5th Histology Lecture Exam (2025 w/ Ratio) - Urinary System, Endocrine Glands, and Eye & Ear- Special Sense Organs Flashcards by

The following are functions of the kidney EXCEPT:
A. Gluconeogenesis during starvation
B. Secretion of Vitamin D prohormone
C. Secretion of erythropoietin
D. Excretion of metabolic waste products

Secretion of Vitamin D prohormone

Renal Functions
* Regulation of balance between water and electrolytes and the acid-base balance
* Excretion of metabolic wastes along with excess water and electrolvtes in urine
* Excretion of bioactive substances, drugs
* Regulation of arterial blood pressure by secretion of renin
* Secretion of erythropoietin
- a glycoprotein growth factor that stimulates erythrocyte production in red marrow when the blood O 2 level is low;
* Conversion of the steroid prohormone vitamin D to the active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol)
* Gluconeogenesis during starvation or periods of prolonged fasting, making glucose from amino acids to supplement this process in the liver.
* Right kidney is slightly anatomically lower than the left kidney because it is situated below the liver.

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This refers to the concave medial border of the kidney where blood, lymph vessels and ureter enter and exit.
A. Minor calyx
B. Major calyx
C. Renal pelvis
D. Hilum

Hilum

Hilum
* Concave medial border (contains renal veins and arteries, lymph vessels) VAD (Vein, Artery, Duct)

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This collects urine formed by the tubules in one renal lobe
A. Renal papilla
B. Renal pyramid
C. Major calyx
D. Minor calyx

Minor calyx

Connecting Tubules -> Collecting Tubules -> Collecting Ducts -> Renal Papilla -> Minor calyx

In the apex of the pyramid, several collecting ducts merge further as a papillary duct which delivers urine to the minor calyx.

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The nephron consists of:
A. Renal tubule and renal medulla
B. Renal corpuscle and renal Cortex
C. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
D. Renal tubule and renal cortex

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Parts of a Nephron (2) : Renal corpusle and tubule
Renal Corpusle : an initial dilated part enclosing a tuft of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration, always located in the cortex
* Bowman’s capsule (Parietal Layer/Capsular Space/Visceral Layer)
* Glomerulus

Renal Tubule
* PCT
* LOH
* DCT
* CT

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Which correctly describes the blood supply to the kidneys?
A. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles
B. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > efferent arterioles > glomerulus
C. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles
D. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent venules

Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles

Renal Circulation:
* Renal Artery (branch of the descending aorta)
* Segmental arteries (Anterior/Posterior)
* Interlobar artery
* Arcuate artery (forming an arch)
* Interlobular artery
* Afferent arteriole
* Glomerulus
* Efferent arteriole
* Peritubular capillaries (associated with convoluted tubules; loops)
* Vasa recta (associated with loop of Henle; straight tubes)
* Interlobular vein
* Arcuate vein
* Interlobar vein
* Renal vein

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The visceral layer of the corpuscle contains stellate epithelial cells called:
A. Intercalated cells
B. Mesangial cells
C. Principal cells
D. Podocytes

Podocytes

Bowman’s/ Glomerular Capsule of RENAL CORPUSLE:
Location: CORTEX

Parietal Layer:
* Lining epithelium - Simple Squamous -> Simple Cuboidal (PCT)
Visceral Layer:
* Podocytes : Stellate Epithelial Cells
* Pedicels (Foot processes): Filtration slit pores (Elongated spaces)
* Mesangial Cells: bet. capillaries that lacks podocytes (Function: Physical support, Vasoconstriction, Phagocytosis, Immunity)
* Glomerular Filtration Barrier:
-Fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus: block formed elements
-Glomerular basement membrane: restrict proteins & anions
-Filtration slit pores/diaphragm: restrict smaller proteins & some anions

Connecting tubule of RENAL TUBULE
Location: MEDULLA

Lining Epithelium: Simple cuboidal to columnar
* DCT cells
* Collecting tubule cells
* Principal cells
* Intercalated cells

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Blood leaves and enter through which vessels; respectively?
A. Renal artery and efferent arteriole
B. Afferent arteriole and interlobular vein
C. Renal artery and Renal vein
D. Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

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This is the most substantial part of the filtration barrier that separates the blood from the capsular space:
A. Fenestrations of the capillary endothelium
B. Filtration slits between pedicels
C. Spaces between the podocytes
D. Glomerular basement membrane

Glomerular basement membrane

Glomerular Filtration Barrier
* Between the highly fenestrated endothelial cells of the capillaries and the covering podocytes
* The most substantial part of the filtration barrier that separates the blood from the capsular space and forms by fusion of the capillary- and bodocyte-produced basal laminae.

