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Histology > LE1 - Histology (2025) > Flashcards

LE1 - Histology (2025) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. A reversible process that transformed epithelial tissue into another type:
    A. Anaplasia
    B. Metaplasia
    C. Neoplasia
    D. Dysplasia
A

Metaplasia

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2
Q
  1. Which one is not true regarding an endocrine gland?
    A. Multicellular
    B. Vascular
    C. Ductless
    D. Secretes hormones
A

Multicellular

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3
Q
  1. Which gland involves disruption of a cell after filling it with its secretory product?
    A. Merocrine
    B. Endocrine
    C. Holocrine
    D. Apocrine
A

Holocrine

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4
Q
  1. Phospholipids are most stable when they form a double or bilayer by:
    A. The hydrophobic fatty acid chains located in a middle region away from water and the hydrophilic polar head groups contacting the water
    B. None of the above
    C. The hydrophobic polar head group located in a middle region away from water and the hydrophilic fatty acid chain groups contacting the water
    D. The hydrophilic fatty acid chains located in a middle region away from water and the hydrophobic polar head groups contacting the water
A

The hydrophobic fatty acid chains located in a middle region away from water and the hydrophilic polar head groups contacting the water

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5
Q
  1. Seen as a short or long fingerlike cytoplasmic projections in the lining epithelium of the small intestines:
    A. Flagella
    B. Stereocilia
    C. Cilia
    D. Microvillus
A

Microvillus

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6
Q
  1. Which secretory portion of an exocrine gland is round or globular?
    A. Tubular
    B. Compound
    C. Simple
    D. Acinar
A

Acinar

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7
Q
  1. This digests large molecules
    A. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
    C. Lysosome
    D. Cytoskeleton
    E. Golgi Apparatus
A

Lysosome

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8
Q
  1. This type of connective tissue has a higher ratio of cells and fibers to matrix:
    A. subserosa
    B. lamina propria
    C. umbilical cord
    D. Aponeurosis
A

Aponeurosis

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9
Q
  1. The transport in epithelial tissue in opposite direction to expel water from the interstitial fluid into specialized aqueous fluid is:
    A. Secretion
    B. Diffusion
    C. Absorption
    D. Active transport
A

Secretion

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10
Q

10.This is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
A. Prophase
B. Mitosis
C. Interphase
D. Metaphase

A

Interphase

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11
Q

11.The ff are classified as Hyaline Cartilage EXCEPT
A. Costal region
B. Thyroid
C. Articular
D. Pinna

A

Pinna

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12
Q

12.This fiber has the unique ability to turn black when it absorbs metallic silver:
A. glycosaminoglycan
B. reticular fiber
C. proteoglycan
D. elastic fiber

A

reticular fiber

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13
Q

13.This synthesizes lipids and forms transport vesicles
A. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Lysosome
E. Cytoskeleton

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q
  1. Type of cartilage present in growing epiphyses
    A. Fibrous
    B. Elastic
    C. Articular
    D. Hyaline
A

Hyaline

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15
Q
  1. These cells are responsible for anaphylactic reactions when they release histamine:
    A. neutrophil
    B. mast cell
    C. lymphocyte
    D. Macrophage
A

mast cell

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16
Q
  1. Which zone of endochondral ossification contains largest cells?
    Zone of:
    A. Resting
    B. Calcification
    C. Hypertrophy
    D. Ossification
    E. Proliferation
A

Hypertrophy

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17
Q

17.This mast cell secretory product induces a prolonged constriction of smooth muscles in the pulmonary airways:
A. leukotrienes
B. histamine
C. heparin
D. Tryptase

A

leukotrienes

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18
Q
  1. Which zone of secondary ossification in growing femur is closer to the knee?
    A. Resting
    B. Hypertrophy
    C. Ossification
    D. Calcified Cartilage
A

C. Ossification

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19
Q

19.Which of the ff occupies a Howship’s lacunae
A. Chondroblasts
B. Chondrocytes
C. Osteoclasts
D. Osteocytes

A

Osteoclasts

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20
Q

20.This collagen fiber type functions to physically support the epithelium:
A. Type I
B. Type Il
C. Type IlI
D. Type IV

A

Type IV

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21
Q
  1. Which feature is typical of Elastic cartilage
    A. Presence of elastic fibers and collagen fibrils
    B. Primary skeleton found in the fetus
    C. Most widely distributed cart in body
    D. Found in Intervertebral discs
A

