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Histology > 5th Histology Lecture Exam - Urinary System, Endocrine Glands, and Eye & Ear- Special Sense Organs 2025 > Flashcards

5th Histology Lecture Exam - Urinary System, Endocrine Glands, and Eye & Ear- Special Sense Organs 2025 Flashcards

1
Q

The following are functions of the kidney EXCEPT:
A. Gluconeogenesis during starvation
B. Secretion of Vitamin D prohormone
C. Secretion of erythropoietin
D. Excretion of metabolic waste products

A

Secretion of Vitamin D prohormone

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2
Q
  1. This refers to the concave medial border of the kidney where blood, lymph vessels and ureter enter and exit.
    A. Minor calyx
    B. Major calyx
    C. Renal pelvis
    D. Hilum
A

Hilum

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3
Q
  1. This collects urine formed by the tubules in one renal lobe
    A. Renal papilla
    B. Renal pyramid
    C. Major calyx
    D. Minor calyx
A

Minor calyx

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4
Q
  1. The nephron consists of:
    A. Renal tubule and renal medulla
    B. Renal corpuscle and renal Cortex
    C. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
    D. Renal tubule and renal cortex
A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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5
Q

Which correctly describes the blood supply to the kidneys?
A. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles
B. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > efferent arterioles > glomerulus
C. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles
D. Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > interlobular arteries > arcuate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent venules

A

Renal artery derived > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arterioles

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6
Q

The visceral layer of the corpuscle contains stellate epithelial cells called:
A. Intercalated cells
B. Mesangial cells
C. Principal cells
D. Podocytes

A

Podocytes

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7
Q
  1. Blood leaves and enter through which vessels; respectively?
    A. Renal artery and efferent arteriole
    B. Afferent arteriole and interlobular vein
    C. Renal artery and Renal vein
    D. Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
A

Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

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8
Q
  1. This is the most substantial part of the filtration barrier that separates the blood from the capsular space:
    A. Fenestrations of the capillary endothelium
    B. Filtration slits between pedicels
    C. Spaces between the podocytes
    D. Glomerular basement membrane
A

Glomerular basement membrane

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9
Q
  1. Identify the function of the principal cells in the collecting system.
    A. Secretion of potassium
    B. Active reabsorption of proteins
    C. Passive reabsorption of proteins
    D. Reabsorption of potassium
A

Secretion of potassium

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10
Q
  1. A renal lobe is:
    A. Drains into a single interlobular duct
    B. Composed of one medullary pyramid with its associated cortex
    C. Grossly visible as a rounded bulge on the kidney surface
    D. Separated from the other lobes by the fibrous capsule
A

Composed of one medullary pyramid with its associated cortex

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11
Q
  1. The region of the kidney containing the glomeruli
    A. Medulla
    B. Renal pelvis
    C. Cortex
    D. Renal papilla
A

Cortex

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12
Q
  1. The end of each medullary pyramid through which medullary ducts open into the calyx is called?
    A. Renal papilla
    B. Medullary ray
    C. Renal lobule
    D. Renal pelvis
A

Renal papilla

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13
Q
  1. The renal capsule is composed of:
    A. Adipose connective tissue
    B. Transitional epithelium
    C. Loose connective tissue
    D. Dense fibrous connective tissue
A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

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14
Q
  1. These cells line the interstitial spaces in the matrix between the capillaries
    A. Pericytes
    B. Fibroblasts
    C. Mesangial cells
    D. Podocytes
A

Mesangial cells

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15
Q
  1. The parietal epithelium of the Bowman capsule is lined by
    A. Simple squamous epithelium
    B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
    C. Stratified squamous epithelium
    D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
A

Simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q
  1. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
    A. Renal corpuscle
    B. Nephron
    C. Lobe
    D. Medulla
A

Nephron

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17
Q

What structure leads to the collecting duct?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal Convoluted tubule
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Glomerulus

A

Distal Convoluted tubule

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18
Q
  1. What cells are sensitive to sodium concentration?
    A. Pedicels
    B. Visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule
    C. Parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule
    D. Macula densa
A

Macula densa

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19
Q
  1. What type of epithelium lines the bladder?
    A. Simple columnar epithelium
    B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
    C.  Transitional epithelium
    D. Stratified squamous epithelium
A

Transitional epithelium

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20
Q
  1. The muscle of the urinary bladder is called?
    A. Muscularis
    B. Adventitia
    C. Transitional epithelium
    D. Detrusor muscle
A