Contents:
-Fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus: block formed elements
-Glomerular basement membrane: restrict proteins & anions
-Filtration slit pores/diaphragm: restrict smaller proteins & some anions

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Identify the function of the principal cells in the collecting system.
A. Secretion of potassium
B. Active reabsorption of proteins
C. Passive reabsorption of proteins
D. Reabsorption of potassium

Secretion of potassium

COLLECTING DUCTS
* Formed by connecting tubule extending from each nephron & several join together in cortical medullary rays

Principal cells
* Pale staining columnar cells
* Few organelles
* Sparse microvilli
* ADH makes CD more permeable to water
* Rich in aquaporins
* Integral membrane pore proteins
* Water molecule channels

Intercalated cells
* Darker stain
* More abundant mitochondria
* Help maintain acid- base balance

Function (junqueira)
* Principal cells:
-Regulated reabsorption of water & electrolytes; regulated secretion of K
* Intercalated cells:
-Reabsorption of K+ (low-K diet); help maintain acid-base balance

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A renal lobe is:
A. Drains into a single interlobular duct
B. Composed of one medullary pyramid with its associated cortex
C. Grossly visible as a rounded bulge on the kidney surface
D. Separated from the other lobes by the fibrous capsule

Composed of one medullary pyramid with its associated cortex

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The region of the kidney containing the glomeruli
A. Medulla
B. Renal pelvis
C. Cortex
D. Renal papilla

Cortex

Parts of a Nephron (2) : Renal corpusle and tubule

Renal Corpusle : an initial dilated part enclosing a tuft of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration, always located in the cortex
* Bowman’s capsule (Parietal Layer/Capsular Space/Visceral Layer)
* Glomerulus

Renal Tubule
* PCT
* LOH
* DCT
* CT (Principal/ Intercalated cells)

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The end of each medullary pyramid through which medullary ducts open into the calyx is called?
A. Renal papilla
B. Medullary ray
C. Renal lobule
D. Renal pelvis

Renal papilla

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The renal capsule is composed of:
A. Adipose connective tissue
B. Transitional epithelium
C. Loose connective tissue
D. Dense fibrous connective tissue

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Kidney: retroperitoneal; at the posterior abdomen covered by the ribs

Hilum:
Shape: conCAVE
Structures:
* Ureter
* Blood vessels (artery & vein)
* Lymph vessels
* Renal pelvis

Capsule
Shape - convex
Specific subtype - dense irregular connective tissue (DICT)

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These cells line the interstitial spaces in the matrix between the capillaries
A. Pericytes
B. Fibroblasts
C. Mesangial cells
D. Podocytes

Mesangial cells

Bowman’s/ Glomerular Capsule of RENAL CORPUSLE:
Location: CORTEX

Connecting tubule of RENAL TUBULE
Location: MEDULLA

Lining Epithelium: Simple cuboidal to columnar
* DCT cells
* Collecting tubule cells
* Principal cells
* Intercalated cells

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The parietal epithelium of the Bowman capsule is lined by
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Stratified squamous epithelium
D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Has 2 Layers and a space between them:

Outer/ Parietal Layer
* forms the surface of the capsule. consists of a simple squamous epithelium supported externally by a basal lamina.

Internal/ Visceral Layer
* closely envelops the glomerular capillaries (finely fenestrated)
* consists of podocytes

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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A. Renal corpuscle
B. Nephron
C. Lobe
D. Medulla

Nephron

Each kidney contains around 1 million functional units called nephrons that consist of: simple, single- layered epithelium along their entire lengths.

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What structure leads to the collecting duct?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal Convoluted tubule
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Glomerulus

Distal Convoluted tubule

Renal corpuscle
* Bowman’s capsule
* Glomerulus
Renal tubule
* Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
* Loop of Henle
* Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
* Connecting tubule

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What cells are sensitive to sodium concentration?
A. Pedicels
B. Visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule
C. Parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule
D. Macula densa

Macula densa

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
* TAL - enters cortex > forms macula densa DCT
* Simple cuboidal with few brush borders
* Short microvilli
* More empty/cleaner lumens
* Na absorption in the DCT is regulated by aldosterone

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What type of epithelium lines the bladder?
A. Simple columnar epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Transitional epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