Presence of elastic fibers and collagen fibrils

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22
Q

22.The release of lipid droplets from cells is which type of secretion?
A. Mucous
B. Merocrine
C. Serous
D. Apocrine

A

Apocrine

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23
Q
  1. Which statement is true about bone collar?
    A. Formed close to BM Cavity
    B. Formed during primary bone formation
    C. Formed in secondary ossification
    D. Formed in primary ossification
A

Formed during primary bone formation

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24
Q

24.Identify which of the following features of the exocrine gland is NOT true:
A. Exocrine gland with repeated branching pattern of the ducts is a compound exocrine gland
B. Multicellular glands has a secretory portion to secrete a product into the gland
C. Flask shaped glands are called acinar or alveolar glands
D. Unicellular exocrine glands has a ductal portion to secrete secretion to the gland

A

Unicellular exocrine glands has a ductal portion to secrete secretion to the gland

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25
Q
  1. This epithelium contains goblet cells and ciliated cells to cleanse inspired air and transport mucus in most respiratory passages:
    A. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
    B. Pseudostratified epithelium
    C. Simple columnar ciliated cells
    D. Transitional ciliated epithelium
A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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26
Q

26.This type of connective tissue contains ground substance:
A. Dense regular connective tissue
B. All of the above choices are correct
C. Loose connective tissue
D. Dense irregular connective tissue

A

All of the above choices are correct

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27
Q
  1. Basic structural unit of collagen:
    A. elastin
    B. tropocollagen
    C. reticulin
    D. Gelatin
A

tropocollagen

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28
Q

28.What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?
A. The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis
B. The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus
C. There is a production of two new daughter cells
D. The cell grows larger and organelles are copied

A

The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus

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29
Q

29.This contains three types of macromolecular fibers namely: actin, intermediate filaments and microtubules
A. Cytoskeleton
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Lysosome
D. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
E. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Cytoskeleton

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30
Q

30.Which impedes nutrient & O2 distribution?
A. Cell processes
B. Haversian
C. ECM
D. Periosteum

A

ECM

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31
Q

31.Choose the best statement that describes the nucleolus
A. None of the above
B. Its main function is DNA synthesis
C. It is a densely stained structure found in the nucleus
D. It is surrounded by a membrane

A

It is a densely stained structure found in the nucleus

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32
Q

32.The process in which fetal cells express sets of genes that mediate specific cytoplasmic activities, becoming very efficient in specialized functions and usually changing their shape accordingly is called:
A. Cell division
B. Differentiation
C. Cytokinesis
D. Apoptosis

A

Differentiation

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33
Q

33 .Which of the following functions of the basal lamina is NOT true?
A. Serve as pathways for cell apoptosis
B. Organizes the proteins in the adjacent plasma membrane
C. Regulates cell proliferation and differentiation
D. Structural and filtering functions

A

Serve as pathways for cell apoptosis

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34
Q

34.This refers to the process where homologous chromosomes of each pair from the parents come together.
A. Cleavage
B. Cell division
C. Synapsis
D. Cytokinesis

A

Synapsis

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35
Q
  1. What distinguishes cartilage from CT
    A. Lacks blood vessels
    B. Cells divide by mitosis
    C. Function as mechanical support
    D. Matrix rich in collagen
A

Lacks blood vessels

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36
Q
  1. Exocrine glands in which the acini all produce a secretion of heavily glycosylated, hydrophilic proteins are an example of which type of gland?
    A. Serous gland
    B. Tubuloacinar gland
    C. Mixed gland
    D. Mucous gland
A

Mucous gland

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37
Q
  1. Identify the BEST feature of a pseudostratified cell:
    A. Examples are thyroid and ovary
    B. Transport particles out of the air passage
    C. Facilitates active transport by pinocytosis
    D. Found at the serous lining of cavities
A

Transport particles out of the air passage

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38
Q

38.Which of the features stated below does NOT characterize the endocrine glands?
A. Classified functionally according to the way the secretory products leave the cell
B. Endocrine glands do not have ducts for their secretory products
C. Capillaries are close to secretory cells for the release of the secretory products in the bloodstream
D. In the digestive organs, endocrine glands are unicellular glands

A

Classified functionally according to the way the secretory products leave the cell

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39
Q

39.This synthesizes proteins
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Cytoskeleton
D. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
E. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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40
Q

40.The epithelial lining of the respiratory tract is a derivative of which of the following?
A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Neuroectoderm

