LEARN BETTER Flashcards
what kind of anaemia can cause macrocytic cells?
folate
B12
what might a lymphoma patient present with dentally?
atypical infection
bleeding
lymphadenopathy
gum infiltration
what are the stages of clot formation?
vasoconstricition
platelet aggregation
coagulation cascade
what can cause immune mediated platelet destruction?
portal hypertension
autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
what does tranexamic acid do?
inhibits clot breakdown
what can increase warfarin activity?
amoxicillin
anti fungals
analgesics
what can decrease warfarin activity?
carbamezipine
nystatin
analgesics
what are oral signs of coagulopathy?
spontaneous bleeding
what is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?
autoimmune prolonged bleeding
avoid NSAIDs and aspirin
treat with steroids
what is normal platelet count?
150-400x10(power of nine)/litre
how does alcohol cause coagulopathy?
bleeding because cirrhosis
thrombocytopenia because bone marrow suppressed
what type of anaemia can cause candidiasis?
B12
folate
coeliac disease causes what kind of anaemia?
folate
iron
what type of xrays can be taken to look at GI system?
plain
contrast using barium swallow
what can peptic ulcers cause?
bleeding and perforation
how to treat coeliac disease?
osteoporosis prophylaxis
gluten free
what are some extraintestinal signs of IBD?
autoimmune hepatitis/arthritis
skin lesions
DVT/PE
ocular inflammation
what could be some oral signs of crohns?
poss bronj ulcers mucosal tags cobbletone mucosa angular chelitis
what is SLE?
autoimmune multi system disease
antibodies against nuclear cell components
widespread vascular immune complex deposition
what other body systems does SLE affect?
skin - photosensitivity and butterfly rash joints - small joint arthritis raynauds nervous system - neuropathy heart - valvular/aseptic endocarditis lungs = effusions kidney failure
what can hyperparathyroidism cause?
hypercalcaemia - malaise/depression
take bloods
tx - poss parathyroidectomy
what can pagets disease cause?
bone deformities = enlarged skull/deafness/nerve compression
what is osteocalcaemia?
vit d deficiency - no sunlight/poor absorption
diffuse bony pains
what are common fractures in osteoporosis?
vertebral
hip
wrist
how is osteoporosis treated?
DEXA screening
calcium and vitamin D
what is a new medication to treat sjogrens?
pilocaipine 5mg orally/day
what is orthana?
spray
gastric mucin, xylitol, NaF
what is bioextra?
gel
lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, xylitol
what is in salivix pastills?
malic acid
what is the pathophysiology of COPD?
emphysema = alveolar destruction bronchitis = airway inflammation, increased mucous, reduced ventilation
what are some CF symptoms in childhood?
recurrent resp infections
malabsorption
bowel obstructions
pancreatic duct destruction
what are some CF symptoms in adulthood?
osteoporosis
male infertility
diabetes
what is hyperthyroidism caused by?
autoimmune
toxic adenoma/goitre
pituitary driven
what is hypothyroidism caused by?
autoimmune
iatrogenic
iodine deficiency
rarely pituitary disease
what is cushings disease caused by?
adrenal adeoma
carcinoma
iatrogenic
what can cushings cause?
diabetes
high bp
infection prone
what is addisons disease?
iatrogenic withdrawl
hypopituitarism
adrenal obstruction
what is type 1 diabetes?
pancreatic beta cell destruction
what is type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction
what happens normally in a cell with insulin?
insulin binds to receptor, release of glucose transport proteins and glucose enters cell
what happens in an insulin resistant cell?
receptor not as responsive, not all glucose enters cell and results in a build up in the blood
what should blood glucose be before meals?
after?
4-7
what are macrovascular complications of diabetes?
IHD
stroke
what are microvascular complications of diabetes?
neuropathy
nephropathy
retinopathy
what does a ketone monitor test?
what is the norm?
beta hydroxybutate
aim 0-8mmol/l
what can corticosteroids cause?
hyperglycaemia
