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Histology > 5th Histology Lecture Exam (2025 w/ Ratio) - Urinary System, Endocrine Glands, and Eye & Ear- Special Sense Organs > Flashcards

5th Histology Lecture Exam (2025 w/ Ratio) - Urinary System, Endocrine Glands, and Eye & Ear- Special Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

The following are functions of the kidney EXCEPT:
A. Gluconeogenesis during starvation
B. Secretion of Vitamin D prohormone
C. Secretion of erythropoietin
D. Excretion of metabolic waste products

A

Secretion of Vitamin D prohormone

Renal Functions
* Regulation of balance between water and electrolytes and the acid-base balance
* Excretion of metabolic wastes along with excess water and electrolvtes in urine
* Excretion of bioactive substances, drugs
* Regulation of arterial blood pressure by secretion of renin
* Secretion of erythropoietin
- a glycoprotein growth factor that stimulates erythrocyte production in red marrow when the blood O 2 level is low;
* Conversion of the steroid prohormone vitamin D to the active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol)
* Gluconeogenesis during starvation or periods of prolonged fasting, making glucose from amino acids to supplement this process in the liver.
* Right kidney is slightly anatomically lower than the left kidney because it is situated below the liver.

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2
Q
  1. This refers to the concave medial border of the kidney where blood, lymph vessels and ureter enter and exit.
    A. Minor calyx
    B. Major calyx
    C. Renal pelvis
    D. Hilum
A

Hilum

Hilum
* Concave medial border (contains renal veins and arteries, lymph vessels) VAD (Vein, Artery, Duct)

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3
Q
  1. This collects urine formed by the tubules in one renal lobe
    A. Renal papilla
    B. Renal pyramid
    C. Major calyx
    D. Minor calyx
A

Minor calyx

Connecting Tubules -> Collecting Tubules -> Collecting Ducts -> Renal Papilla -> Minor calyx

In the apex of the pyramid, several collecting ducts merge further as a papillary duct which delivers urine to the minor calyx.

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4
Q
  1. The nephron consists of:
    A. Renal tubule and renal medulla
    B. Renal corpuscle and renal Cortex
    C. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
    D. Renal tubule and renal cortex
A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Parts of a Nephron (2) : Renal corpusle and tubule
Renal Corpusle : an initial dilated part enclosing a tuft of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration, always located in the cortex
* Bowman’s capsule (Parietal Layer/Capsular Space/Visceral Layer)
* Glomerulus

Renal Tubule
* PCT
* LOH
* DCT
* CT

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5
Q

Which correctly describes the blood supply to the kidneys?
A. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles
B. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > efferent arterioles > glomerulus
C. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles
D. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent venules

A

Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles

Renal Circulation:
* Renal Artery (branch of the descending aorta)
* Segmental arteries (Anterior/Posterior)
* Interlobar artery
* Arcuate artery (forming an arch)
* Interlobular artery
* Afferent arteriole
* Glomerulus
* Efferent arteriole
* Peritubular capillaries (associated with convoluted tubules; loops)
* Vasa recta (associated with loop of Henle; straight tubes)
* Interlobular vein
* Arcuate vein
* Interlobar vein
* Renal vein

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6
Q

The visceral layer of the corpuscle contains stellate epithelial cells called:
A. Intercalated cells
B. Mesangial cells
C. Principal cells
D. Podocytes

A

Podocytes

Bowman’s/ Glomerular Capsule of RENAL CORPUSLE:
Location: CORTEX

Parietal Layer:
* Lining epithelium - Simple Squamous -> Simple Cuboidal (PCT)
Visceral Layer:
* Podocytes : Stellate Epithelial Cells
* Pedicels (Foot processes): Filtration slit pores (Elongated spaces)
* Mesangial Cells: bet. capillaries that lacks podocytes (Function: Physical support, Vasoconstriction, Phagocytosis, Immunity)
* Glomerular Filtration Barrier:
-Fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus: block formed elements
-Glomerular basement membrane: restrict proteins & anions
-Filtration slit pores/diaphragm: restrict smaller proteins & some anions

Connecting tubule of RENAL TUBULE
Location: MEDULLA

Lining Epithelium: Simple cuboidal to columnar
* DCT cells
* Collecting tubule cells
* Principal cells
* Intercalated cells

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7
Q
  1. Blood leaves and enter through which vessels; respectively?
    A. Renal artery and efferent arteriole
    B. Afferent arteriole and interlobular vein
    C. Renal artery and Renal vein
    D. Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
A

Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

Renal Circulation:
* Renal Artery (branch of the descending aorta)
* Segmental arteries (Anterior/Posterior)
* Interlobar artery
* Arcuate artery (forming an arch)
* Interlobular artery
* Afferent arteriole
* Glomerulus
* Efferent arteriole
* Peritubular capillaries (associated with convoluted tubules; loops)
* Vasa recta (associated with loop of Henle; straight tubes)
* Interlobular vein
* Arcuate vein
* Interlobar vein
* Renal vein

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8
Q
  1. This is the most substantial part of the filtration barrier that separates the blood from the capsular space:
    A. Fenestrations of the capillary endothelium
    B. Filtration slits between pedicels
    C. Spaces between the podocytes
    D. Glomerular basement membrane
A

Glomerular basement membrane

Glomerular Filtration Barrier
* Between the highly fenestrated endothelial cells of the capillaries and the covering podocytes
* The most substantial part of the filtration barrier that separates the blood from the capsular space and forms by fusion of the capillary- and bodocyte-produced basal laminae.