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The muscle of the urinary bladder is called?
A. Muscularis
B. Adventitia
C. Transitional epithelium
D. Detrusor muscle

Detrusor muscle

Tunica Muscularis
3 poorly delineated layers = Detrusor muscle
* inner longitudinal
* middle circular
* outer longitudinal

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Choose the best description of the urothelium
A. When the bladder is empty, the urothelium is thinner
B. When the bladder is empty, the urothelium is smooth
C. When the bladder is full, the urothelium is folded
D. When the bladder is full, the urothelium is thinner

When the bladder is full, the urothelium is thinner

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Which is not part of the male urethra?
A. Prostatic
B. Spongy
C. External sphincter
D. Membranous

External sphincter

MALE URETHRA
* Long: 18 - 20 cm; reproductive/ excretory function

Consists of 3 segments:
* Prostatic urethra = 3-4 cm long; traverses prostate gland
* Membranous urethra = 1-1.5 cm long (shortest segment); passes through an external sphincter of striated muscle (at UG diaphragm)
* Spongy / Penile urethra = 15 cm long (longest segment); enclosed within erectile tissue of the penis

Mucosa
LE:
* Prostatic = Transitional
* Membranous = Stratified/ Pseudostratified columnar
* Penile = Stratified /Pseudostratified columnar
* Fossa navicularis = SSNKE

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This functions for the passive reabsorption of electrolytes
A. Thick ascending loop of Henle
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Thin limbs of the loop of Henle
D. Proximal convoluted tubule

Thin limbs of the loop of Henle

Loop of Henle
Thin limbs (Simple Squamous): Passive reabsorption of Na and CI (Electrolytes)
TAL (Simple Cuboidal): Active re-absorption of various electrolytes

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What is the thickest layer of the ureter?
A. Muscularis
B. Mucosa
C. Adventitia
D. Lamina propia

Muscularis

URETER
* Stellate-shaped lumen

Mucosa
LE: transitional epithelium
LP: thick fibroelastic tissue; (+) diffuse lymphatic tissue; No glands

NO Submucosa

Tunica Muscularis
* smooth muscle
* moves urine toward UB by peristalsis
Upper 2/3: thinner; 2 layers (IL-OC)
* Inner longitudinal
* Outer circular
Lower 1/3: thicker; 3 layers (IL-MC-OL)
* inner longitudinal
* middle circular
* outer longitudinal: found in the portion nearest to UB

Tunica Adventitia
* fibroelastic tissue with BV, LV, nerves

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25. Each kidney has approximately how many nephrons? A. 1-4 million B. 5-9 million C. 6-7 million D. 3-5 million

1-4 million

26. Its main function is to support the capillary loops (Glomerulus) A. Mesangium B. Nephrons C. Podocytes D. Pericytes

Mesangium ## Footnote Mesangial cells * resemble vascular pericytes (in contractile properties and producing components of an external lamina) * often stain more darkly than podocytes. * Along with the surrounding matrix comprises the Mesangium which fills interstices between capillaries that lack podocytes. Functions of the mesangium include the following: * Physical support of capillaries within the glomerulus * Adjusted contractions in response to BP changes * Secretion of cytokines, prostaglandins, factors important for immune defense & repair in the glomerulus. * Phagocytose protein aggregates (in the glomerular filter)

27. The afferent arteriole enters the Bowman's capsule thru the? A. Hilum B. Urinary pole C. Vascular pole D. Loop of Henle

Vascular pole

28. This carries urine to the outside of the body A. Ureter B. Bladder C. Kidneys D. Urethra

Urethra | Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Urinary bladder > Urethra ## Footnote Urine is transported by the ureters from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder where it is stored until emptying by micturition via the urethra.

29. This allows the peristaltic movement of the urine from the pelvicalyceal system to the bladder A. Transitional epithelium B. Lamina propia C. Adventia D. Muscularis mucosa

Muscularis mucosa

30. These are the most abundant cells in the collecting system. A. Podocytes B. Mesangial cells C. Principal cells D. Intercalated Cells

Principal cells ## Footnote Two types of cells at the collecting ducts 1) Principal cells: majority of collecting ducts cells * Description - pale-staining columnar cells with few organelles & sparse microvilli * Function - sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) making the collecting duct more permeable to water during dehvdration * Hence, they are very rich in aquaporins which are integral membrane pore proteins which function as water channels 2) Intercalated cells * Description - darker-staining cells with more mitochondria * Function - help maintain the acid-base balance

31. What is the epithelium of collecting ducts? A. Simple squamous B. Stratified cuboidal C. Simple cuboidal D. Stratified squamous

