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Fungal/Virology > LEC 15 - Retrovirals I > Flashcards

LEC 15 - Retrovirals I Flashcards

1
Q

Retroviral Characteristics

A

Enveloped

diploid

+ sense ssRNA

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2
Q

What are the two components of enveloped glycoproteins?

A

Surface

Transmembrane

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3
Q

What is the function of the surface glycoproteins?

A

Bind to the host cell receptors

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4
Q

What is the function of the transmembrane glycoproteins?

A

Mediates membrane function

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5
Q

What are the three common enzymes present in retrovirals?

A

Reverse transcriptase

Integrase

Protease

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6
Q

What are the steps to a retrovirus entering a host cell?

A

Attachment + Fusion

Reverse transcription of ssRNA to DNA

DNA into host cell chromosome

Viral replication + protein synthesis

Assembly of nucleocapsid + insertion of glycoprotein

Budding

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7
Q

FeLV: Envelope proteins

A

gp70 + p15E

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8
Q

FeLV - Capsid proteins

A

p27

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9
Q

FeLV - Enzymes

A

RT

Ingegrase

Protease

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10
Q

What are the four subtypes of FeLV?

A

A

B

C

T

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11
Q

What subtype of FeLV do cats acquire?

A

subtype A

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12
Q

How do the other FeLV subtypes form?

A

Via mutation + recombination events

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13
Q

FeLV Subtype A Characteristics -

A

Contagious

Mildly pathogenic

Immune suppression

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14
Q

FeLV Subtype B Characteristivs -

A

Neoplastic

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15
Q

FeLV subtype C characteristics -

A

Erythroid hypoplasia + Anemia

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16
Q

FeLV subtype T characteristics -

A

Infect/destroy T cells

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17
Q

Who is most susceptible to a FeLV infection?

A

Kittens

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18
Q

What is the most common mode of transmission for FeLV?

A

Saliva

via grooming + feeding + biting

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of FeLV?

A

Virus replicates in the local lymphoid tissue

Spreads via the lymphatics

Goes to bone marrow + epithelial lining in the GI tract

Amplification of the virus occurs

Integration of provirus in RBC’s

Spreads to epithelial + glandular tissue

Shedding

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20
Q

Once again, basic stages of the FeLV virus?

A

Oral cavity

Lymphatics

Bone marrow/Intestinal lining

Blood

Multi-systemic infection

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21
Q

What does the FeLV virus infect in bone marrow?

A

Perioperal blood leukocytes

Platlets

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22
Q

What are the two ways that FeLV can lead to tumor development?

A

Random incorporation of provirus DNA into host genome

– or –

Mutations in virus leading to FeSV

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23
Q

What cancer is most commonly seen when the virus becomes a part of the host genome?

A

Thymic lymphoma

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24
Q

How does FeSV cause cancer to occur?

A

Genetic exchange between FeLV and FeSV results in recombinant FeSV becoming ocogenic

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25
Q

What are the four stages of FeLV infections?

A

Abortive

Regressive

Progressive

Focal

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26
Q

What occurs in the abortive stage of an FeLV infection?

A

Effective immune response

Local replication then does not progress

No viral antigen or DNA detected

NO VIREMIA

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27
Q

What happens in the regressive stage of an FeLV infection?

A

Effective immune response

Systemic spread then virus becomes contained

Generally aviremic (no shedding, no disease)

Remains latent - reactivate with decline in immune system

Carriers

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28
Q

What happens in the progressive stage of a FeLV infection?

A

Ineffective immune response

Persistant viremia

Clinical disease

Fatal

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29
Q

What occurs in the focal stage of a FeLV infection?

A

Atypical local viral replication

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30
Q

What are the symptoms of FeLV?

A

Fever + diarrhea + wt loss

Enlarged LN

Myleosuppression

Recurrent secondary infections

Neurological disorders

Cancer

31
Q

How is FeLV diagnosed?

A

Symptoms - though not enough on own

CBC with diff

ELISA

32
Q

What is the ELISA testing for with FeLV?

A

p27 antigen

33
Q

What do you see in a CBC diff in a cat with FeLV?