Contents:
-Fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus: block formed elements
-Glomerular basement membrane: restrict proteins & anions
-Filtration slit pores/diaphragm: restrict smaller proteins & some anions

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9
Q
  1. Identify the function of the principal cells in the collecting system.
    A. Secretion of potassium
    B. Active reabsorption of proteins
    C. Passive reabsorption of proteins
    D. Reabsorption of potassium
A

Secretion of potassium

COLLECTING DUCTS
* Formed by connecting tubule extending from each nephron & several join together in cortical medullary rays

Principal cells
* Pale staining columnar cells
* Few organelles
* Sparse microvilli
* ADH makes CD more permeable to water
* Rich in aquaporins
* Integral membrane pore proteins
* Water molecule channels

Intercalated cells
* Darker stain
* More abundant mitochondria
* Help maintain acid- base balance

Function (junqueira)
* Principal cells:
-Regulated reabsorption of water & electrolytes; regulated secretion of K
* Intercalated cells:
-Reabsorption of K+ (low-K diet); help maintain acid-base balance

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10
Q
  1. A renal lobe is:
    A. Drains into a single interlobular duct
    B. Composed of one medullary pyramid with its associated cortex
    C. Grossly visible as a rounded bulge on the kidney surface
    D. Separated from the other lobes by the fibrous capsule
A

Composed of one medullary pyramid with its associated cortex

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11
Q
  1. The region of the kidney containing the glomeruli
    A. Medulla
    B. Renal pelvis
    C. Cortex
    D. Renal papilla
A

Cortex

Parts of a Nephron (2) : Renal corpusle and tubule

Renal Corpusle : an initial dilated part enclosing a tuft of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration, always located in the cortex
* Bowman’s capsule (Parietal Layer/Capsular Space/Visceral Layer)
* Glomerulus

Renal Tubule
* PCT
* LOH
* DCT
* CT (Principal/ Intercalated cells)

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12
Q
  1. The end of each medullary pyramid through which medullary ducts open into the calyx is called?
    A. Renal papilla
    B. Medullary ray
    C. Renal lobule
    D. Renal pelvis
A

Renal papilla

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13
Q
  1. The renal capsule is composed of:
    A. Adipose connective tissue
    B. Transitional epithelium
    C. Loose connective tissue
    D. Dense fibrous connective tissue
A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Kidney: retroperitoneal; at the posterior abdomen covered by the ribs

Hilum:
Shape: conCAVE
Structures:
* Ureter
* Blood vessels (artery & vein)
* Lymph vessels
* Renal pelvis

Capsule
Shape - convex
Specific subtype - dense irregular connective tissue (DICT)

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14
Q
  1. These cells line the interstitial spaces in the matrix between the capillaries
    A. Pericytes
    B. Fibroblasts
    C. Mesangial cells
    D. Podocytes
A

Mesangial cells

Bowman’s/ Glomerular Capsule of RENAL CORPUSLE:
Location: CORTEX

Parietal Layer:
* Lining epithelium - Simple Squamous -> Simple Cuboidal (PCT)
Visceral Layer:
* Podocytes : Stellate Epithelial Cells
* Pedicels (Foot processes): Filtration slit pores (Elongated spaces)
* Mesangial Cells: bet. capillaries that lacks podocytes (Function: Physical support, Vasoconstriction, Phagocytosis, Immunity)
* Glomerular Filtration Barrier:
-Fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus: block formed elements
-Glomerular basement membrane: restrict proteins & anions
-Filtration slit pores/diaphragm: restrict smaller proteins & some anions

Connecting tubule of RENAL TUBULE
Location: MEDULLA

Lining Epithelium: Simple cuboidal to columnar
* DCT cells
* Collecting tubule cells
* Principal cells
* Intercalated cells

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15
Q
  1. The parietal epithelium of the Bowman capsule is lined by
    A. Simple squamous epithelium
    B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
    C. Stratified squamous epithelium
    D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
A

Simple squamous epithelium

Has 2 Layers and a space between them:

Outer/ Parietal Layer
* forms the surface of the capsule. consists of a simple squamous epithelium supported externally by a basal lamina.

Internal/ Visceral Layer
* closely envelops the glomerular capillaries (finely fenestrated)
* consists of podocytes

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16
Q
  1. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
    A. Renal corpuscle
    B. Nephron
    C. Lobe
    D. Medulla
A

Nephron

Each kidney contains around 1 million functional units called nephrons that consist of: simple, single- layered epithelium along their entire lengths.