Detrusor muscle

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21
Q
  1. Choose the best description of the urothelium
    A. When the bladder is empty, the urothelium is thinner
    B. When the bladder is empty, the urothelium is smooth
    C. When the bladder is full, the urothelium is folded
    D. When the bladder is full, theurothelium is thinner
A

When the bladder is full, theurothelium is thinner

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22
Q
  1. Which is not part of the male urethra?
    A. Prostatic
    B. Spongy
    C. External sphincter
    D. Membranous
A

External sphincter

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23
Q
  1. This functions for the passive reabsorption of electrolytes
    A. Thick ascending loop of Henle
    B. Distal convoluted tubule
    C. Thin limbs of the loop of Henle
    D. Proximal convoluted tubule
A

Thin limbs of the loop of Henle

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24
Q
  1. What is the thickest layer of the ureter?
    A. Muscularis
    B. Mucosa
    C. Adventitia
    D. Lamina propia
A

Muscularis

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25
Q
  1. Each kidney has approximately how many nephrons?
    A. 1-4 million
    B. 5-9 million
    C. 6-7 million
    D. 3-5 million
A

1-4 million

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26
Q
  1. Its main function is to support the capillary oops
    A. Mesangium
    B. Nephrons
    C. Podocytes
    D. Pericytes
A

Mesangium

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27
Q
  1. The afferent arteriole enters the Bowman’s capsule thru the?
    A. Hilum
    B. Urinary pole
    C. Vascular pole
    D. Loop of Henle
A

Vascular pole

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28
Q
  1. This carries urine to the outside of the body
    A. Ureter
    B. Bladder
    C. Kidneys
    D. Urethra
A

Urethra

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29
Q
  1. This allows the peristaltic movement of the urine from the pelvicalyceal system to the bladder
    A. Transitional epithelium
    B. Lamina propia
    C. Adventia
    D. Muscularis mucosa
A

Muscularis mucosa

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30
Q
  1. These are the most abundant cells in the collecting system.
    A. Podocytes
    B. Mesangial cells
    C. Principal cells
    D. Intercalated Cells
A

Principal cells

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31
Q
  1. What is the epithelium of collecting ducts?
    A. Simple squamous
    B. Stratified cuboidal
    C. Simple cuboidal
    D. Stratified squamous
A

Simple cuboidal

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32
Q
  1. Give the function of intercalated cells.
    A. Reabsorption of CI
    B. Reabsorption of K
    C. Reabsorption of organic anions
    D. Reabsorption of Na
A

Reabsorption of K

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33
Q
  1. The loop of Henle is found in the?
    A. Both cortex and medulla
    B. Either cortex and medulla
    C. Cortex
    D. Medulla
A

Medulla

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34
Q
  1. The adrenal medulla secretes what hormone?
    A. Aldosterone
    B. Mineralocorticoid
    C. Epinephrine
    D. Glucocorticoid
A

Epinephrine

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35
Q
  1. What organ is nicknamed the “master gland”
    A. Pituitary
    B. Adrenal medulla
    C. Adrenal cortex
    D. Heart
    E. Brain
A

Pituitary

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36
Q
  1. The adrenal cortex secretes all these hormones EXCEPT
    A. Corticosterone
    B. Cortisol
    C. Cortisone
    D. Oxytocin
A

Oxytocin

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37
Q
  1. Where can the structure “CorporaArenacea” found?
    A. Pituitary
    B. Thyroid
    C. Pancreas
    D. Adrenal gland
    E. Pineal gland
A

Pineal gland

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38
Q
  1. Which among the listed glands secrete melatonin?
    A. Pancreas
    B. Adrenal gland (medulla)
    C. Thyroid
    D. Pineal gland
    E. Adrenal gland (cortex)
A

Pineal gland

39
Q
  1. Which cell type is /are involved in the secretion thyroglobulin?
    A. Follicular cells
    B. Principal cell
    C. Oxyphil cell
    D. Parafollicular cells
    E. Chromaffin cells
A

Follicular cells

40
Q
  1. Where is insulin secreted from?
    A. Beta cells
    B. Alpha cells
    C. Acini
    D. Gamma cells
    E. Delta cells
A

Beta cells

41
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a part of the adrenal gland?
    A. Chromaffin cells
    B. Zona reticularis
    C. Zona glomerulosa
    D. Zona fasciculata
    E. None of the listed items is correct
A

None of the listed items is correct

42
Q
  1. Which part the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids?
    A. Zona fasciculata
    B. Zona reticularis
    C. Zona glomerulosa
    D. None of the above
    E. Chromaffin cells
A

