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Haematology Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the cellular component of blood produced?

A

marrow

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2
Q

what does a full blood count measure?

A

number and size of cells

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3
Q

what is the condition associated with lack of haemoglobin?

A

anaemia

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4
Q

cells that are too big are?

too small?

A

macrocytic

microcytic

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5
Q

what is WCC?

A

quantity of white blood cells

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6
Q

too many white blood cells?

too few?

A

leucocytosis

leukopenia

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7
Q

too few platelets?

too many?

A

thrombocytopenia

thrombocythaemia

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8
Q

what is a blood film test?

A

smear of red blood cells examined under a microscope

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9
Q

what is neutrophilia?

A

increase in neutrophil production caused by an acute infection

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10
Q

what is malaria?

A

red blood cells deteriorate because of parasites

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11
Q

how are bone marrow samples done?

A

taken from iliac crest/sternum

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12
Q

what are tests to measure coagulation?

A

activated prothrombin time APTT

INR

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13
Q

what pathway causes APTT?

what is a normal prothrombin time?

A

intrinsic pathway

12-13 secs

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14
Q

reasons for lack of haemoglobin in anaemia?

A

lack of raw materials
production problems
longevity problems

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15
Q

what raw materials are needed for haemoglobin to form?

A

iron, vit B12, folate

erythropoietin

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16
Q

why might there be a lack of iron and folic acid?

A

usually dietary, rarely malabsorption

increase in lack of when pregnant

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17
Q

lack of vit b12 caused by?

what kind of anaemia does it cause?

A

autoimmune diseases affect absorption of B12

pernicious anaemia

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18
Q

what do you see on a blood film of someone with anaemia?

A

very pale cells = hypochromic

micocytic smaller cells

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19
Q

why might there be production problems to do with erythropoiten?

A

renal failure

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20
Q

reasons for production problems do to with bone marrow ?

A

aplastic anaemia - no cells
chemotherapy/immunosuppressants
haematological malignancy
anaemia of chronic disease - any chronic inflam process

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21
Q

what are reasons for blood loss causing lack of haemoglobin?

A

bowel - majority
menstruation
trauma/post op
other organs - unusual

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22
Q

wjhat is haemolysis?

A

destruction of cells in circulation

e.g autoimmunity, sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia

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23
Q

lack of what raw materials cause macorcytic cells?

A

B12, folate deficiency

24
Q

what are some symptoms of anaemia?

A

tired, weak, breathless, dizzy, palpitations

25
Q

signs of anaemia?

A

pale, rapid pulse, oral feautres

26
Q

management of anaemia?

A

history and exam

establish type - fbc, blood film, levels of iron, folate, b12

27
Q

treatment of anaemia?

A

iron sulphate folic acid, B12
erythropoietin
severe/symptomatic - blood transfusion

28
Q

dental - oral abnormalities caused by?
why be careful with GA?
what should you verify in an anaemic pt?

A

iron, b12, folate
o2 capacity reduced,
sickle cell status

29
Q

what is a neutropenia? caused by?

A

an inadequate number of neutrophils

bone marrow failure, auntoimmune disease

30
Q

what infections can occur in the mouth?

A

candida, viral herpes simplex, commensal bacteria

31
Q

dentally be aware of what? do to with white blood cell disorders

A

chemo pts - bone marrow affected
be aware of who is at risk
avoid invasive tx

32
Q

what is leukemia?

A

proliferation of immature cells in blood/bone marrow

33
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

proliferation of lymphocytes

confined to nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow

34
Q

acute leukaemia, acute - common in who? what is seen on a blood film?

A

kids

full of lymphocytes

35
Q

chronic leukaemia, common in who?

A

adults

can transform to acute

36
Q

increased risk of what with leukaemia?

A

risk of infection, anaemia, bleeding

37
Q

types of lymphoma?

A

hodgkins, non hodgkins

38
Q

hodgkins lymphoma systemic factors?

A

lymphadenopathy

fever, weight loss, night sweats

39
Q

non hodgkins common in?

prognosis?

A

older pt’s

poorer

40
Q

tx of lymphoma?

A 
transfusions, infection management
chemo
radio
bone marrow transplant - autologous, allogenic
novel therapies
41
Q

dental relevance of lymphomas?

A

atypical infections, bleeding, lymphadenopathy, gum infiltration

42
Q

what does rate of coagulation depend on?

A

number and functioning ability of platelets

43
Q

3 stages of a clot formation?

A

vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade

44
Q

problems with platelets forming?

A

deficiencys of raw materials
production - bone marrow failure
destruction - immune mediated

45
Q

immune mediated conditions causing platelet destruction?

A

portal hypertension - spleen sequestrian

auntoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

46
Q

aggregation problems - reason? tx?

A

platelet function impaired/ medical therapy - aspririn or copidogrel
tx of underlying cause
platelet transfusion maybe necessary

47
Q

coagulation cascade problems?
gen deficiency ?
specific deficiency?

A

gen - protein - liver disease/malnutrition
spec. - coagulation - haemophilia, von wilebrands disease
drugs - warfarin/heparin

48
Q

what is haemophilia A? B?

A

A - x lined genetic disorder - absence of VIII clotting factor
B - “ , IX clotting factor

49
Q

what is von wilebrands disease?

A

autosomal dominant - platelet factor VIII function problem

50
Q

tx of lack of clotting factors?

A

factor replacement, prophylactic

51
Q

what does DDAVP do?

A

increases factor VIII levels

52
Q

what does tranexamic acid do?

A

inhibits clot breakdown

53
Q

dentally, what to be aware of with pt’s with coagulation problems?

A

risk management, trauma avoidance, prep for suspected bleeding
associated conditions - HIV, hepatitis

54
Q

what is warfarin used for?

A

atrial fib, heart valves, PE, DVT
interferes with clotting factor activity
INR checked

55
Q

what is heparin used for?

A

DVT, PE

injectable

56
Q

what is - petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses?

A

cutaneous bleeding
larger bleeds
brusing bc bleeding

57
Q

what is menhagva? haemoturina?

A

excess menstrual bleeding

urinary tract bleeding

CMS (42 decks)

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