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17
Q

What structure leads to the collecting duct?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal Convoluted tubule
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Glomerulus

A

Distal Convoluted tubule

Renal corpuscle
* Bowman’s capsule
* Glomerulus
Renal tubule
* Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
* Loop of Henle
* Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
* Connecting tubule

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18
Q
  1. What cells are sensitive to sodium concentration?
    A. Pedicels
    B. Visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule
    C. Parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule
    D. Macula densa
A

Macula densa

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
* TAL - enters cortex > forms macula densa DCT
* Simple cuboidal with few brush borders
* Short microvilli
* More empty/cleaner lumens
* Na absorption in the DCT is regulated by aldosterone

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19
Q
  1. What type of epithelium lines the bladder?
    A. Simple columnar epithelium
    B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
    C.  Transitional epithelium
    D. Stratified squamous epithelium
A

Transitional epithelium

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20
Q
  1. The muscle of the urinary bladder is called?
    A. Muscularis
    B. Adventitia
    C. Transitional epithelium
    D. Detrusor muscle
A

Detrusor muscle

Tunica Muscularis
3 poorly delineated layers = Detrusor muscle
* inner longitudinal
* middle circular
* outer longitudinal

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21
Q
  1. Choose the best description of the urothelium
    A. When the bladder is empty, the urothelium is thinner
    B. When the bladder is empty, the urothelium is smooth
    C. When the bladder is full, the urothelium is folded
    D. When the bladder is full, the urothelium is thinner
A

When the bladder is full, the urothelium is thinner

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22
Q
  1. Which is not part of the male urethra?
    A. Prostatic
    B. Spongy
    C. External sphincter
    D. Membranous
A

External sphincter

MALE URETHRA
* Long: 18 - 20 cm; reproductive/ excretory function

Consists of 3 segments:
* Prostatic urethra = 3-4 cm long; traverses prostate gland
* Membranous urethra = 1-1.5 cm long (shortest segment); passes through an external sphincter of striated muscle (at UG diaphragm)
* Spongy / Penile urethra = 15 cm long (longest segment); enclosed within erectile tissue of the penis

Mucosa
LE:
* Prostatic = Transitional
* Membranous = Stratified/ Pseudostratified columnar
* Penile = Stratified /Pseudostratified columnar
* Fossa navicularis = SSNKE

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23
Q
  1. This functions for the passive reabsorption of electrolytes
    A. Thick ascending loop of Henle
    B. Distal convoluted tubule
    C. Thin limbs of the loop of Henle
    D. Proximal convoluted tubule
A

Thin limbs of the loop of Henle

Loop of Henle
Thin limbs (Simple Squamous): Passive reabsorption of Na and CI (Electrolytes)
TAL (Simple Cuboidal): Active re-absorption of various electrolytes

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24
Q
  1. What is the thickest layer of the ureter?
    A. Muscularis
    B. Mucosa
    C. Adventitia
    D. Lamina propia
A

Muscularis

URETER
* Stellate-shaped lumen

Mucosa
LE: transitional epithelium
LP: thick fibroelastic tissue; (+) diffuse lymphatic tissue; No glands

NO Submucosa

Tunica Muscularis
* smooth muscle
* moves urine toward UB by peristalsis
Upper 2/3: thinner; 2 layers (IL-OC)
* Inner longitudinal
* Outer circular
Lower 1/3: thicker; 3 layers (IL-MC-OL)
* inner longitudinal
* middle circular
* outer longitudinal: found in the portion nearest to UB

Tunica Adventitia
* fibroelastic tissue with BV, LV, nerves

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25
Q
  1. Each kidney has approximately how many nephrons?
    A. 1-4 million
    B. 5-9 million
    C. 6-7 million
    D. 3-5 million
A

1-4 million

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26
Q
  1. Its main function is to support the capillary loops (Glomerulus)
    A. Mesangium
    B. Nephrons
    C. Podocytes
    D. Pericytes
A

Mesangium

Mesangial cells
* resemble vascular pericytes (in contractile properties and producing components of an external lamina)
* often stain more darkly than podocytes.
* Along with the surrounding matrix comprises the Mesangium which fills interstices between capillaries that lack podocytes.

Functions of the mesangium include the following:
* Physical support of capillaries within the glomerulus
* Adjusted contractions in response to BP changes
* Secretion of cytokines, prostaglandins, factors important for immune defense & repair in the glomerulus.
* Phagocytose protein aggregates (in the glomerular filter)

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27
Q
  1. The afferent arteriole enters the Bowman’s capsule thru the?
    A. Hilum
    B. Urinary pole
    C. Vascular pole
    D. Loop of Henle
A

Vascular pole

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28
Q
  1. This carries urine to the outside of the body
    A. Ureter
    B. Bladder
    C. Kidneys
    D. Urethra
A

Urethra

Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Urinary bladder > Urethra

Urine is transported by the ureters from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder where it is stored until emptying by micturition via the urethra.