Zona fasciculata

43
Q
  1. What is another term for the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
    A. Pars tuberalis
    B. Pars distalis
    C. Pars intermedia
    D. Infundibular stalk
    E. Pars nervosa
A

Pars nervosa

44
Q
  1. Which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil basophil?
    A. Thyrotropic cells
    B. Gonadotropic cells
    C. All of the above
    D. None of the above choices is correct
    E. Corticotropic cells
A

None of the above choices is correct

45
Q
  1. Which part the adrenal gland secretes sex steroids?
    A. Zona fasciculata
    B. Zona reticularis
    C. Zona glomerulosa
    D. None of the above
    E. Chromaffin cells
A

Zona reticularis

46
Q
  1. How is the pancreas classified as to organ type?
    A. Exocrine
    B. None of the above
    C. Both endocrine and exocrine
    D. Endocrine
A

Both endocrine and exocrine

47
Q
  1. Where are tropic hormones secreted from?
    A. Adenohypophysis
    B. Pars intermedia
    C. Infundibulum
    D. Pars tuberalis
A

Adenohypophysis

48
Q
  1. Which of the following is not part of the neurohypophysis?
    A. Median eminence
    B. Pars distalis
    C. Pars nervosa
    D. Infundibular stalk
    E. All of the above are part of the neurohypophysis
A

Pars distalis

49
Q
  1. Which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil?
    A. Thyrotropic cells
    B. Gonadotropic cells
    C. Corticotropic cells
    D. All of the above
    E. None of the above
A

None of the above

50
Q
  1. Which gland secretes epinephrine?
    A. Adrenal gland (medulla)
    B. Thyroid
    C. Adrenal gland (cortex)
    D. Pineal gland
    E. Pancreas
A

Adrenal gland (medulla)

51
Q
  1. Which gland secretes cortisol?
    A. Pancreas
    B. Thyroid
    C. Adrenal gland (cortex)
    D. Pineal gland
    E. Adrenal gland (medulla)
A

Adrenal gland (cortex)

52
Q
  1. Which cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?
    A. Parafollicular cells
    B. Principal cell
    C. Chromaffin cells
    D. Follicular cells
    E. Oxyphil cell
A

Chromaffin cells

53
Q
  1. Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)secreted from?
    A. Pars intermedia
    B. Adenohypophysis
    C. Pars tuberalis
    D. Infundibulum
    E. Neurohypophysis
A

Neurohypophysis

54
Q
  1. The adenohypophysis develop from what embryonic structure?
    A. Rathke’s pouch
    B. Hypothalamus
    C. Endoderm
    D. Third Ventricle
    E. Diencephalon
A

Rathke’s pouch

55
Q
  1. The adrenal cortex contains all of the following EXCEPT
    A. Zona fasciculata
    B. Spongiocytes
    C. Zona alomerulosa
    D. Chromaffin cells
    E. Zona reticularis
A

Chromaffin cells

56
Q
  1. Which is true of Oxyphil cells?
    A. Secrete parathormone
    B. Have acidophilic cytoplasm
    C. Secrete HCL
    D. Have brush border
    E. Secrete pepsin
A

Have acidophilic cytoplasm

57
Q
  1. Oxytocin is synthesized by what organ part?
    A. Pars intermedia
    B. Pars distalis
    C. Supraoptic nucleus
    D. Pars nervosa
    E. Paraventricular nucleus
A

Paraventricular nucleus

58
Q
  1. Growth hormone is synthesized by
    A. Pars nervosa
    B. Paraventricular nucleus
    C. Pituitary basophils
    D. Supraoptic nucleus
    E. Pituitary acidophils
A

Pituitary acidophils

59
Q
  1. Parathyroid oxyphil cell has the following feature
    A. Polygonal in shape
    B. Secrete parathormone
    C. Secrete thyroid hormone
    D. Basophilic in staining
    E. Secrete calcitonin
A

Polygonal in shape

60
Q
  1. Which is TRUE about the Zona Reticularis of the Adrenal gland?
    A. Secretes glucocorticoids
    B. Represents the middle layer of the cortex
    C. Represents the superficial layer of the cortex
    D. Secretes sex hormones
    E. Secretes aldosterone
A

Secretes sex hormones

61
Q
  1. Some mammalian endocrine tissues or cells can be experimentally transplanted to other well-vascularized sites (such as the oral mucosa) in genetically similar hosts and the tissue’s function continues normally and with proper regulation. The pars distalis is not a good candidate for such transplantation studies for which one of the following reasons?
    A. More severe rejection of neurallv-related tissue occurs compared with other endocrine organs.
    B. Its hormonal source is unavailable after its axonal connections to the hypothalamus are disrupted.
    C. Neogenesis of blood vessels into this tissue will not occur at the transplant site.
    D. The vascular wall of the superior hypophyseal arteries is unique.
    E. Its cells stop functioning when separated from the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.
A

Its cells stop functioning when separated from the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.