Simple cuboidal ## Footnote **Renal Tubules: Lining epithelium** Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): simple cuboidal with brushed borders Loop of Henle * Ascending/Descending LOH: simple cuboidal epithelium w/ and w/o brush borders * Thin LOH: simple squamous epithelium Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): simple cuboidal epithelium Connecting/Collecting tubule: simple cuboidal epithelium Collecting Duct: Simple columnar epithelium

32. Give the function of intercalated cells. A. Reabsorption of CI B. Reabsorption of K C. Reabsorption of organic anions D. Reabsorption of Na

Reabsorption of K ## Footnote Function (junqueira) * Principal cells: -Regulated reabsorption of water & electrolytes; regulated secretion of K * Intercalated cells: -Reabsorption of K+ (low-K diet); help maintain acid-base balance

33. The loop of Henle is found in the? A. Both cortex and medulla B. Either cortex and medulla C. Cortex D. Medulla

Medulla ## Footnote Renal corpuscle (Cortex): * Bowman's Capsule * Glomerulus Renal Tubule: * PCT (Cortex) * LOH (Medulla) * DCT (Cortex) * CT (Medulla)

34. The adrenal medulla secretes what hormone? A. Aldosterone B. Mineralocorticoid C. Epinephrine D. Glucocorticoid

Epinephrine ## Footnote * Adrenal medulla * Description - modified sympathetic ganglion (neuroendocrine gland) * Composition - chromaffin cells (since they have high affinity to silver stain) * Secretion - epinephrine & norepinephrine

35. What organ is nicknamed the "master gland" A. Pituitary B. Adrenal medulla C. Adrenal cortex D. Heart E. Brain

Pituitary ## Footnote Pituitary gland ▪ Location – base of the brain (surrounded by the circle of Willis) ▪ Infundibulum – connection of the gland to the hypothalamus ▪ Sella turcica – part of the sphenoid bone wherein the gland lies Parts (2): Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) * Derivation - Rathke's pouch * Parts: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) * Derivation- Downward invagination of the hypothalamus

36. The adrenal cortex secretes all these hormones EXCEPT A. Corticosterone B. Cortisol C. Cortisone D. Oxytocin

Oxytocin ## Footnote Adrenal Cortex: * Mineralocorticoids (Z. glomerulosa): Aldosterone * Glucocorticoids (Z. fasciculata): Cortisol/ corticosterone * Androgens (Z.reticularis): dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -> Testosterone

37. Where can the structure "Corpora Arenacea" found? A. Pituitary B. Thyroid C. Pancreas D. Adrenal gland E. Pineal gland

Pineal gland ## Footnote Cells of the pineal gland Neuroglial cells * Description - interspersed between pinealocytes Pinealocytes * Function - secretes melatonin Corpora arenacea (brain sands) * Importance - characteristic histological landmark of the pineal gland * Description - mulberry-like structures which can be calcified & appears in x-rays

38. Which among the listed glands secrete melatonin? A. Pancreas B. Adrenal gland (medulla) C. Thyroid D. Pineal gland E. Adrenal gland (cortex)

Pineal gland ## Footnote Pancreas: Glucagon/Insulin/Somatostatin/Pancreatic polypeptide Adrenal gland (medulla): Catecholamines (NE/EPI) Thyroid: Thyroxine (T4)/ Triiodothyronine(T3)/ Calcitonin Pineal gland: Melatonin Adrenal gland (cortex): Aldosterone/ Cortisol/ Androgen/ Testosterone

39. Which cell type is /are involved in the secretion thyroglobulin? A. Follicular cells B. Principal cell C. Oxyphil cell D. Parafollicular cells E. Chromaffin cells

Follicular cells ## Footnote Thyroid follicular: Thyroglobulin (Thyroid Gland) Parafollicular (C) cells: Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland) Chief/ Principal cell (Basophil): Parathyroid hormone (PTH) [Parathyroid Gland] Oxyphil cell (Eosinophil): No secretion [Parathyroid Gland] Chromaffin cells: Catecholamines (NE/EPI) [Adrenal Medulla]

40. Where is insulin secreted from? A. Beta cells B. Alpha cells C. Acini D. Gamma cells E. Delta cells

Beta cells

41. Which of the following is NOT a part of the adrenal gland? A. Chromaffin cells B. Zona reticularis C. Zona glomerulosa D. Zona fasciculata E. None of the listed items is correct

