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LEARN BETTER Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

what kind of anaemia can cause macrocytic cells?

A

folate

B12

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2
Q

what might a lymphoma patient present with dentally?

A

atypical infection
bleeding
lymphadenopathy
gum infiltration

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3
Q

what are the stages of clot formation?

A

vasoconstricition
platelet aggregation
coagulation cascade

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4
Q

what can cause immune mediated platelet destruction?

A

portal hypertension

autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

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5
Q

what does tranexamic acid do?

A

inhibits clot breakdown

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6
Q

what can increase warfarin activity?

A

amoxicillin
anti fungals
analgesics

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7
Q

what can decrease warfarin activity?

A

carbamezipine
nystatin
analgesics

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8
Q

what are oral signs of coagulopathy?

A

spontaneous bleeding

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9
Q

what is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?

A

autoimmune prolonged bleeding
avoid NSAIDs and aspirin
treat with steroids

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10
Q

what is normal platelet count?

A

150-400x10(power of nine)/litre

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11
Q

how does alcohol cause coagulopathy?

A

bleeding because cirrhosis

thrombocytopenia because bone marrow suppressed

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12
Q

what type of anaemia can cause candidiasis?

A

B12

folate

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13
Q

coeliac disease causes what kind of anaemia?

A

folate

iron

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14
Q

what type of xrays can be taken to look at GI system?

A

plain

contrast using barium swallow

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15
Q

what can peptic ulcers cause?

A

bleeding and perforation

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16
Q

how to treat coeliac disease?

A

osteoporosis prophylaxis

gluten free

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17
Q

what are some extraintestinal signs of IBD?

A

autoimmune hepatitis/arthritis
skin lesions
DVT/PE
ocular inflammation

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18
Q

what could be some oral signs of crohns?

A 
poss bronj
ulcers
mucosal tags
cobbletone mucosa
angular chelitis
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19
Q

what is SLE?

A

autoimmune multi system disease
antibodies against nuclear cell components
widespread vascular immune complex deposition

20
Q

what other body systems does SLE affect?

A 
skin - photosensitivity and butterfly rash
joints - small joint arthritis
raynauds
nervous system - neuropathy
heart - valvular/aseptic endocarditis
lungs = effusions
kidney failure
21
Q

what can hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

hypercalcaemia - malaise/depression
take bloods
tx - poss parathyroidectomy

22
Q

what can pagets disease cause?

A

bone deformities = enlarged skull/deafness/nerve compression

23
Q

what is osteocalcaemia?

A

vit d deficiency - no sunlight/poor absorption

diffuse bony pains

24
Q

what are common fractures in osteoporosis?

A

vertebral
hip
wrist

25
Q

how is osteoporosis treated?

A

DEXA screening

calcium and vitamin D

26
Q

what is a new medication to treat sjogrens?

A

pilocaipine 5mg orally/day

27
Q

what is orthana?

A

spray

gastric mucin, xylitol, NaF

28
Q

what is bioextra?

A

gel

lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, xylitol

29
Q

what is in salivix pastills?

A

malic acid

30
Q

what is the pathophysiology of COPD?

A 
emphysema = alveolar destruction
bronchitis = airway inflammation, increased mucous, reduced ventilation
31
Q

what are some CF symptoms in childhood?

A

recurrent resp infections
malabsorption
bowel obstructions
pancreatic duct destruction

32
Q

what are some CF symptoms in adulthood?

A

osteoporosis
male infertility
diabetes

33
Q

what is hyperthyroidism caused by?

A

autoimmune
toxic adenoma/goitre
pituitary driven

34
Q

what is hypothyroidism caused by?

A

autoimmune
iatrogenic
iodine deficiency
rarely pituitary disease

35
Q

what is cushings disease caused by?

A

adrenal adeoma
carcinoma
iatrogenic

36
Q

what can cushings cause?

A

diabetes
high bp
infection prone

37
Q

what is addisons disease?

A

iatrogenic withdrawl
hypopituitarism
adrenal obstruction

38
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

pancreatic beta cell destruction

39
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction

40
Q

what happens normally in a cell with insulin?

A

insulin binds to receptor, release of glucose transport proteins and glucose enters cell

41
Q

what happens in an insulin resistant cell?

A

receptor not as responsive, not all glucose enters cell and results in a build up in the blood

42
Q

what should blood glucose be before meals?

after?

A

4-7

43
Q

what are macrovascular complications of diabetes?

A

IHD

stroke

44
Q

what are microvascular complications of diabetes?

A

neuropathy
nephropathy
retinopathy

45
Q

what does a ketone monitor test?

what is the norm?

A

beta hydroxybutate

aim 0-8mmol/l

46
Q

what can corticosteroids cause?

A

hyperglycaemia

CMS (42 decks)

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