A

Endoderm

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41
Q

41.Which among the following is responsible for the breakdown of bone cells
A. Macrophages
B. Osteoblasts
C. Osteoclasts
D. Osteocytes

A

Osteoclasts

42
Q

42.The cells entering Meiosis I are best described as:
A. Haploid
B. None of the above
C. Triploid
D. Diploid

A

Haploid

43
Q

43.Refers to malignant tumours arising from epithelial cells?
A. Lymphoma
B. Adenoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Sarcoma

A

Carcinoma

44
Q
  1. An example of this vesicular transport is a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium.
    A. Pinocytosis
    B. Endocytosis
    C. Phagocytosis
    D. Exocytosis
A

Phagocytosis

45
Q

45.This type of fiber is most abundant in the aorta:
A. collagen fiber
B. fibrillin
C. elastic fiber
D. reticular fiber

A

elastic fiber

46
Q
  1. Most accurate description of endosteum
    A. Continuous w/ joint capsule
    B. Contains mature osteocytes
    C. Lines medullary cavity
    D. Attached to bone surface by collagen bundles called sharpeys fibers
A

Lines medullary cavity

47
Q

47.The epithelium suited to withstand increased wear and tear in moist cavities like the vagina:
A. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
B. Stratified columnar epithelium
C. Stratified squamous epithelium
D. Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

48
Q
  1. This type of macrophage are mobilized at a site in response to a stimulus:
    A. dormant macrophage
    B. elicited macrophage
    C. resident macrophage
    D. activated macrophage
A

elicited macrophage

49
Q
  1. The most numerous cells in cartilage are
    A. Fibroblasts
    B. Chondroblasts
    C. Chondrocytes
    D. Osteocytes
A

Chondrocytes

50
Q
  1. Articular cartilage differs from other Hyaline Cartilage in
    A. Mesenchymal Origin
    B. Contains Osogenous Chond Grp
    C. Absence of collagen in matrix
    D. Lacks perichondrium
A

Lacks perichondrium

51
Q

51.Which of the following is incorrect?
A. Phospholipids contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
B. Phospholipids have a head which is hydrophilic
C. Phospholipids are the most abundant lipids in the cell membrane
D. Phospholipids have nonpolar hydrophilic regions

A

Phospholipids have nonpolar hydrophilic regions

52
Q
  1. This cyclin-cyclin dependent kinase complex targets specific phosphatases and cyclin B is involved in the G2/M checkpoint
    A. Cyclin A-CDK1
    B. Cyclin E-CDK2
    C. Cyclin D-CDK4
    D. Cyclin D-CDK6
A

Cyclin A-CDK1

53
Q
  1. A defect in this enzyme can cause a storage disease called Taysach’s
    A. Golgi Apparatus
    B. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    C. Lysosome
    D. Cytoskeleton
    E. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A

Lysosome

54
Q
  1. What are the two major phases of the cell cycle?
    A. Interphase and Metaphase
    B. Interphase and meiosis
    C. Interphase and prophase
    D. Interphase and mitosis
A

Interphase and mitosis

55
Q
  1. This active transport moves substances up its concentration gradient in the same direction as Na
    A. Primary active transport
    B. Symport
    C. Antiport
    D. Secondary active transport
A

Symport

56
Q
  1. Reticular fibers are actually this type of collagen fiber:
    A. Type IV
    B. Type Il
    C. Type I
    D. Type III
A

Type III

57
Q
  1. Observed to increase in number in the circulation during parasitic infestations:
    A.  eosinophil
    B. neutrophil
    C. basophil
    D. Lymphocyte
A

eosinophil

58
Q
  1. This transport process does not require expenditure of cellular energy and facilitates movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached.
    A. Pinocytosis
    B. Passive transport
    C. Active transport
    D. Vesicular transport
A

Passive transport

59
Q
  1. Macrophages are cells specializing in which of the following
    A. Synthesis and secretion of steroids
    B. Lipid storage
    C. Intracellular digestion
    D. Ion transport
A

Intracellular digestion

60
Q
  1. Initial fibers seen in the development of connective tissues:
    A. Reticular fibers
    B. collagen fibers
    C. cotton fibers
    D. elastic fibers
A

Reticular fibers

61
Q
  1. The following are examples of dense regular connective tissue, EXCEPT:
    A. aponeurosis
    B. tendon
    C. ligament
    D. breast stroma
A

breast stroma

62
Q

62.This epithelium function to give protection against tissue invasion and against water loss:
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
B. Transitional epithelium
C. Stratified columnar epithelium
D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