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29
Q
  1. This allows the peristaltic movement of the urine from the pelvicalyceal system to the bladder
    A. Transitional epithelium
    B. Lamina propia
    C. Adventia
    D. Muscularis mucosa
A

Muscularis mucosa

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30
Q
  1. These are the most abundant cells in the collecting system.
    A. Podocytes
    B. Mesangial cells
    C. Principal cells
    D. Intercalated Cells
A

Principal cells

Two types of cells at the collecting ducts
1) Principal cells: majority of collecting ducts cells
* Description - pale-staining columnar cells with few organelles & sparse microvilli
* Function - sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) making the collecting duct more permeable to water during dehvdration
* Hence, they are very rich in aquaporins which are integral membrane pore proteins which function as water channels

2) Intercalated cells
* Description - darker-staining cells with more mitochondria
* Function - help maintain the acid-base balance

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31
Q
  1. What is the epithelium of collecting ducts?
    A. Simple squamous
    B. Stratified cuboidal
    C. Simple cuboidal
    D. Stratified squamous
A

Simple cuboidal

Renal Tubules: Lining epithelium

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): simple cuboidal with brushed borders
Loop of Henle
* Ascending/Descending LOH: simple cuboidal epithelium w/ and w/o brush borders
* Thin LOH: simple squamous epithelium
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): simple cuboidal epithelium
Connecting/Collecting tubule: simple cuboidal epithelium
Collecting Duct: Simple columnar epithelium

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32
Q
  1. Give the function of intercalated cells.
    A. Reabsorption of CI
    B. Reabsorption of K
    C. Reabsorption of organic anions
    D. Reabsorption of Na
A

Reabsorption of K

Function (junqueira)
* Principal cells:
-Regulated reabsorption of water & electrolytes; regulated secretion of K
* Intercalated cells:
-Reabsorption of K+ (low-K diet); help maintain acid-base balance

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33
Q
  1. The loop of Henle is found in the?
    A. Both cortex and medulla
    B. Either cortex and medulla
    C. Cortex
    D. Medulla
A

Medulla

Renal corpuscle (Cortex):
* Bowman’s Capsule
* Glomerulus

Renal Tubule:
* PCT (Cortex)
* LOH (Medulla)
* DCT (Cortex)
* CT (Medulla)

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34
Q
  1. The adrenal medulla secretes what hormone?
    A. Aldosterone
    B. Mineralocorticoid
    C. Epinephrine
    D. Glucocorticoid
A

Epinephrine

  • Adrenal medulla
  • Description - modified sympathetic ganglion (neuroendocrine gland)
  • Composition - chromaffin cells (since they have high affinity to silver stain)
  • Secretion - epinephrine & norepinephrine
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35
Q
  1. What organ is nicknamed the “master gland”
    A. Pituitary
    B. Adrenal medulla
    C. Adrenal cortex
    D. Heart
    E. Brain
A

Pituitary

Pituitary gland
▪ Location – base of the brain (surrounded by the circle of Willis)
▪ Infundibulum – connection of the gland to the hypothalamus
▪ Sella turcica – part of the sphenoid bone wherein the gland lies

Parts (2):
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
* Derivation - Rathke’s pouch
* Parts: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
* Derivation- Downward invagination of the hypothalamus

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36
Q
  1. The adrenal cortex secretes all these hormones EXCEPT
    A. Corticosterone
    B. Cortisol
    C. Cortisone
    D. Oxytocin
A

Oxytocin

Adrenal Cortex:
* Mineralocorticoids (Z. glomerulosa): Aldosterone
* Glucocorticoids (Z. fasciculata): Cortisol/ corticosterone
* Androgens (Z.reticularis): dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -> Testosterone

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37
Q
  1. Where can the structure “Corpora Arenacea” found?
    A. Pituitary
    B. Thyroid
    C. Pancreas
    D. Adrenal gland
    E. Pineal gland
A

Pineal gland

Cells of the pineal gland

Neuroglial cells
* Description - interspersed between pinealocytes

Pinealocytes
* Function - secretes melatonin

Corpora arenacea (brain sands)
* Importance - characteristic histological landmark of the pineal gland
* Description - mulberry-like structures which can be calcified & appears in x-rays

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38
Q
  1. Which among the listed glands secrete melatonin?
    A. Pancreas
    B. Adrenal gland (medulla)
    C. Thyroid
    D. Pineal gland
    E. Adrenal gland (cortex)
A

Pineal gland

Pancreas: Glucagon/Insulin/Somatostatin/Pancreatic polypeptide
Adrenal gland (medulla): Catecholamines (NE/EPI)
Thyroid: Thyroxine (T4)/ Triiodothyronine(T3)/ Calcitonin
Pineal gland: Melatonin
Adrenal gland (cortex): Aldosterone/ Cortisol/ Androgen/ Testosterone

39
Q
  1. Which cell type is /are involved in the secretion thyroglobulin?
    A. Follicular cells
    B. Principal cell
    C. Oxyphil cell
    D. Parafollicular cells
    E. Chromaffin cells
A

Follicular cells

Thyroid follicular: Thyroglobulin (Thyroid Gland)
Parafollicular (C) cells: Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland)
Chief/ Principal cell (Basophil): Parathyroid hormone (PTH) [Parathyroid Gland]
Oxyphil cell (Eosinophil): No secretion [Parathyroid Gland]
Chromaffin cells: Catecholamines (NE/EPI) [Adrenal Medulla]

40
Q
  1. Where is insulin secreted from?
    A. Beta cells
    B. Alpha cells
    C. Acini
    D. Gamma cells
    E. Delta cells
A

