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cardiovascular 2 Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

what are the two subsets of structural heart disease?

A
  • heart failure because heart muscle weakness

- valvular disease

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2
Q

what are the two subsets of structural heart disease?

A
  • heart failure because heart muscle weakness

- valvular disease

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3
Q

what are rhythm disturbances

A

cardia arrhythmias

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4
Q

what are investigations for heart disease?

A

ECG’s, echocardiogram, xrays

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5
Q

what are some causes of heart failure?

A

ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, alcohol excess

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6
Q

symptoms of heart failure?

A

fluid accumulation

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7
Q

where does fluid accumulate in heart disease?

A

lungs - felt on exertion or laying flat

peripheries - dependent areas

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8
Q

what is the onset of heart failure like?

A

slow onset then present acutely to hospital with SOB

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9
Q

treatment of heart failure? meds?

A

beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin

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10
Q

treatment of heart failure? surgical?

A

PTCA, CABG, transplant, pacemaker

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11
Q

dentally when to treat pt at risk of heart failure?

A

if pt condition unstable, polypharmacy, caution laying pt flat, avoid NSAIDS

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12
Q

what side of the heart is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

A

left side of heart - aortic and mitral valves

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13
Q

what is the aetiology of valvular heart disease?

A

congenital, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever - complication of strep infection, age related

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14
Q

what is regurgitation?

A

loss of valve integrity = leaking

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15
Q

what is stenosis?

A

narrowing of valve, obstruction of flow

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16
Q

treatment of valvular heart disease?

A

meds, surgery - valve replacement

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17
Q

what medications should be put in place when giving a pt a metallic heart valve?

A

metallic valves can thrombose if not adequately warfarinised

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18
Q

what is dentally relevant when treating a patient with valvular heart disease?

A

risk of infective endocarditis

= risk in procedures, gingivitis, caries etc

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19
Q

where is infective endocarditis usually found?

A

usually found on diseased/prosthetic valves

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20
Q

what is infective endocarditis caused by?

A

strep viridans - oral commensal
strep faecilis - bowel commensal
staph aureus - inc. MRSA

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21
Q

what are the clinical features of infective endo?

A

prolonged febrile illness, valve degeneration/failure, embolic disease, immune complex failure = kidney failure

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22
Q

what investigations can be done for infective endo?

A

Echocardiogram, lots of blood cultures

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23
Q

what is tx of IE?

A

prolonged course of IV antibiotics, surgery

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24
Q

dentally how to treat IE pt?

A

keep standards of OH high, avoid surgery/spont. bactereamia

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25
Q

patients at risk of IE should be encouraged to do what?

A

keep OH good, preventitive dentistry

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26
Q

what is normal cardiac rhythm?

A

sinus rhythm

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27
Q

abnormal arrythmias what is the beat conduction like?

A

abnormal beat condition

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28
Q

how many beats in a fast irregular heartbeat?

slow irregular heart beat?

A

> 100/min

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29
Q

symptoms of arrhythmias?

A

palpitations, syncope, heart failure, chest pain

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30
Q

what is atrial fibrilation associated with?

what is there an increased risk of with it?

A

cardiovascular disease

risk of stroke increased = need anticoagulants

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31
Q

what drugs are used for atrial fibrillation?

A

digoxin, amiodarone, beta blockers, calcium antagonists

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32
Q

what are tachyarrhytmias?

A

too fast

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33
Q

what is SVT?
what is it precipitated by?
what are the symptoms?

A

supraventricular tachycardia
precipitated by caffiene, anxiety
palpitations, breathless, chest pain

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34
Q

in what condition is SVT not benign?

A

wolf parkinson white syndrome

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35
Q

what is the tx of SVT, at time of?

A

valsalva manouvre
carotid sinus massage
adenosine

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36
Q

prevention of SVT?

A

surgery, drugs

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37
Q

what is a bradyarryhtmia?

A

too slow

38
Q

at what rate/min of heart beat causes dizziness and blackouts?

A
39
Q

what are causes of bradyarrythmias?

A

age, ischaemia, drugs

40
Q

what is the tx of bradyarrythmias?

A

remove underlying cause - could be a drug

may require a pacemaker

41
Q

what are ventricular arryhtmias?

A

always an emergency!!!

42
Q

what causes ventricular arrythmias?

A

ischaemic heart disease, drugs, congenital, electrolyte disturbance

43
Q

what is ventricular tachycardia?

A

beat pattern remains the same - increased speed
breathless, dizzy, chest pain, palpitations
cardiorespiratory arrest

44
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A

always leads to cardiorespiratory arrest

beat does not follow normal pattern

45
Q

VT tx?