63
Q
  1. Malignant tumors derived from glandular epithelial tissue:
    A. Sarcoma
    B. Myoma
    C. Adenocarcinoma
    D. Carcinoma
A

Adenocarcinoma

64
Q
  1. The absence of this structure during elastogenesis promotes the formation of lamellae instead of fibers:
    A. glycine
    B. desmosine
    C. fibrillin
    D. Elastin
A

fibrillin

65
Q
  1. Osteoblasts are found in
    A. Interstitial lamellae
    B. Bone marrow
    C. Periosteum
    D. LCT
A

Periosteum

66
Q
  1. Which of the following epithelium has a unique feature of not breaking the cell contacts in the epithelium?
    A. Pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia
    B. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
    C. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
    D. Transitional epithelium
A

Transitional epithelium

67
Q
  1. The most abundant protein in the body:
    A. collagen fiber
    B. isodesmosine
    C. adipose
    D. reticular fiber
A

collagen fiber

68
Q
  1. What is the source of mesenchymal progenitor cells that repair hyaline cartilage
    A. Stem cells circulating in vld
    B. Perichondrium
    C. Adjacent LCT
    D. Adjacent bone
    E. Chondrocytes on injured cartilage
A

Perichondrium

69
Q
  1. In growing epiphyses, ossification ZONES are arranged in the following order
    A. Resting, Proliferative, Hypertrophy
    B. Proliferative, Remodeling, Ossification
    C. Resting, Hypertrophy, Proliferative
    D. Hypertrophy, Resting, proliferative
    E. Calcified, Proliferative, Ossification
A

Resting, Proliferative, Hypertrophy

70
Q

70.This structure contains the amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine:
A. laminin
B. elastin
C. Microfibrils
D. Fibronectin

A

elastin

71
Q
  1. Dense regular connective tissue is found in:
    A. breast stroma
    B. serous membranes
    C. mesenchyme
    D. lamina propria
A

breast stroma

72
Q
  1. This is a specialized process involving two unique and closely associated cell divisions that involves only sex cells or gametes
    A. Interphase
    B. Cell division
    C. Mitosis
    D. Meiosis
A

Meiosis

73
Q
  1. What is bone formation called when the bone is formed from a cartilage template?
    A. En bloc
    B. Intraosseous
    C. Intramembranous
    D. Endochondral
A

Endochondral

74
Q
  1. Which structure is responsible for providing nutrition in cartilage?
    A. Chondrocytes
    B. Periosteum
    C. Chondroblasts
    D. Mesenchymal cells
A

Periosteum

75
Q

75.This is a rapid highly regulated cell activity that shrinks and eliminates defective cells
A. Lysosomes
B. Necrosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Apoptosis

A

Apoptosis

76
Q
  1. Which one refers to membrane fusions that close the space between cells?
    A. Desmosomes
    B. Gap junction
    C. Anchoring junction
    D. Occludens
A

Occludens

Zona Occludens = Tight Junctions
Macula Adherens = Desmosomes
Nexus = Gap Junctions

77
Q
  1. Choose the best statement that describes the nucleolus
    A. Its main function is DNA synthesis
    B. None of the above
    C. It is surrounded by a membrane
    D. It is a densely stained structure found in the nucleus
A

It is a densely stained structure found in the nucleus

78
Q

78.Sites of protein synthesis in the cell
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Ribosomes
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Ribosomes

79
Q
  1. This modifies proteins and lipids
    A. Cytoskeleton
    B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
    C. Golgi Apparatus
    D. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    E. Lysosome
A

Golgi Apparatus

80
Q
  1. All the ff are functions of Cartilage EXCEPT
    A. Provides low friction surface
    B. Support soft tissues
    C. Contains Bone Marrow
    D. Forms embryonic skeleton
A

Contains Bone Marrow

81
Q

81.Cell of origin of fibroblasts:
A. mesenchyme
B. eosinophils
C. ectoderm
D. Monocyte

A

mesenchyme

82
Q
  1. Dense irregular connective tissue can be seen in:
    A. dermis
    B. fascia
    C. lamina propria
    D. Tendon
A

dermis

83
Q
  1. Which statement is true about osteocalcin?
    A. Secreted by osteoblasts
    B. Binds NA+ ions raising is local concentration
    C. Synthesis is dependent on Vit D
    D. Secreted by Thyroid gland
    E. Synthesis dependent on Vit C
A