Beta cells

41
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a part of the adrenal gland?
    A. Chromaffin cells
    B. Zona reticularis
    C. Zona glomerulosa
    D. Zona fasciculata
    E. None of the listed items is correct
A

None of the listed items is correct

42
Q
  1. Which part the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids?
    A. Zona fasciculata
    B. Zona reticularis
    C. Zona glomerulosa
    D. None of the above
    E. Chromaffin cells
A

Zona fasciculata

43
Q
  1. What is another term for the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
    A. Pars tuberalis
    B. Pars distalis
    C. Pars intermedia
    D. Infundibular stalk
    E. Pars nervosa
A

Pars nervosa

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
* Derivation - Rathke’s pouch
* Parts: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
* Derivation- Downward invagination of the hypothalamus

44
Q
  1. Which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil basophil?
    A. Thyrotropic cells
    B. Gonadotropic cells
    C. All of the above
    D. None of the above choices is correct
    E. Corticotropic cells
A

None of the above choices is correct

Chromophils: secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules.

Acidophils: Acidic dye (Red)
Somatotrophs: somatotropin/ growth homone (GH)
Lactotrophs: prolactin

Basophils: Basic (Blue)
Corticotrophs: pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) -> Polypeptide hormones
* adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
* b-lipotropin hormone (b-LPH)
Gonadotrophs: Glycoproteins
* follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* luteinizing hormone (LH in female)
* interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH in men)
Thyrotrophs
* thyrotropin/ thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

CHROMOPHOBES
* stain weakly, with few or no secretory granules
* represent a heterogeneous group: including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells, any degranulated cells present.

45
Q
  1. Which part the adrenal gland secretes sex steroids?
    A. Zona fasciculata
    B. Zona reticularis
    C. Zona glomerulosa
    D. None of the above
    E. Chromaffin cells
A

Zona reticularis

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
* Derivation - Rathke’s pouch
* Parts: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
* Derivation- Downward invagination of the hypothalamus

46
Q
  1. How is the pancreas classified as to organ type?
    A. Exocrine
    B. None of the above
    C. Both endocrine and exocrine
    D. Endocrine
A

Both endocrine and exocrine

47
Q
  1. Where are tropic hormones secreted from?
    A. Adenohypophysis
    B. Pars intermedia
    C. Infundibulum
    D. Pars tuberalis
A

Adenohypophysis

Pars distalis (largest & most anterior lobe)
o AKA. anterior pituitary gland
o Secretions – 7 peptide hormones (4 of which are tropic hormones – meaning that they stimulate other glands)

48
Q
  1. Which of the following is not part of the neurohypophysis?
    A. Median eminence
    B. Pars distalis
    C. Pars nervosa
    D. Infundibular stalk
    E. All of the above are part of the neurohypophysis
A

Pars distalis

Posterior Pituirary (Neurohypophysis)
Parts:
Pars Nervosa
* large part
Infundibulum Stalk
* smaller part
* attached to the hypothalamus at the median eminence

49
Q
  1. Which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil?
    A. Thyrotropic cells
    B. Gonadotropic cells
    C. Corticotropic cells
    D. All of the above
    E. None of the above
A

None of the above

Chromophils: secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules.

Acidophils: Acidic dye (Red)
Somatotrophs: somatotropin/ growth homone (GH)
Lactotrophs: prolactin

Basophils: Basic (Blue)
Corticotrophs: pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) -> Polypeptide hormones
* adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
* b-lipotropin hormone (b-LPH)
Gonadotrophs: Glycoproteins
* follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* luteinizing hormone (LH in female)
* interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH in men)
Thyrotrophs
* thyrotropin/ thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

CHROMOPHOBES
* stain weakly, with few or no secretory granules
* represent a heterogeneous group: including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells, any degranulated cells present.

50
Q
  1. Which gland secretes epinephrine?
    A. Adrenal gland (medulla)
    B. Thyroid
    C. Adrenal gland (cortex)
    D. Pineal gland
    E. Pancreas
A

Adrenal gland (medulla)

Thyroid follicular: Thyroglobulin (Thyroid Gland)
Parafollicular (C) cells: Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland)
Chief/ Principal cell (Basophil): Parathyroid hormone (PTH) [Parathyroid Gland]
Oxyphil cell (Eosinophil): No secretion [Parathyroid Gland]
Chromaffin cells: Catecholamines (NE/EPI) [Adrenal Medulla]

51
Q
  1. Which gland secretes cortisol?
    A. Pancreas
    B. Thyroid
    C. Adrenal gland (cortex)
    D. Pineal gland
    E. Adrenal gland (medulla)
A

Adrenal gland (cortex)

Pancreas: Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Pancreatic polypeptide
Thyroid Gland: Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin
Pineal gland: Melatonin
Adrenal gland (cortex): Aldosterone/ Cortisol/ Testosterone
Adrenal gland (medulla): Catecholamine (NE/EPI)

52
Q
  1. Which cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?
    A. Parafollicular cells
    B. Principal cell
    C. Chromaffin cells
    D. Follicular cells
    E. Oxyphil cell
A