A

Anemia

Leukopenia

+/- thrombocytopenia

34
Q

What are the treatment options for FeLV?

A

Supportive care

Antibiotics for secondary infections

Antiviral agents

Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator

35
Q

What are the two antivirals used to treat FeLV?

A

Interferon

AZT

36
Q

What is LTCI?

A

Purified thymic epithelial protein

Promotes T cell production + activation

37
Q

FIV - Envelope proteins

38
Q

FIV - Capsid proteins

39
Q

What are the enzymes present in FIV?

A

RT

Protease

40
Q

Who has an increased risk of FIV infection?

A

Older cats

41
Q

What is the most common mode of transmission when it comes to FIV?

A

Saliva

Bite wounds

42
Q

What happens with FIV + FeLV infections?

43
Q

What is the target cell in FIV infections?

A

CD4+ T Lymphocytes

44
Q

What does FIV bind to on lymphocytes?

A

CD134 + CXCR4

45
Q

What is important about macrophage infection of FIV?

A

Important viral reservior

46
Q

What are the three stages of an FIV infection?

A

Acute

Asymptomatic

Terminal

47
Q

What symptoms are seen in the acute phase of the FIV infection?

A

Flu-like symptoms

Fever

Malaise

Lymphadenopathy

GI disorders

Stomatitis

48
Q

What symptoms are seen in the asymptomatic phase of an FIV infection?

A

Carrier status

Recurrent infections

Neoplasms

49
Q

What occurs in the terminal phase of a FIV infection?

A

Generalized immunosuppression

Leading to many clinical symptoms

50
Q

What are FIV symtpoms associated with?

A

Decrease immune status of the cat

51
Q

What does progonosis depend on in a cat with an FIV infection?

A

Clinical symptoms

Stage of disease

52
Q

What is used to diagnose FIV?

A

Symptoms

CBC with Diff

ELISA + IFA

53
Q

What is seen on a CBC diff in a cat with a FIV infection?

A

Lymphopenia in ill cats

Anemia in about 1/3 of cats infected

54
Q

What is the target of a FIV ELISA test?

A

p24 antigen antibodies

55
Q

What cell types are targeted by EIAV?

A

Monocytes

Macrophages

56
Q

EIAV - Glycoproteins

57
Q

EIAV - Capsid

58
Q

What enzymes are present in the EIAV?

A

RT

Inegrase

Protease

59
Q

How does EIAV target monocytes and macrophages?

A

ELR1 receptor

(TNF-family receptor)

60
Q

What does EIAV cause? (disease names)

A

Swamp fever

Horse malaria

Equine infectious anemia

61
Q

How is EIAV spread?

A

Blood-feeding insects

Horsefly

Deer Fly

Stable Fly

62
Q

What is clinical disease corrleated to in EIAV?

A

Viral load

63
Q

When are viral loads highest in EIAV infections?

A

Febrile episodes

64
Q

What is the cause of the clincal symptoms seen? (what is happening at the cellular levels)

A

Monocytes + macrophages attacked

result in pro-inflammatory cytokines

65
Q

What three things happen at the cellular level with an EIAV infection?

A

Inflammation + suppression of platelet production = thrombocytopenia

Ab’s bind to platelets leading to destrcution = splenomegaly and hepatomegaly

EIAV absorb onto RBC leading to phagocytosis = type II reaction

66
Q

What is the incubation period of EIAV?

A

2 to 4 weeks

67
Q

What is clinical disease associated with in EIAV?

A

Active viral replication

68
Q

How long does it take a horse to die from EIAV with acute symptoms?

A

3 to 14 days

69
Q

What is seen in EIAV chronic disease?

A

Surive inital effects and then can develop recurring clinical disease with the same symptoms

Highly vairable

70
Q

What are the characteristics of EIAV inapparent carriers?

A

No overt clinical disease

Reserviors for virus

Can show symptoms with severe stress

71
Q

How is EIAV diagnosed?

A

COggins test with is an AGID

72
Q

What does the Coggins test look for?

A

Antibodies to p26 antigens

73
Q

How should all animals infected with EIAV be handled?

Fungal/Virology (26 decks)

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