Secreted by osteoblasts

84
Q
  1. What type of basic tissue is cartilage?
    A. Cartilage
    B. Connective tissue
    C. Muscle
    D. Nervous
A

Connective tissue

85
Q
  1. Which of the following regarding the simple cuboidal epithelium is NOT correct?
    A. In the stomach, these cells are secretory and produce mucus
    B. It covers the surface for sturdiness and protection
    C. It lines various ducts of glands and organs like kidneys
    D. Functions in transport and absorption of filtered substances
A

In the stomach, these cells are secretory and produce mucus

86
Q
  1. This fiber is known to “exhibit form birefringence” when subjected to polarized light:
    A. proteoglycan aggregate
    B. fibrillin
    C. dermatan sulfate
    D. collagen fiber
A

collagen fiber

87
Q
  1. These glycoproteins form proteoglycans, EXCEPT:
    A. chondroitin sulphate
    B. dermatan sulphate
    C. keratin sulphate
    D. hyaluronic acid
A

hyaluronic acid

88
Q
  1. Which area of Cartilage is relatively poor in collagen and rich in proteoglycan
    A. Interterritorial matrix
    B. Peripheral areas
    C. Territorial matrix
    D. Perichondrium
A

Territorial matrix

89
Q
  1. Which of the following statements are incorrect?
    A. The replicated chromatin condenses into discrete threadlike chromosomes during metaphase
    B. The sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell during anaphase
    C. The nucleolus disappears during prophase
    D. Late in prophase, lamins and inner nuclear membrane are phosphorylated, causing the nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complexes to disassemble and disperse in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles
A

Late in prophase, lamins and inner nuclear membrane are phosphorylated, causing the nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complexes to disassemble and disperse in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles

90
Q

90.Which type of Collagen predominates in compact bone
A. I
B. IV
C. Ill
D. II

A

I

91
Q

91.Shock absorbing property of cartilage is due to
A. Binding of glycosaminoglycans to anions
B. Presence of territorial matrix
C. Hydration of Glycosaminoglycans
D. Binding of GAG to protein cires

A

Hydration of Glycosaminoglycans

92
Q
  1. In the amino acid sequencing of collagen fibers, this amino acid follows every glycine:
    A. hydroxyproline
    B. hydroxylysine
    C. proline
    D. alanine
A

proline

93
Q
  1. Known to contain Russell bodies
    A. fibroblast
    B. mast cell
    C. macrophage
    D. plasma cell
A

plasma cell

94
Q
  1. Which of the following cellular features is used in naming types of epithelia?
    A. Number of cell layers
    B. Size of the nuclei
    C. Presence of a basal lamina
    D. Shape of cells in the basal layer
A

Number of cell layers

95
Q

95.This type of connective tissue has a higher ratio of matrix to cells and fibers:
A. Dense regular connective tissue
B. All of the above
C. Loose connective tissue
D. Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

96
Q

96.Which of the following is not found in the cell membrane?
A. Peripheral Proteins
B. Cholesterol
C. Integral Proteins
D. Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes

97
Q
  1. Contains myosin and actin specialized for contraction of the secretory units found in salivary glands?
    A. Goblet cells
    B. Absorptive cells
    C. Neuroepithelial cells
    D. Myoepithelial cells
A

Myoepithelial cells

98
Q
  1. Compact bone may best be described as:
    A. Characterized by the presence of haversian systems
    B. Cranial nerve bones
    C. Predominantly present in the Thoracic region
    D. Otherwise called “Cancellous Bone”
A

Characterized by the presence of haversian systems

99
Q
  1. Which of the following is the best feature of Holocrine glands?
    A. Release their secretion by exocytosis without any loss of cellular components
    B. Maybe classified as apocrine glands
    C. Discharge part of the secretory cell as the secretory product
    D. Make the cells themselves become the secretory product
A

Make the cells themselves become the secretory product

100
Q
  1. Principal cell of connective tissues:
    A. macrophage
    B. mast cell
    C. fibroblasts
    D. Adipocytes
A

fibroblasts

101
Q

Which one is described as a long and branched apical cell processes that lines the epididymis and ductus deferens?
A. Microvilli
B. Stereocilia
C. Cilia
D. Keratin

A

Stereocilia

Histology (14 decks)

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