiration

(neck raised + head extened during inspiration)

41
Q

How does a flock of chickens acquire GHV-1?

A

Introduced by carrier birds

42
Q

How is GHV-1 spread?

A

Aerosol transmission

Fomite transmission

43
Q

How is GHV-1 diagnosed?

A

PCR

Detection of virus antigens in tissues/smears

44
Q

Why must caution be used when using the GHV-1 vaccines?

A

Attenuated vaccines stop disease but not that caused by virulent strains

Latency established - infection from carrier animals is possible

45
Q

What does GHV-2 cause?

A

Marek’s disease

46
Q

What are the forms of Marek’s disease?

A

Neural

Visceral

Ocular

47
Q

What does GHV-2 target?

A

Proliferation of T cells - causes several different syndromes

48
Q

What occurs in the neural form of Marek’s disease?

A

Tumors in the nerves + brain

= Asymmetric weakness/paralysis of wings + legs

49
Q

What occurs in the visceral form of marek’s disease?

A

Tumors of internal organs

(Liver + Spleen + Gonads + Feather follicles + Heart + Kidney)

50
Q

What is death normally caused by with Marek’s disease?

A

Dehydration

– or –

Starvation

51
Q

What can Marek’s disease lead to?

A

Progressive lymphoproliferative disease

Lymphoma with early pahse incoordination sign + wing dropping of head/neck

52
Q

What is seen in acute disease with Marek’s?

A

Explosive outbreaks of ataxia + paralysis in young

Significant mortality

53
Q

What is skin leucosis caused by GHV-2?

A

Cutaneous diease signs where non-feathered areas become reddened with nodular lesions at feather follicles

54
Q

What does GHV-2 do to the eyes?

A

Ocular lymphomatosis

Transformed lymphocytes migrate to eye - produce graying with irregular eccentric pupil + blindness

55
Q

How long can the Marek’s virus remain stable outside the body?

A

Weeks

56
Q

When are chickens most susceptible to Marek’s disease?

A

Early in life

57
Q

What is seen on necropsy that suggests Marek’s disease?

A

Unilateral enlargement of peripheral nerve trunks

58
Q

How is Marek’s disease controlled?

A

Vaccination

59
Q

What is the GHV-2 vaccine made out of?

A

Weak Marek’s virus strain + turkey herpes virus

Cell-associated vaccine preps to vaccinate chicks with maternal antibodies

60
Q

When are vaccinates done for GHV-2?

A

in ovo

61
Q

What does the vaccinations for GHV-2 do in reagards to disease control?

A

Does not prevent infection

Makes the clinical disease less

62
Q
A

Fungal/Virology (26 decks)

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