Chromaffin cells

Thyroid follicular: Thyroglobulin (Thyroid Gland)
Parafollicular (C) cells: Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland)
Chief/ Principal cell (Basophil): Parathyroid hormone (PTH) [Parathyroid Gland]
Oxyphil cell (Eosinophil): No secretion [Parathyroid Gland]
Chromaffin cells: Catecholamines (NE/EPI) [Adrenal Medulla]

53
Q
  1. Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH )secreted from?
    A. Pars intermedia
    B. Adenohypophysis
    C. Pars tuberalis
    D. Infundibulum
    E. Neurohypophysis
A

Neurohypophysis

54
Q
  1. The adenohypophysis develop from what embryonic structure?
    A. Rathke’s pouch
    B. Hypothalamus
    C. Endoderm
    D. Third Ventricle
    E. Diencephalon
A

Rathke’s pouch

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
* Derivation - Rathke’s pouch
* Parts: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
* Derivation- Downward invagination of the hypothalamus

55
Q
  1. The adrenal cortex contains all of the following EXCEPT
    A. Zona fasciculata
    B. Spongiocytes
    C. Zona alomerulosa
    D. Chromaffin cells
    E. Zona reticularis
A

Chromaffin cells

56
Q
  1. Which is true of Oxyphil cells?
    A. Secrete parathormone
    B. Have acidophilic cytoplasm
    C. Secrete HCL
    D. Have brush border
    E. Secrete pepsin
A

Have acidophilic cytoplasm

Oxyphil cells
▪ Morphology – lighter & larger in size
▪ Staining reaction –acidophilic/ eosinophilic
▪ Secretion – none

57
Q
  1. Oxytocin is synthesized by what organ part?
    A. Pars intermedia
    B. Pars distalis
    C. Supraoptic nucleus
    D. Pars nervosa
    E. Paraventricular nucleus
A

Paraventricular nucleus

Herring bodies is where ADH and oxytocin hormones accumulate, visible in the light microscope as faintly eosinophilic structures

58
Q
  1. Growth hormone is synthesized by
    A. Pars nervosa
    B. Paraventricular nucleus
    C. Pituitary basophils
    D. Supraoptic nucleus
    E. Pituitary acidophils
A

Pituitary acidophils

Chromophils: secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules.

Acidophils: Acidic dye (Red)
Somatotrophs(Adenohypophysis) : somatotropin/ growth homone (GH)
Lactotrophs (Adenohypophysis): prolactin

Basophils: Basic (Blue)
Corticotrophs: Adrenal Cortex
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) -> Polypeptide hormones
* adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
* b-lipotropin hormone (b-LPH)
Gonadotrophs: Gonads
Glycoproteins
* follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* luteinizing hormone (LH in female)
* interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH in men)
Thyrotrophs: Thyroid glands
* thyrotropin/ thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

CHROMOPHOBES
* stain weakly, with few or no secretory granules
* represent a heterogeneous group: including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells, any degranulated cells present.

59
Q
  1. Parathyroid oxyphil cell has the following feature
    A. Polygonal in shape
    B. Secrete parathormone
    C. Secrete thyroid hormone
    D. Basophilic in staining
    E. Secrete calcitonin
A

Polygonal in shape

Oxyphil cells

Some show low levels of PTH synthesis, suggesting that these cells
are transitional derivatives of principal cells.

60
Q
  1. Which is TRUE about the Zona Reticularis of the Adrenal gland?
    A. Secretes glucocorticoids
    B. Represents the middle layer of the cortex
    C. Represents the superficial layer of the cortex
    D. Secretes sex hormones
    E. Secretes aldosterone
A

Secretes sex hormones

61
Q
  1. Some mammalian endocrine tissues or cells can be experimentally transplanted to other well-vascularized sites (such as the oral mucosa) in genetically similar hosts and the tissue’s function continues normally and with proper regulation. The pars distalis is not a good candidate for such transplantation studies for which one of the following reasons?
    A. More severe rejection of neurallv-related tissue occurs compared with other endocrine organs.
    B. Its hormonal source is unavailable after its axonal connections to the hypothalamus are disrupted.
    C. Neogenesis of blood vessels into this tissue will not occur at the transplant site.
    D. The vascular wall of the superior hypophyseal arteries is unique.
    E. Its cells stop functioning when separated from the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.
A

Its cells stop functioning when separated from the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.

62
Q
  1. Which is true about the Adrenal cortex
    A. SER predominates in cells
    B. Secretes ACTH
    C. Endodermal in origin
    D. Ectodermal in origin
    E. Stimulated by TSH
A

SER predominates in cells

Embryonic Origins
* Adrenal cortex arises from mesoderm
* Adrenal medulla arises from the neural crest

63
Q
  1. Prolactin hormone is secreted by
    A. Pituitary acidophils
    B. Pituitary basophils
    C. Pars intermedia
    D. Pituicytes
    E. Pituitary chromophobes
A

Pituitary acidophils

Acidophils: Acidic dye (Red)
Somatotrophs(Adenohypophysis) : somatotropin/ growth homone (GH)
Lactotrophs (Adenohypophysis): prolactin