None of the listed items is correct

42. Which part the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids? A. Zona fasciculata B. Zona reticularis C. Zona glomerulosa D. None of the above E. Chromaffin cells

Zona fasciculata

43. What is another term for the posterior lobe of the pituitary? A. Pars tuberalis B. Pars distalis C. Pars intermedia D. Infundibular stalk E. Pars nervosa

Pars nervosa ## Footnote Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) * Derivation - Rathke's pouch * Parts: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) * Derivation- Downward invagination of the hypothalamus

44. Which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil basophil? A. Thyrotropic cells B. Gonadotropic cells C. All of the above D. None of the above choices is correct E. Corticotropic cells

None of the above choices is correct ## Footnote Chromophils: secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules. Acidophils: Acidic dye (Red) Somatotrophs: somatotropin/ growth homone (GH) Lactotrophs: prolactin Basophils: Basic (Blue) Corticotrophs: pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) -> Polypeptide hormones * adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) * b-lipotropin hormone (b-LPH) Gonadotrophs: Glycoproteins * follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) * luteinizing hormone (LH in female) * interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH in men) Thyrotrophs * thyrotropin/ thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) CHROMOPHOBES * stain weakly, with few or no secretory granules * represent a heterogeneous group: including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells, any degranulated cells present.

45. Which part the adrenal gland secretes sex steroids? A. Zona fasciculata B. Zona reticularis C. Zona glomerulosa D. None of the above E. Chromaffin cells

Zona reticularis ## Footnote Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) * Derivation - Rathke's pouch * Parts: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) * Derivation- Downward invagination of the hypothalamus

46. How is the pancreas classified as to organ type? A. Exocrine B. None of the above C. Both endocrine and exocrine D. Endocrine

Both endocrine and exocrine

47. Where are tropic hormones secreted from? A. Adenohypophysis B. Pars intermedia C. Infundibulum D. Pars tuberalis

Adenohypophysis ## Footnote Pars distalis (largest & most anterior lobe) o AKA. anterior pituitary gland o Secretions – 7 peptide hormones (4 of which are tropic hormones – meaning that they stimulate other glands)

48. Which of the following is not part of the neurohypophysis? A. Median eminence B. Pars distalis C. Pars nervosa D. Infundibular stalk E. All of the above are part of the neurohypophysis

Pars distalis ## Footnote **Posterior Pituirary (Neurohypophysis)** Parts: Pars Nervosa * large part Infundibulum Stalk * smaller part * attached to the hypothalamus at the median eminence

49. Which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil? A. Thyrotropic cells B. Gonadotropic cells C. Corticotropic cells D. All of the above E. None of the above

None of the above ## Footnote Chromophils: secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules. Acidophils: Acidic dye (Red) Somatotrophs: somatotropin/ growth homone (GH) Lactotrophs: prolactin Basophils: Basic (Blue) Corticotrophs: pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) -> Polypeptide hormones * adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) * b-lipotropin hormone (b-LPH) Gonadotrophs: Glycoproteins * follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) * luteinizing hormone (LH in female) * interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH in men) Thyrotrophs * thyrotropin/ thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) CHROMOPHOBES * stain weakly, with few or no secretory granules * represent a heterogeneous group: including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells, any degranulated cells present.

50. Which gland secretes epinephrine? A. Adrenal gland (medulla) B. Thyroid C. Adrenal gland (cortex) D. Pineal gland E. Pancreas

Adrenal gland (medulla) ## Footnote Thyroid follicular: Thyroglobulin (Thyroid Gland) Parafollicular (C) cells: Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland) Chief/ Principal cell (Basophil): Parathyroid hormone (PTH) [Parathyroid Gland] Oxyphil cell (Eosinophil): No secretion [Parathyroid Gland] Chromaffin cells: Catecholamines (NE/EPI) [Adrenal Medulla]

51. Which gland secretes cortisol? A. Pancreas B. Thyroid C. Adrenal gland (cortex) D. Pineal gland E. Adrenal gland (medulla)

Adrenal gland (cortex) ## Footnote Pancreas: Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Pancreatic polypeptide Thyroid Gland: Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin Pineal gland: Melatonin Adrenal gland (cortex): Aldosterone/ Cortisol/ Testosterone Adrenal gland (medulla): Catecholamine (NE/EPI)

52. Which cell type is found in the adrenal medulla? A. Parafollicular cells B. Principal cell C. Chromaffin cells D. Follicular cells E. Oxyphil cell

