LE1 - Histology (2025) Flashcards
- A reversible process that transformed epithelial tissue into another type:
A. Anaplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Neoplasia
D. Dysplasia
Metaplasia
- Which one is not true regarding an endocrine gland?
A. Multicellular
B. Vascular
C. Ductless
D. Secretes hormones
Multicellular
- Which gland involves disruption of a cell after filling it with its secretory product?
A. Merocrine
B. Endocrine
C. Holocrine
D. Apocrine
Holocrine
- Phospholipids are most stable when they form a double or bilayer by:
A. The hydrophobic fatty acid chains located in a middle region away from water and the hydrophilic polar head groups contacting the water
B. None of the above
C. The hydrophobic polar head group located in a middle region away from water and the hydrophilic fatty acid chain groups contacting the water
D. The hydrophilic fatty acid chains located in a middle region away from water and the hydrophobic polar head groups contacting the water
The hydrophobic fatty acid chains located in a middle region away from water and the hydrophilic polar head groups contacting the water
- Seen as a short or long fingerlike cytoplasmic projections in the lining epithelium of the small intestines:
A. Flagella
B. Stereocilia
C. Cilia
D. Microvillus
Microvillus
- Which secretory portion of an exocrine gland is round or globular?
A. Tubular
B. Compound
C. Simple
D. Acinar
Acinar
- This digests large molecules
A. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
C. Lysosome
D. Cytoskeleton
E. Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
- This type of connective tissue has a higher ratio of cells and fibers to matrix:
A. subserosa
B. lamina propria
C. umbilical cord
D. Aponeurosis
Aponeurosis
- The transport in epithelial tissue in opposite direction to expel water from the interstitial fluid into specialized aqueous fluid is:
A. Secretion
B. Diffusion
C. Absorption
D. Active transport
Secretion
10.This is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
A. Prophase
B. Mitosis
C. Interphase
D. Metaphase
Interphase
11.The ff are classified as Hyaline Cartilage EXCEPT
A. Costal region
B. Thyroid
C. Articular
D. Pinna
Pinna
12.This fiber has the unique ability to turn black when it absorbs metallic silver:
A. glycosaminoglycan
B. reticular fiber
C. proteoglycan
D. elastic fiber
reticular fiber
13.This synthesizes lipids and forms transport vesicles
A. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Lysosome
E. Cytoskeleton
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Type of cartilage present in growing epiphyses
A. Fibrous
B. Elastic
C. Articular
D. Hyaline
Hyaline
- These cells are responsible for anaphylactic reactions when they release histamine:
A. neutrophil
B. mast cell
C. lymphocyte
D. Macrophage
mast cell
- Which zone of endochondral ossification contains largest cells?
Zone of:
A. Resting
B. Calcification
C. Hypertrophy
D. Ossification
E. Proliferation
Hypertrophy
17.This mast cell secretory product induces a prolonged constriction of smooth muscles in the pulmonary airways:
A. leukotrienes
B. histamine
C. heparin
D. Tryptase
leukotrienes
- Which zone of secondary ossification in growing femur is closer to the knee?
A. Resting
B. Hypertrophy
C. Ossification
D. Calcified Cartilage
C. Ossification
19.Which of the ff occupies a Howship’s lacunae
A. Chondroblasts
B. Chondrocytes
C. Osteoclasts
D. Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
20.This collagen fiber type functions to physically support the epithelium:
A. Type I
B. Type Il
C. Type IlI
D. Type IV
Type IV
- Which feature is typical of Elastic cartilage
A. Presence of elastic fibers and collagen fibrils
B. Primary skeleton found in the fetus
C. Most widely distributed cart in body
D. Found in Intervertebral discs
Presence of elastic fibers and collagen fibrils
22.The release of lipid droplets from cells is which type of secretion?
A. Mucous
B. Merocrine
C. Serous
D. Apocrine
Apocrine
- Which statement is true about bone collar?
A. Formed close to BM Cavity
B. Formed during primary bone formation
C. Formed in secondary ossification
D. Formed in primary ossification
Formed during primary bone formation
24.Identify which of the following features of the exocrine gland is NOT true:
A. Exocrine gland with repeated branching pattern of the ducts is a compound exocrine gland
B. Multicellular glands has a secretory portion to secrete a product into the gland
C. Flask shaped glands are called acinar or alveolar glands
D. Unicellular exocrine glands has a ductal portion to secrete secretion to the gland
Unicellular exocrine glands has a ductal portion to secrete secretion to the gland
- This epithelium contains goblet cells and ciliated cells to cleanse inspired air and transport mucus in most respiratory passages:
A. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
B. Pseudostratified epithelium
C. Simple columnar ciliated cells
D. Transitional ciliated epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
26.This type of connective tissue contains ground substance:
A. Dense regular connective tissue
B. All of the above choices are correct
C. Loose connective tissue
D. Dense irregular connective tissue
All of the above choices are correct
- Basic structural unit of collagen:
A. elastin
B. tropocollagen
C. reticulin
D. Gelatin
tropocollagen
28.What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?
