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cardiovascular 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two subsets of structural heart disease?

A
  • heart failure because heart muscle weakness

- valvular disease

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2
Q

what are the two subsets of structural heart disease?

A
  • heart failure because heart muscle weakness

- valvular disease

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3
Q

what are rhythm disturbances

A

cardia arrhythmias

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4
Q

what are investigations for heart disease?

A

ECG’s, echocardiogram, xrays

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5
Q

what are some causes of heart failure?

A

ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, alcohol excess

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6
Q

symptoms of heart failure?

A

fluid accumulation

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7
Q

where does fluid accumulate in heart disease?

A

lungs - felt on exertion or laying flat

peripheries - dependent areas

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8
Q

what is the onset of heart failure like?

A

slow onset then present acutely to hospital with SOB

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9
Q

treatment of heart failure? meds?

A

beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin

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10
Q

treatment of heart failure? surgical?

A

PTCA, CABG, transplant, pacemaker

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11
Q

dentally when to treat pt at risk of heart failure?

A

if pt condition unstable, polypharmacy, caution laying pt flat, avoid NSAIDS

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12
Q

what side of the heart is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

A

left side of heart - aortic and mitral valves

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13
Q

what is the aetiology of valvular heart disease?

A

congenital, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever - complication of strep infection, age related

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14
Q

what is regurgitation?

A

loss of valve integrity = leaking

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15
Q

what is stenosis?

A

narrowing of valve, obstruction of flow

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16
Q

treatment of valvular heart disease?

A

meds, surgery - valve replacement

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17
Q

what medications should be put in place when giving a pt a metallic heart valve?

A

metallic valves can thrombose if not adequately warfarinised

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18
Q

what is dentally relevant when treating a patient with valvular heart disease?

A

risk of infective endocarditis

= risk in procedures, gingivitis, caries etc

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19
Q

where is infective endocarditis usually found?

A

usually found on diseased/prosthetic valves

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20
Q

what is infective endocarditis caused by?

A

strep viridans - oral commensal
strep faecilis - bowel commensal
staph aureus - inc. MRSA

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21
Q

what are the clinical features of infective endo?

A

prolonged febrile illness, valve degeneration/failure, embolic disease, immune complex failure = kidney failure

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22
Q

what investigations can be done for infective endo?

A

Echocardiogram, lots of blood cultures

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23
Q

what is tx of IE?

A

prolonged course of IV antibiotics, surgery

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24
Q

dentally how to treat IE pt?