Chromaffin cells ## Footnote Thyroid follicular: Thyroglobulin (Thyroid Gland) Parafollicular (C) cells: Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland) Chief/ Principal cell (Basophil): Parathyroid hormone (PTH) [Parathyroid Gland] Oxyphil cell (Eosinophil): No secretion [Parathyroid Gland] Chromaffin cells: Catecholamines (NE/EPI) [Adrenal Medulla]

53. Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH )secreted from? A. Pars intermedia B. Adenohypophysis C. Pars tuberalis D. Infundibulum E. Neurohypophysis

Neurohypophysis

54. The adenohypophysis develop from what embryonic structure? A. Rathke's pouch B. Hypothalamus C. Endoderm D. Third Ventricle E. Diencephalon

Rathke's pouch ## Footnote Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) * Derivation - Rathke's pouch * Parts: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) * Derivation- Downward invagination of the hypothalamus

55. The adrenal cortex contains all of the following EXCEPT A. Zona fasciculata B. Spongiocytes C. Zona alomerulosa D. Chromaffin cells E. Zona reticularis

Chromaffin cells

56. Which is true of Oxyphil cells? A. Secrete parathormone B. Have acidophilic cytoplasm C. Secrete HCL D. Have brush border E. Secrete pepsin

Have acidophilic cytoplasm ## Footnote Oxyphil cells ▪ Morphology – lighter & larger in size ▪ Staining reaction –acidophilic/ eosinophilic ▪ Secretion – none

57. Oxytocin is synthesized by what organ part? A. Pars intermedia B. Pars distalis C. Supraoptic nucleus D. Pars nervosa E. Paraventricular nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus ## Footnote Herring bodies is where ADH and oxytocin hormones accumulate, visible in the light microscope as faintly eosinophilic structures

58. Growth hormone is synthesized by A. Pars nervosa B. Paraventricular nucleus C. Pituitary basophils D. Supraoptic nucleus E. Pituitary acidophils

Pituitary acidophils ## Footnote Chromophils: secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules. Acidophils: Acidic dye (Red) Somatotrophs(Adenohypophysis) : somatotropin/ growth homone (GH) Lactotrophs (Adenohypophysis): prolactin Basophils: Basic (Blue) Corticotrophs: Adrenal Cortex pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) -> Polypeptide hormones * adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) * b-lipotropin hormone (b-LPH) Gonadotrophs: Gonads Glycoproteins * follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) * luteinizing hormone (LH in female) * interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH in men) Thyrotrophs: Thyroid glands * thyrotropin/ thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) CHROMOPHOBES * stain weakly, with few or no secretory granules * represent a heterogeneous group: including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells, any degranulated cells present.

59. Parathyroid oxyphil cell has the following feature A. Polygonal in shape B. Secrete parathormone C. Secrete thyroid hormone D. Basophilic in staining E. Secrete calcitonin

Polygonal in shape ## Footnote Oxyphil cells Some show low levels of PTH synthesis, suggesting that these cells are transitional derivatives of principal cells.

60. Which is TRUE about the Zona Reticularis of the Adrenal gland? A. Secretes glucocorticoids B. Represents the middle layer of the cortex C. Represents the superficial layer of the cortex D. Secretes sex hormones E. Secretes aldosterone

Secretes sex hormones

61. Some mammalian endocrine tissues or cells can be experimentally transplanted to other well-vascularized sites (such as the oral mucosa) in genetically similar hosts and the tissue's function continues normally and with proper regulation. The pars distalis is not a good candidate for such transplantation studies for which one of the following reasons? A. More severe rejection of neurallv-related tissue occurs compared with other endocrine organs. B. Its hormonal source is unavailable after its axonal connections to the hypothalamus are disrupted. C. Neogenesis of blood vessels into this tissue will not occur at the transplant site. D. The vascular wall of the superior hypophyseal arteries is unique. E. Its cells stop functioning when separated from the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.

Its cells stop functioning when separated from the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.