A. The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis
B. The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus
C. There is a production of two new daughter cells
D. The cell grows larger and organelles are copied
The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus
29.This contains three types of macromolecular fibers namely: actin, intermediate filaments and microtubules
A. Cytoskeleton
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Lysosome
D. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
E. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoskeleton
30.Which impedes nutrient & O2 distribution?
A. Cell processes
B. Haversian
C. ECM
D. Periosteum
ECM
31.Choose the best statement that describes the nucleolus
A. None of the above
B. Its main function is DNA synthesis
C. It is a densely stained structure found in the nucleus
D. It is surrounded by a membrane
It is a densely stained structure found in the nucleus
32.The process in which fetal cells express sets of genes that mediate specific cytoplasmic activities, becoming very efficient in specialized functions and usually changing their shape accordingly is called:
A. Cell division
B. Differentiation
C. Cytokinesis
D. Apoptosis
Differentiation
33 .Which of the following functions of the basal lamina is NOT true?
A. Serve as pathways for cell apoptosis
B. Organizes the proteins in the adjacent plasma membrane
C. Regulates cell proliferation and differentiation
D. Structural and filtering functions
Serve as pathways for cell apoptosis
34.This refers to the process where homologous chromosomes of each pair from the parents come together.
A. Cleavage
B. Cell division
C. Synapsis
D. Cytokinesis
Synapsis
- What distinguishes cartilage from CT
A. Lacks blood vessels
B. Cells divide by mitosis
C. Function as mechanical support
D. Matrix rich in collagen
Lacks blood vessels
- Exocrine glands in which the acini all produce a secretion of heavily glycosylated, hydrophilic proteins are an example of which type of gland?
A. Serous gland
B. Tubuloacinar gland
C. Mixed gland
D. Mucous gland
Mucous gland
- Identify the BEST feature of a pseudostratified cell:
A. Examples are thyroid and ovary
B. Transport particles out of the air passage
C. Facilitates active transport by pinocytosis
D. Found at the serous lining of cavities
Transport particles out of the air passage
38.Which of the features stated below does NOT characterize the endocrine glands?
A. Classified functionally according to the way the secretory products leave the cell
B. Endocrine glands do not have ducts for their secretory products
C. Capillaries are close to secretory cells for the release of the secretory products in the bloodstream
D. In the digestive organs, endocrine glands are unicellular glands
Classified functionally according to the way the secretory products leave the cell
39.This synthesizes proteins
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Cytoskeleton
D. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
E. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
40.The epithelial lining of the respiratory tract is a derivative of which of the following?
A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Neuroectoderm
Endoderm
41.Which among the following is responsible for the breakdown of bone cells
A. Macrophages
B. Osteoblasts
C. Osteoclasts
D. Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
42.The cells entering Meiosis I are best described as:
A. Haploid
B. None of the above
C. Triploid
D. Diploid
Haploid
43.Refers to malignant tumours arising from epithelial cells?
A. Lymphoma
B. Adenoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Sarcoma
Carcinoma
- An example of this vesicular transport is a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium.
A. Pinocytosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
45.This type of fiber is most abundant in the aorta:
A. collagen fiber
B. fibrillin
C. elastic fiber
D. reticular fiber
elastic fiber
- Most accurate description of endosteum
A. Continuous w/ joint capsule
B. Contains mature osteocytes
C. Lines medullary cavity
D. Attached to bone surface by collagen bundles called sharpeys fibers
Lines medullary cavity
47.The epithelium suited to withstand increased wear and tear in moist cavities like the vagina:
A. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
B. Stratified columnar epithelium
C. Stratified squamous epithelium
D. Pseudostratified epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
- This type of macrophage are mobilized at a site in response to a stimulus:
A. dormant macrophage
B. elicited macrophage
C. resident macrophage
D. activated macrophage
elicited macrophage
- The most numerous cells in cartilage are
A. Fibroblasts
B. Chondroblasts
C. Chondrocytes
D. Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
- Articular cartilage differs from other Hyaline Cartilage in
A. Mesenchymal Origin
B. Contains Osogenous Chond Grp
C. Absence of collagen in matrix
D. Lacks perichondrium
Lacks perichondrium
51.Which of the following is incorrect?