A

hospital for defib/drugs

long term - drugs, ICD

46
Q

VF tx?

A

defib

drugs, ICD

47
Q

what are rhythm disturbances

A

cardia arrhythmias

48
Q

what are investigations for heart disease?

A

ECG’s, echocardiogram, xrays

49
Q

what are some causes of heart failure?

A

ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, alcohol excess

50
Q

symptoms of heart failure?

A

fluid accumulation

51
Q

where does fluid accumulate in heart disease?

A

lungs - felt on exertion or laying flat

peripheries - dependent areas

52
Q

what is the onset of heart failure like?

A

slow onset then present acutely to hospital with SOB

53
Q

treatment of heart failure? meds?

A

beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin

54
Q

treatment of heart failure? surgical?

A

PTCA, CABG, transplant, pacemaker

55
Q

dentally when to treat pt at risk of heart failure?

A

if pt condition unstable, polypharmacy, caution laying pt flat, avoid NSAIDS

56
Q

what side of the heart is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

A

left side of heart - aortic and mitral valves

57
Q

what is the aetiology of valvular heart disease?

A

congenital, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever - complication of strep infection, age related

58
Q

what is regurgitation?

A

loss of valve integrity = leaking

59
Q

what is stenosis?

A

narrowing of valve, obstruction of flow

60
Q

treatment of valvular heart disease?

A

meds, surgery - valve replacement

61
Q

what medications should be put in place when giving a pt a metallic heart valve?

A

metallic valves can thrombose if not adequately warfarinised

62
Q

what is dentally relevant when treating a patient with valvular heart disease?

A

risk of infective endocarditis

= risk in procedures, gingivitis, caries etc

63
Q

where is infective endocarditis usually found?

A

usually found on diseased/prosthetic valves

64
Q

what is infective endocarditis caused by?

A

strep viridans - oral commensal
strep faecilis - bowel commensal
staph aureus - inc. MRSA

65
Q

what are the clinical features of infective endo?

A

prolonged febrile illness, valve degeneration/failure, embolic disease, immune complex failure = kidney failure

66
Q

what investigations can be done for infective endo?

A

Echocardiogram, lots of blood cultures

67
Q

what is tx of IE?

A

prolonged course of IV antibiotics, surgery

68
Q

dentally how to treat IE pt?

A

keep standards of OH high, avoid surgery/spont. bactereamia

69
Q

patients at risk of IE should be encouraged to do what?

A

keep OH good, preventitive dentistry

70
Q

what is normal cardiac rhythm?

A

sinus rhythm

71
Q

abnormal arrythmias what is the beat conduction like?

A

abnormal beat condition

72
Q

how many beats in a fast irregular heartbeat?

slow irregular heart beat?

A

> 100/min

73
Q

symptoms of arrhythmias?

A

palpitations, syncope, heart failure, chest pain

74
Q

what is atrial fibrilation associated with?

what is there an increased risk of with it?

A

cardiovascular disease

risk of stroke increased = need anticoagulants

75
Q

what drugs are used for atrial fibrillation?

A

digoxin, amiodarone, beta blockers, calcium antagonists

76
Q

what are tachyarrhytmias?

A

too fast

77
Q

what is SVT?
what is it precipitated by?
what are the symptoms?

A

supraventricular tachycardia
precipitated by caffiene, anxiety
palpitations, breathless, chest pain

78
Q

in what condition is SVT not benign?

A

wolf parkinson white syndrome

79
Q

what is the tx of SVT, at time of?

A

valsalva manouvre
carotid sinus massage
adenosine

80
Q

prevention of SVT?

A

surgery, drugs

81
Q

what is a bradyarryhtmia?

A

too slow

82
Q

at what rate/min of heart beat causes dizziness and blackouts?

A
83
Q

what are causes of bradyarrythmias?

A

age, ischaemia, drugs

84
Q

what is the tx of bradyarrythmias?

A

remove underlying cause - could be a drug

may require a pacemaker

85
Q

what are ventricular arryhtmias?

A

always an emergency!!!

86
Q

what causes ventricular arrythmias?

A

ischaemic heart disease, drugs, congenital, electrolyte disturbance

87
Q

what is ventricular tachycardia?

A

beat pattern remains the same - increased speed
breathless, dizzy, chest pain, palpitations
cardiorespiratory arrest

88
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A

always leads to cardiorespiratory arrest

beat does not follow normal pattern

89
Q

VT tx?

A

hospital for defib/drugs

long term - drugs, ICD

90
Q

VF tx?

A

defib

drugs, ICD

CMS (42 decks)

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