62. Which is true about the Adrenal cortex A. SER predominates in cells B. Secretes ACTH C. Endodermal in origin D. Ectodermal in origin E. Stimulated by TSH

SER predominates in cells ## Footnote Embryonic Origins * Adrenal cortex arises from mesoderm * Adrenal medulla arises from the neural crest

63. Prolactin hormone is secreted by A. Pituitary acidophils B. Pituitary basophils C. Pars intermedia D. Pituicytes E. Pituitary chromophobes

Pituitary acidophils ## Footnote Acidophils: Acidic dye (Red) Somatotrophs(Adenohypophysis) : somatotropin/ growth homone (GH) Lactotrophs (Adenohypophysis): prolactin

64. A 7-year-old boy was, observed to be "hyperactive," unable to sleep soundly claiming that his room is too hot," and unable to concentrate in school. Blood tests indicate high levels of estrogen-related hormones and cortisol. Which of the following tentative diagnoses is consistent with all of these symptoms? A. Graves disease, caused by antibodies stimulating the TSH receptor B. Excessively active cells of the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa C. A defect in the paraventricular nucleus D. A disabling mutation in the gene for thyroblobulin E. A benign tumor involving cells in the adenohypophysis

A benign tumor involving cells in the adenohypophysis

65. A 45-year-old executive complains of easy fatigueability for 4 months." She added that she is also unable to finish home chores and "dragging at work." She is often constipated and is intolerant of cold. She also complains of skin dryness. A biopsy of her thyroid gland shows dense lymphocytic infiltration with germinal centers throughout the parenchyma and additional tests is carried out, suggested thyroiditis. Which of the following results of blood tests would be most likely in this patient? A. Elevated glucocorticoid levels B. Autoantibodies to the thyroid hormone receptor C. Elevated TSH levels D. Elevated calcitonin levels E. Elevated T3 and T4 levels

Elevated TSH levels

66. An actively secreting thyroid follicle will demonstrate these type of lining epithelium. A. Cuboidal epithelium B. Columnar epithelium C. Squamous epithelium D. Transitional epithelium

Cuboidal epithelium

67. Which of the following layers of the eye is opaque? A. Retina B. Lens C. Sclera D. Vitreal cavity E. Cornea

Sclera ## Footnote Corneoscleral Junction - Where transparent corneal stroma merges with opaque sclera - Contains perforations known as Scleral Venous Sinus or Canal of Schlemm (drain the aqueous humor)

68. This vascular middle layer is also involved in accommodation and production of aqueous humor: A. Pupil B. Uvea C. Retina D. Cornea E. Sclera

Uvea ## Footnote Uvea or Vascular Layers (3) Choriod (Vascular Anterior Layer) - Located posterior 2/3 of the eye - Consist of Loose, well vascularized connective tissue - Contains numerous Melanocytes - Has dark brown color due to melanin pigments which help reduce glare within the eye **Ciliary Body (Vascular Middle Layer)** - Formed by thickening of Uvea anteriorly - Lies posterior to the Limbus - Has outward finger-like projections anteriorly called **Ciliary process that produces the aqueous humor** **Iris (Vascular Posterior Layer)** - Extends over the anterior surface of the lens from the anterior border of the ciliary body - Gives color to the eye

This structure is the continuation of the ciliary body, and projects over the anterior surface of the lens: A. Sclerae B. Iris C. Pupil D. Retina E. Choroid

B. Iris ## Footnote **Iris (Uvea/Vascular Posterior Layer)** - Extends over the anterior surface of the lens from the anterior border of the ciliary body - Gives color to the eye - Not lined by any surface epithelium so its nude Consists of 5 layers: Discontinuous Layer of Fibroblasts and Melanocytes - Most anterior layer; no covering or epithelium Anterior Avascular Anterior Stromal sheet - Lamella Vascular layer of Loose Connective Tissue - Bulk or thickest layer of iris The posterior membrane with 2 groups of muscles: - Circular Sphincter Pupillae - Radial Dilator Pupillae muscles Double layer of Pigmented epithelium - Innermost layer - Determines the color of the iris

Photosensitive layer of the eye: A. Cornea B. Vitreous humor C. Retina D. Lens E. Choroid

Retina

71. Opening in the anterior segment of the eye, defined by the iris: A. Limbus B. Macula C. Fovea D. Lens E. Pupil

Pupil

72. Which of the following is not part of the corneal layers? A. Substantia propria B. Epithelium C. Capsule of Tenon D. Bowman's membrane E. Decemet's membrane

Capsule of Tenon ## Footnote Cornea (Fibrous Layer/Corneoscleral Coat) * Anterior 1/6 of the eye * Transparent and completely vascular * Refracts(bends) incoming light * Protects anterior surface of the eyes Consist of 5 layers: (ABCDE) * Anterior Corneal Epithelium * Bowman's Membrane * Corneal Stroma or the Substantia Propria * Descement's Membrane * Posterior Corneal Endothelium

73. This structure drains the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber: A. Internal scleral sulcus B. Suprachoroidal lamina C. Ciliary body D. Canal of Schlemm E. Limbus