A. Phospholipids contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
B. Phospholipids have a head which is hydrophilic
C. Phospholipids are the most abundant lipids in the cell membrane
D. Phospholipids have nonpolar hydrophilic regions
Phospholipids have nonpolar hydrophilic regions
- This cyclin-cyclin dependent kinase complex targets specific phosphatases and cyclin B is involved in the G2/M checkpoint
A. Cyclin A-CDK1
B. Cyclin E-CDK2
C. Cyclin D-CDK4
D. Cyclin D-CDK6
Cyclin A-CDK1
- A defect in this enzyme can cause a storage disease called Taysach’s
A. Golgi Apparatus
B. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
C. Lysosome
D. Cytoskeleton
E. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosome
- What are the two major phases of the cell cycle?
A. Interphase and Metaphase
B. Interphase and meiosis
C. Interphase and prophase
D. Interphase and mitosis
Interphase and mitosis
- This active transport moves substances up its concentration gradient in the same direction as Na
A. Primary active transport
B. Symport
C. Antiport
D. Secondary active transport
Symport
- Reticular fibers are actually this type of collagen fiber:
A. Type IV
B. Type Il
C. Type I
D. Type III
Type III
- Observed to increase in number in the circulation during parasitic infestations:
A. eosinophil
B. neutrophil
C. basophil
D. Lymphocyte
eosinophil
- This transport process does not require expenditure of cellular energy and facilitates movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached.
A. Pinocytosis
B. Passive transport
C. Active transport
D. Vesicular transport
Passive transport
- Macrophages are cells specializing in which of the following
A. Synthesis and secretion of steroids
B. Lipid storage
C. Intracellular digestion
D. Ion transport
Intracellular digestion
- Initial fibers seen in the development of connective tissues:
A. Reticular fibers
B. collagen fibers
C. cotton fibers
D. elastic fibers
Reticular fibers
- The following are examples of dense regular connective tissue, EXCEPT:
A. aponeurosis
B. tendon
C. ligament
D. breast stroma
breast stroma
62.This epithelium function to give protection against tissue invasion and against water loss:
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
B. Transitional epithelium
C. Stratified columnar epithelium
D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
- Malignant tumors derived from glandular epithelial tissue:
A. Sarcoma
B. Myoma
C. Adenocarcinoma
D. Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
- The absence of this structure during elastogenesis promotes the formation of lamellae instead of fibers:
A. glycine
B. desmosine
C. fibrillin
D. Elastin
fibrillin
- Osteoblasts are found in
A. Interstitial lamellae
B. Bone marrow
C. Periosteum
D. LCT
Periosteum
- Which of the following epithelium has a unique feature of not breaking the cell contacts in the epithelium?
A. Pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia
B. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
C. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
D. Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium
- The most abundant protein in the body:
A. collagen fiber
B. isodesmosine
C. adipose
D. reticular fiber
collagen fiber
- What is the source of mesenchymal progenitor cells that repair hyaline cartilage
A. Stem cells circulating in vld
B. Perichondrium
C. Adjacent LCT
D. Adjacent bone
E. Chondrocytes on injured cartilage
Perichondrium
- In growing epiphyses, ossification ZONES are arranged in the following order
A. Resting, Proliferative, Hypertrophy
B. Proliferative, Remodeling, Ossification
C. Resting, Hypertrophy, Proliferative
D. Hypertrophy, Resting, proliferative
E. Calcified, Proliferative, Ossification
Resting, Proliferative, Hypertrophy
70.This structure contains the amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine:
A. laminin
B. elastin
C. Microfibrils
D. Fibronectin
elastin
- Dense regular connective tissue is found in:
A. breast stroma
B. serous membranes
C. mesenchyme
D. lamina propria
breast stroma
- This is a specialized process involving two unique and closely associated cell divisions that involves only sex cells or gametes
A. Interphase
B. Cell division
C. Mitosis
D. Meiosis
Meiosis
- What is bone formation called when the bone is formed from a cartilage template?
A. En bloc
B. Intraosseous
C. Intramembranous
D. Endochondral
Endochondral
- Which structure is responsible for providing nutrition in cartilage?
A. Chondrocytes
B. Periosteum
C. Chondroblasts
D. Mesenchymal cells
Periosteum
75.This is a rapid highly regulated cell activity that shrinks and eliminates defective cells
A. Lysosomes
B. Necrosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Apoptosis
Apoptosis
- Which one refers to membrane fusions that close the space between cells?