64
Q
  1. A 7-year-old boy was, observed to be “hyperactive,” unable to sleep soundly claiming that his room is too hot,” and unable to concentrate in school. Blood tests indicate high levels of estrogen-related hormones and cortisol. Which of the following tentative diagnoses is consistent with all of these symptoms?
    A. Graves disease, caused by antibodies stimulating the TSH receptor
    B. Excessively active cells of the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa
    C. A defect in the paraventricular nucleus
    D. A disabling mutation in the gene for thyroblobulin
    E. A benign tumor involving cells in the adenohypophysis
A

A benign tumor involving cells in the adenohypophysis

65
Q
  1. A 45-year-old executive complains of easy fatigueability for 4 months.” She added that she is also unable to finish home chores and “dragging at work.” She is often constipated and is intolerant of cold. She also complains of skin dryness. A biopsy of her thyroid gland shows dense lymphocytic infiltration with germinal centers throughout the parenchyma and additional tests is carried out, suggested thyroiditis. Which of the following results of blood tests would be most likely in this patient?
    A. Elevated glucocorticoid levels
    B. Autoantibodies to the thyroid hormone receptor
    C. Elevated TSH levels
    D. Elevated calcitonin levels
    E. Elevated T3 and T4 levels
A

Elevated TSH levels

66
Q
  1. An actively secreting thyroid follicle will demonstrate these type of lining epithelium.
    A. Cuboidal epithelium
    B. Columnar epithelium
    C. Squamous epithelium
    D. Transitional epithelium
A

Cuboidal epithelium

67
Q
  1. Which of the following layers of the eye is opaque?
    A. Retina
    B. Lens
    C. Sclera
    D. Vitreal cavity
    E. Cornea
A

Sclera

Corneoscleral Junction
- Where transparent corneal stroma merges with opaque sclera
- Contains perforations known as Scleral Venous Sinus or Canal of Schlemm (drain the aqueous humor)

68
Q
  1. This vascular middle layer is also involved in accommodation and production of aqueous humor:
    A. Pupil
    B. Uvea
    C. Retina
    D. Cornea
    E. Sclera
A

Uvea

Uvea or Vascular Layers (3)

Choriod (Vascular Anterior Layer)
- Located posterior 2/3 of the eye
- Consist of Loose, well vascularized connective tissue
- Contains numerous Melanocytes
- Has dark brown color due to melanin pigments which help reduce glare within the eye

Ciliary Body (Vascular Middle Layer)
- Formed by thickening of Uvea anteriorly
- Lies posterior to the Limbus
- Has outward finger-like projections anteriorly
called Ciliary process that produces the aqueous humor

Iris (Vascular Posterior Layer)
- Extends over the anterior surface of the lens from the
anterior border of the ciliary body
- Gives color to the eye

69
Q

This structure is the continuation of the ciliary body, and projects over the anterior surface of the lens:
A. Sclerae
B. Iris
C. Pupil
D. Retina
E. Choroid

A

B. Iris

Iris (Uvea/Vascular Posterior Layer)
- Extends over the anterior surface of the lens from the anterior border of the ciliary body
- Gives color to the eye
- Not lined by any surface epithelium so its nude

Consists of 5 layers:
Discontinuous Layer of Fibroblasts and Melanocytes
- Most anterior layer; no covering or epithelium

Anterior Avascular Anterior Stromal sheet
- Lamella

Vascular layer of Loose Connective Tissue
- Bulk or thickest layer of iris

The posterior membrane with 2 groups of muscles:
- Circular Sphincter Pupillae
- Radial Dilator Pupillae muscles

Double layer of Pigmented epithelium
- Innermost layer
- Determines the color of the iris

70
Q

Photosensitive layer of the eye:
A. Cornea
B. Vitreous humor
C. Retina
D. Lens
E. Choroid

A

Retina

71
Q
  1. Opening in the anterior segment of the eye, defined by the iris:
    A. Limbus
    B. Macula
    C. Fovea
    D. Lens
    E. Pupil
A

Pupil

72
Q
  1. Which of the following is not part of the corneal layers?
    A. Substantia propria
    B. Epithelium
    C. Capsule of Tenon
    D. Bowman’s membrane
    E. Decemet’s membrane
A

Capsule of Tenon

Cornea (Fibrous Layer/Corneoscleral Coat)
* Anterior 1/6 of the eye
* Transparent and completely vascular
* Refracts(bends) incoming light
* Protects anterior surface of the eyes

Consist of 5 layers: (ABCDE)
* Anterior Corneal Epithelium
* Bowman’s Membrane
* Corneal Stroma or the Substantia Propria
* Descement’s Membrane
* Posterior Corneal Endothelium

73
Q
  1. This structure drains the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber:
    A. Internal scleral sulcus
    B. Suprachoroidal lamina
    C. Ciliary body
    D. Canal of Schlemm
    E. Limbus
A

Canal of Schlemm

74
Q
  1. This innermost layer of the choroid appears”glassy” and is therefore refractile:
    A. Bruch’s membrane
    B. Basal lamina
    C. Choriocapillary layer
    D. Vessel layer
    E. Ora serata
A