Canal of Schlemm

74. This innermost layer of the choroid appears"glassy" and is therefore refractile: A. Bruch's membrane B. Basal lamina C. Choriocapillary layer D. Vessel layer E. Ora serata

Bruch's membrane

75. Which ciliary body muscle is the primary TENSOR of the lens? A. Muscle of Brucke B. Radial muscle C. Reticular muscle D. Circular muscle E. Muscle of Muller

Muscle of Brucke

76. In cases of retinal detachments, this layer becomes the line of cleavage: A. Pigment epithelium B. Photoreceptor layer C. Outer nuclear layer D. Outer plexiform layer E. Outer limiting membrane

Pigment epithelium

77. The bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells all synapse in a common layer in the retina.This is the: A. Inner plexiform layer B. Outer nuclear membrane C. Inner nuclear layer D. Outer limiting membrane E. Outer plexiform layer

Inner plexiform layer

78. The outer segment of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells are connected to the inner segment by a stalk or cilium, that arises from a: A. Basal body B. Epithelium C. Limiting membrane D. Plasmalemma E. Pedicle

Basal body

79. This layer contains the cell bodies (perikaryon) of the photoreceptor cells: A. Laver of optic nerve fibers B. Inner nuclear membrane C. Inner plexiform layer D. Photoreceptor layer E. Outer nuclear membrane

Outer nuclear membrane

80. Which of the following statements regarding cone pedicles is FALSE? A. They enclose dendrites of horizontal and bipolar cells B. It has a single synaptic invagination C. Assumes the shape of a large pvramidal ending D. Satisfies the triad content of invagination (2 horizontal, 1 bipolar) E. The base is flattened

It has a single synaptic invagination

81. This retinal neuron exhibits either diffuse or stratified branching of its dendrite: A. Rod cells B. Bipolar cells C. Amacrine cells D. Horizontal cells E. Cone cells

Amacrine cells

82. Centrally depressed area of the retina where vision is most acute: A. Central area B. Optic nerve C. Macula lutea D. Optic disc E. Fovea

Fovea

83. This area of the retina, at the back of the eye, is devoid of rods and cones, and is considered the "blind spot": A. Optic nerve B. Central area C. Macula lutea D. Fovea E. Optic disc

Optic disc

84. Innermost layer of the retina: A. Ganglion cell layer B. Pigment epithelium C. Inner plexiform layer D. Optic nerve fiber layer E. Inner limiting membrane

Inner limiting membrane

85. Which structure separates the middle from the external ear? A. Eustachian tube B. Tympanic membrane C. Helicotrema D. Foot of stapes E. Vestibule

Tympanic membrane

86. In the crista ampullaris, these lining cells do not reach the basal lamina: A. Supporting cells B. Dark cells C. Marginal cells D. Light cells E. Hair cells

Hair cells

87. Of the cells of the utricle and saccule, these are known to have large nuclei with irregular outlines: A. Hair cells B. Dark cells C. Supporting cells D. Light cells E. Marginal cells

Dark cells

88. Represents the roof of the cochlear duct A. Vestibular membrane B. Tectorial membrane C. Stria vascularis D. Scala media E. Basilar membrane

Vestibular membrane

89. The scala tympani and scala vestibuli are joined together by a small opening at the cochlear apex called: A. Stria vascularis B. Tectorial membrane C. Helicotrema D. External spiral sulcus E. Spiral lamina

Helicotrema

90. Cells responsible for the production of the tectorial membrane: A. Inner hair cells B. Cells of Claudius C. Outer hair cells D. Interdental cells E. Outer phalangeal cells

Interdental cells

91. Which of the following structures contain the fluid endolymph? A. Scala tympani B. Scala vestibuli C. Scala media D. Cochlea E. Vestibule

Scala media

92. Involved in the physiology of hearing: A. Crista ampullaris B. Utricle C. Saccule D. Vestibule E. Cochlea

Cochlea

93. Which of the following statements about the Outer Hair Cells is INCORRECT/FALSE? A. They are distributed in a W-shaped pattern B. They are lodged in between the outer pillar and outer phalangeal cells C. They have a basal nucleus D. They form fewer rows than inner hair cells E. They form 3 rows of cells

They form fewer rows than inner hair cells

94. These are a group of specialized cells which serve as a receptor for auditory stimuli: A. Macula sacculi B. Organ of Corti C. Crista ampullaris D. Macula utriculi E. Otolithic membrane

Organ of Corti