62
Q
  1. Which is true about the Adrenal cortex
    A. SER predominates in cells
    B. Secretes ACTH
    C. Endodermal in origin
    D. Ectodermal in origin
    E. Stimulated by TSH
A

SER predominates in cells

63
Q
  1. Prolactin hormone is secreted by
    A. Pituitary acidophils
    B. Pituitary basophils
    C. Pars intermedia
    D. Pituicytes
    E. Pituitary chromophobes
A

Pituitary acidophils

64
Q
  1. A 7-year-old boy was, observed to be “hyperactive,” unable to sleep soundly claiming that his room is too hot,” and unable to concentrate in school. Blood tests indicate high levels of estrogen-related hormones and cortisol. Which of the following tentative diagnoses is consistent with all of these symptoms?
    A. Graves disease, caused by antibodies stimulating the TSH receptor
    B. Excessively active cells of the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa
    C. A defect in the paraventricular nucleus
    D. A disabling mutation in the gene for thyroblobulin
    E. A benign tumor involving cells in the adenohypophysis
A

A benign tumor involving cells in the adenohypophysis

65
Q
  1. A 45-year-old executive complains of easy fatigueability for 4 months.” She added that she is also unable to finish home chores and “dragging at work.” She is often constipated and is intolerant of cold. She also complains of skin dryness. A biopsy of her thyroid gland shows dense lymphocytic infiltration with germinal centers throughout the parenchyma and additional tests is carried out, suggested thyroiditis. Which of the following results of blood tests would be most likely in this patient?
    A. Elevated glucocorticoid levels
    B. Autoantibodies to the thyroid hormone receptor
    C. Elevated TSH levels
    D. Elevated calcitonin levels
    E. Elevated T3 and T4 levels
A

Elevated TSH levels

66
Q
  1. An actively secreting thyroid follicle will demonstrate these type of lining epithelium.
    A. Cuboidal epithelium
    B. Columnar epithelium
    C. Squamous epithelium
    D. Transitional epithelium
A

Cuboidal epithelium

67
Q
  1. Which of the following layers of the eye is opaque?
    A. Retina
    B. Lens
    C. Sclera
    D. Vitreal cavity
    E. Cornea
A

Sclera

68
Q
  1. This vascular middle layer is also involved in accommodation and production of aqueous humor:
    A. Pupil
    B. Uvea
    C. Retina
    D. Cornea
    E. Sclera
A

Uvea

69
Q

This structure is the continuation of the ciliary body, and projects over the anterior surface of the lens:
A. Sclerae
B. Iris
C. Pupil
D. Retina
E. Choroid

A

B. Iris

70
Q

Photosensitive layer of the eye:
A. Cornea
B. Vitreous humor
C. Retina
D. Lens
E. Choroid

A

Retina

71
Q
  1. Opening in the anterior segment of the eye, defined by the iris:
    A. Limbus
    B. Macula
    C. Fovea
    D. Lens
    E. Pupil
A

Pupil

72
Q
  1. Which of the following is not part of the corneal layers?
    A. Substantia propria
    B. Epithelium
    C. Capsule of Tenon
    D. Bowman’s membrane
    E. Decemet’s membrane
A

Capsule of Tenon

73
Q
  1. This structure drains the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber:
    A. Internal scleral sulcus
    B. Suprachoroidal lamina
    C. Ciliary body
    D. Canal of Schlemm
    E. Limbus
A

Canal of Schlemm

74
Q
  1. This innermost layer of the choroid appears”glassy” and is therefore refractile:
    A. Bruch’s membrane
    B. Basal lamina
    C. Choriocapillary layer
    D. Vessel layer
    E. Ora serata
A

Bruch’s membrane

75
Q
  1. Which ciliary body muscle is the primaryTENSOR of the lens?
    A. Muscle of Brucke
    B. Radial muscle
    C. Reticular muscle
    D. Circular muscle
    E. Muscle of Muller
A