A

keep standards of OH high, avoid surgery/spont. bactereamia

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25
patients at risk of IE should be encouraged to do what?
keep OH good, preventitive dentistry
26
what is normal cardiac rhythm?
sinus rhythm
27
abnormal arrythmias what is the beat conduction like?
abnormal beat condition
28
how many beats in a fast irregular heartbeat? | slow irregular heart beat?
>100/min
29
symptoms of arrhythmias?
palpitations, syncope, heart failure, chest pain
30
what is atrial fibrilation associated with? | what is there an increased risk of with it?
cardiovascular disease | risk of stroke increased = need anticoagulants
31
what drugs are used for atrial fibrillation?
digoxin, amiodarone, beta blockers, calcium antagonists
32
what are tachyarrhytmias?
too fast
33
what is SVT? what is it precipitated by? what are the symptoms?
supraventricular tachycardia precipitated by caffiene, anxiety palpitations, breathless, chest pain
34
in what condition is SVT not benign?
wolf parkinson white syndrome
35
what is the tx of SVT, at time of?
valsalva manouvre carotid sinus massage adenosine
36
prevention of SVT?
surgery, drugs
37
what is a bradyarryhtmia?
too slow
38
at what rate/min of heart beat causes dizziness and blackouts?
39
what are causes of bradyarrythmias?
age, ischaemia, drugs
40
what is the tx of bradyarrythmias?
remove underlying cause - could be a drug | may require a pacemaker
41
what are ventricular arryhtmias?
always an emergency!!!
42
what causes ventricular arrythmias?
ischaemic heart disease, drugs, congenital, electrolyte disturbance
43
what is ventricular tachycardia?
beat pattern remains the same - increased speed breathless, dizzy, chest pain, palpitations cardiorespiratory arrest
44
what is ventricular fibrillation?
always leads to cardiorespiratory arrest | beat does not follow normal pattern
45
VT tx?
hospital for defib/drugs | long term - drugs, ICD
46
VF tx?
defib | drugs, ICD
47
what are rhythm disturbances
cardia arrhythmias
48
what are investigations for heart disease?
ECG's, echocardiogram, xrays
49
what are some causes of heart failure?
ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, alcohol excess
50
symptoms of heart failure?
fluid accumulation
51
where does fluid accumulate in heart disease?
lungs - felt on exertion or laying flat | peripheries - dependent areas
52
what is the onset of heart failure like?
slow onset then present acutely to hospital with SOB
53
treatment of heart failure? meds?
beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin
54
treatment of heart failure? surgical?
PTCA, CABG, transplant, pacemaker
55
dentally when to treat pt at risk of heart failure?
if pt condition unstable, polypharmacy, caution laying pt flat, avoid NSAIDS
56
what side of the heart is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?
left side of heart - aortic and mitral valves
57
what is the aetiology of valvular heart disease?
congenital, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever - complication of strep infection, age related
58
what is regurgitation?
loss of valve integrity = leaking
59
what is stenosis?
narrowing of valve, obstruction of flow
60
treatment of valvular heart disease?
meds, surgery - valve replacement
61
what medications should be put in place when giving a pt a metallic heart valve?
metallic valves can thrombose if not adequately warfarinised
62
what is dentally relevant when treating a patient with valvular heart disease?
risk of infective endocarditis | = risk in procedures, gingivitis, caries etc
63
where is infective endocarditis usually found?
usually found on diseased/prosthetic valves
64
what is infective endocarditis caused by?
strep viridans - oral commensal strep faecilis - bowel commensal staph aureus - inc. MRSA
65
what are the clinical features of infective endo?
prolonged febrile illness, valve degeneration/failure, embolic disease, immune complex failure = kidney failure
66
what investigations can be done for infective endo?
Echocardiogram, lots of blood cultures
67
what is tx of IE?
prolonged course of IV antibiotics, surgery
68
dentally how to treat IE pt?
keep standards of OH high, avoid surgery/spont. bactereamia
69
patients at risk of IE should be encouraged to do what?
keep OH good, preventitive dentistry
70
what is normal cardiac rhythm?
sinus rhythm
71
abnormal arrythmias what is the beat conduction like?
abnormal beat condition
72
how many beats in a fast irregular heartbeat? | slow irregular heart beat?
>100/min
73
symptoms of arrhythmias?
palpitations, syncope, heart failure, chest pain
74
what is atrial fibrilation associated with? | what is there an increased risk of with it?
cardiovascular disease | risk of stroke increased = need anticoagulants
75
what drugs are used for atrial fibrillation?
digoxin, amiodarone, beta blockers, calcium antagonists
76
what are tachyarrhytmias?
too fast
77
what is SVT? what is it precipitated by? what are the symptoms?
supraventricular tachycardia precipitated by caffiene, anxiety palpitations, breathless, chest pain
78
in what condition is SVT not benign?
wolf parkinson white syndrome
79
what is the tx of SVT, at time of?
valsalva manouvre carotid sinus massage adenosine
80
prevention of SVT?
surgery, drugs
81
what is a bradyarryhtmia?
too slow
82
at what rate/min of heart beat causes dizziness and blackouts?
83
what are causes of bradyarrythmias?
age, ischaemia, drugs
84
what is the tx of bradyarrythmias?
remove underlying cause - could be a drug | may require a pacemaker
85
what are ventricular arryhtmias?
always an emergency!!!
86
what causes ventricular arrythmias?
ischaemic heart disease, drugs, congenital, electrolyte disturbance
87
what is ventricular tachycardia?
beat pattern remains the same - increased speed breathless, dizzy, chest pain, palpitations cardiorespiratory arrest
88
what is ventricular fibrillation?
always leads to cardiorespiratory arrest | beat does not follow normal pattern
89
VT tx?
hospital for defib/drugs | long term - drugs, ICD
90
VF tx?
defib | drugs, ICD

CMS (42 decks)

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