Bruch’s membrane

75
Q
  1. Which ciliary body muscle is the primary TENSOR of the lens?
    A. Muscle of Brucke
    B. Radial muscle
    C. Reticular muscle
    D. Circular muscle
    E. Muscle of Muller
A

Muscle of Brucke

76
Q
  1. In cases of retinal detachments, this layer becomes the line of cleavage:
    A. Pigment epithelium
    B. Photoreceptor layer
    C. Outer nuclear layer
    D. Outer plexiform layer
    E. Outer limiting membrane
A

Pigment epithelium

77
Q
  1. The bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells all synapse in a common layer in the retina.This is the:
    A. Inner plexiform layer
    B. Outer nuclear membrane
    C. Inner nuclear layer
    D. Outer limiting membrane
    E. Outer plexiform layer
A

Inner plexiform layer

78
Q
  1. The outer segment of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells are connected to the inner segment by a stalk or cilium, that arises from a:
    A. Basal body
    B. Epithelium
    C. Limiting membrane
    D. Plasmalemma
    E. Pedicle
A

Basal body

79
Q
  1. This layer contains the cell bodies (perikaryon) of the photoreceptor cells:
    A. Laver of optic nerve fibers
    B. Inner nuclear membrane
    C. Inner plexiform layer
    D. Photoreceptor layer
    E. Outer nuclear membrane
A

Outer nuclear membrane

80
Q
  1. Which of the following statements regarding cone pedicles is FALSE?
    A. They enclose dendrites of horizontal and bipolar cells
    B. It has a single synaptic invagination
    C. Assumes the shape of a large pvramidal ending
    D. Satisfies the triad content of invagination (2 horizontal, 1 bipolar)
    E. The base is flattened
A

It has a single synaptic invagination

81
Q
  1. This retinal neuron exhibits either diffuse or stratified branching of its dendrite:
    A. Rod cells
    B. Bipolar cells
    C. Amacrine cells
    D. Horizontal cells
    E. Cone cells
A

Amacrine cells

82
Q
  1. Centrally depressed area of the retina where vision is most acute:
    A. Central area
    B. Optic nerve
    C. Macula lutea
    D. Optic disc
    E. Fovea
A

Fovea

83
Q
  1. This area of the retina, at the back of the eye, is devoid of rods and cones, and is considered the “blind spot”:
    A. Optic nerve
    B. Central area
    C. Macula lutea
    D. Fovea
    E. Optic disc
A

Optic disc

84
Q
  1. Innermost layer of the retina:
    A. Ganglion cell layer
    B. Pigment epithelium
    C. Inner plexiform layer
    D. Optic nerve fiber layer
    E. Inner limiting membrane
A

Inner limiting membrane

85
Q
  1. Which structure separates the middle from the external ear?
    A. Eustachian tube
    B. Tympanic membrane
    C. Helicotrema
    D. Foot of stapes
    E. Vestibule
A

Tympanic membrane

86
Q
  1. In the crista ampullaris, these lining cells do not reach the basal lamina:
    A. Supporting cells
    B. Dark cells
    C. Marginal cells
    D. Light cells
    E. Hair cells
A

Hair cells

87
Q
  1. Of the cells of the utricle and saccule, these are known to have large nuclei with irregular outlines:
    A. Hair cells
    B. Dark cells
    C. Supporting cells
    D. Light cells
    E. Marginal cells
A

Dark cells

88
Q
  1. Represents the roof of the cochlear duct
    A. Vestibular membrane
    B. Tectorial membrane
    C. Stria vascularis
    D. Scala media
    E. Basilar membrane
A

Vestibular membrane

89
Q
  1. The scala tympani and scala vestibuli are joined together by a small opening at the cochlear apex called:
    A. Stria vascularis
    B. Tectorial membrane
    C. Helicotrema
    D. External spiral sulcus
    E. Spiral lamina
A

Helicotrema

90
Q
  1. Cells responsible for the production of the tectorial membrane:
    A. Inner hair cells
    B. Cells of Claudius
    C. Outer hair cells
    D. Interdental cells
    E. Outer phalangeal cells
A

Interdental cells

91
Q
  1. Which of the following structures contain the fluid endolymph?
    A. Scala tympani
    B. Scala vestibuli
    C. Scala media
    D. Cochlea
    E. Vestibule
A

Scala media

92
Q
  1. Involved in the physiology of hearing:
    A. Crista ampullaris
    B. Utricle
    C. Saccule
    D. Vestibule
    E. Cochlea
A

Cochlea

93
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about the Outer Hair Cells is INCORRECT/FALSE?
    A. They are distributed in a W-shaped pattern
    B. They are lodged in between the outer pillar and outer phalangeal cells
    C. They have a basal nucleus
    D. They form fewer rows than inner hair cells
    E. They form 3 rows of cells
A

They form fewer rows than inner hair cells

94
Q
  1. These are a group of specialized cells which serve as a receptor for auditory stimuli:
    A. Macula sacculi
    B. Organ of Corti
    C. Crista ampullaris
    D. Macula utriculi
    E. Otolithic membrane
A

Organ of Corti

Histology (14 decks)

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