A. Desmosomes
B. Gap junction
C. Anchoring junction
D. Occludens
Occludens
Zona Occludens = Tight Junctions
Macula Adherens = Desmosomes
Nexus = Gap Junctions
- Choose the best statement that describes the nucleolus
A. Its main function is DNA synthesis
B. None of the above
C. It is surrounded by a membrane
D. It is a densely stained structure found in the nucleus
It is a densely stained structure found in the nucleus
78.Sites of protein synthesis in the cell
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Ribosomes
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
- This modifies proteins and lipids
A. Cytoskeleton
B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
C. Golgi Apparatus
D. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
E. Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
- All the ff are functions of Cartilage EXCEPT
A. Provides low friction surface
B. Support soft tissues
C. Contains Bone Marrow
D. Forms embryonic skeleton
Contains Bone Marrow
81.Cell of origin of fibroblasts:
A. mesenchyme
B. eosinophils
C. ectoderm
D. Monocyte
mesenchyme
- Dense irregular connective tissue can be seen in:
A. dermis
B. fascia
C. lamina propria
D. Tendon
dermis
- Which statement is true about osteocalcin?
A. Secreted by osteoblasts
B. Binds NA+ ions raising is local concentration
C. Synthesis is dependent on Vit D
D. Secreted by Thyroid gland
E. Synthesis dependent on Vit C
Secreted by osteoblasts
- What type of basic tissue is cartilage?
A. Cartilage
B. Connective tissue
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
Connective tissue
- Which of the following regarding the simple cuboidal epithelium is NOT correct?
A. In the stomach, these cells are secretory and produce mucus
B. It covers the surface for sturdiness and protection
C. It lines various ducts of glands and organs like kidneys
D. Functions in transport and absorption of filtered substances
In the stomach, these cells are secretory and produce mucus
- This fiber is known to “exhibit form birefringence” when subjected to polarized light:
A. proteoglycan aggregate
B. fibrillin
C. dermatan sulfate
D. collagen fiber
collagen fiber
- These glycoproteins form proteoglycans, EXCEPT:
A. chondroitin sulphate
B. dermatan sulphate
C. keratin sulphate
D. hyaluronic acid
hyaluronic acid
- Which area of Cartilage is relatively poor in collagen and rich in proteoglycan
A. Interterritorial matrix
B. Peripheral areas
C. Territorial matrix
D. Perichondrium
Territorial matrix
- Which of the following statements are incorrect?
A. The replicated chromatin condenses into discrete threadlike chromosomes during metaphase
B. The sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell during anaphase
C. The nucleolus disappears during prophase
D. Late in prophase, lamins and inner nuclear membrane are phosphorylated, causing the nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complexes to disassemble and disperse in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles
Late in prophase, lamins and inner nuclear membrane are phosphorylated, causing the nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complexes to disassemble and disperse in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles
90.Which type of Collagen predominates in compact bone
A. I
B. IV
C. Ill
D. II
I
91.Shock absorbing property of cartilage is due to
A. Binding of glycosaminoglycans to anions
B. Presence of territorial matrix
C. Hydration of Glycosaminoglycans
D. Binding of GAG to protein cires
Hydration of Glycosaminoglycans
- In the amino acid sequencing of collagen fibers, this amino acid follows every glycine:
A. hydroxyproline
B. hydroxylysine
C. proline
D. alanine
proline
- Known to contain Russell bodies
A. fibroblast
B. mast cell
C. macrophage
D. plasma cell
plasma cell
- Which of the following cellular features is used in naming types of epithelia?
A. Number of cell layers
B. Size of the nuclei
C. Presence of a basal lamina
D. Shape of cells in the basal layer
Number of cell layers
95.This type of connective tissue has a higher ratio of matrix to cells and fibers:
A. Dense regular connective tissue
B. All of the above
C. Loose connective tissue
D. Dense irregular connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
96.Which of the following is not found in the cell membrane?
A. Peripheral Proteins
B. Cholesterol
C. Integral Proteins
D. Ribosomes
Ribosomes
- Contains myosin and actin specialized for contraction of the secretory units found in salivary glands?
A. Goblet cells
B. Absorptive cells
C. Neuroepithelial cells
D. Myoepithelial cells
Myoepithelial cells
- Compact bone may best be described as:
A. Characterized by the presence of haversian systems
B. Cranial nerve bones
C. Predominantly present in the Thoracic region
D. Otherwise called “Cancellous Bone”
Characterized by the presence of haversian systems
- Which of the following is the best feature of Holocrine glands?
A. Release their secretion by exocytosis without any loss of cellular components
B. Maybe classified as apocrine glands
C. Discharge part of the secretory cell as the secretory product
D. Make the cells themselves become the secretory product
Make the cells themselves become the secretory product
- Principal cell of connective tissues:
A. macrophage
B. mast cell
C. fibroblasts
D. Adipocytes
fibroblasts
Which one is described as a long and branched apical cell processes that lines the epididymis and ductus deferens?
A. Microvilli
B. Stereocilia
C. Cilia
D. Keratin
Stereocilia