Muscle of Brucke

76
Q
  1. In cases of retinal detachments, this layer becomes the line of cleavage:
    A. Pigment epithelium
    B. Photoreceptor layer
    C. Outer nuclear layer
    D. Outer plexiform layer
    E. Outer limiting membrane
A

Pigment epithelium

77
Q
  1. The bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells all synapse in a common layer in the retina.This is the:
    A. Inner plexiform layer
    B. Outer nuclear membrane
    C. Inner nuclear layer
    D. Outer limiting membrane
    E. Outer plexiform layer
A

Inner plexiform layer

78
Q
  1. The outer segment of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells are connected to the inner segment by a stalk or cilium, that arises from a:
    A. Basal body
    B. Epithelium
    C. Limiting membrane
    D. Plasmalemma
    E. Pedicle
A

Basal body

79
Q
  1. This layer contains the cell bodies (perikaryon) of the photoreceptor cells:
    A. Laver of optic nerve fibers
    B. Inner nuclear membrane
    C. Inner plexiform layer
    D. Photoreceptor layer
    E. Outer nuclear membrane
A

Outer nuclear membrane

80
Q
  1. Which of the following statements regarding cone pedicles is FALSE?
    A. They enclose dendrites of horizontal and bipolar cells
    B. It has a single synaptic invagination
    C. Assumes the shape of a large pvramidal ending
    D. Satisfies the triad content of invagination (2 horizontal, 1 bipolar)
    E. The base is flattened
A

It has a single synaptic invagination

81
Q
  1. This retinal neuron exhibits either diffuse or stratified branching of its dendrite:
    A. Rod cells
    B. Bipolar cells
    C. Amacrine cells
    D. Horizontal cells
    E. Cone cells
A

Amacrine cells

82
Q
  1. Centrally depressed area of the retina where vision is most acute:
    A. Central area
    B. Optic nerve
    C. Macula lutea
    D. Optic disc
    E. Fovea
A

Fovea

83
Q
  1. This area of the retina, at the back of the eye, is devoid of rods and cones, and is considered the “blind spot”:
    A. Optic nerve
    B. Central area
    C. Macula lutea
    D. Fovea
    E. Optic disc
A

Optic disc

84
Q
  1. Innermost layer of the retina:
    A. Ganglion cell layer
    B. Pigment epithelium
    C. Inner plexiform layer
    D. Optic nerve fiber layer
    E. Inner limiting membrane
A

Inner limiting membrane

85
Q
  1. Which structure separates the middle from the external ear?
    A. Eustachian tube
    B. Tympanic membrane
    C. Helicotrema
    D. Foot of stapes
    E. Vestibule
A

Tympanic membrane

86
Q
  1. In the crista ampullaris, these lining cells do not reach the basal lamina:
    A. Supporting cells
    B. Dark cells
    C. Marginal cells
    D. Light cells
    E. Hair cells
A

Hair cells

87
Q
  1. Of the cells of the utricle and saccule, these are known to have large nuclei with irregular outlines:
    A. Hair cells
    B. Dark cells
    C. Supporting cells
    D. Light cells
    E. Marginal cells
A

Dark cells

88
Q
  1. Represents the roof of the cochlear duct
    A. Vestibular membrane
    B. Tectorial membrane
    C. Stria vascularis
    D. Scala media
    E. Basilar membrane
A

Vestibular membrane

89
Q
  1. The scala tympani and scala vestibuli are joined together by a small opening at the cochlear apex called:
    A. Stria vascularis
    B. Tectorial membrane
    C. Helicotrema
    D. External spiral sulcus
    E. Spiral lamina
A

Helicotrema

90
Q
  1. Cells responsible for the production of the tectorial membrane:
    A. Inner hair cells
    B. Cells of Claudius
    C. Outer hair cells
    D. Interdental cells
    E. Outer phalangeal cells
A

Interdental cells

91
Q
  1. Which of the following structures contain the fluid endolymph?
    A. Scala tympani
    B. Scala vestibuli
    C. Scala media
    D. Cochlea
    E. Vestibule
A

Scala media

92
Q
  1. Involved in the physiology of hearing:
    A. Crista ampullaris
    B. Utricle
    C. Saccule
    D. Vestibule
    E. Cochlea
A

Cochlea

93
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about the Outer Hair Cells is INCORRECT/FALSE?
    A. They are distributed in a W-shaped pattern
    B. They are lodged in between the outer pillar and outer phalangeal cells
    C. They have a basal nucleus
    D. They form fewer rows than inner hair cells
    E. They form 3 rows of cells
A

They form fewer rows than inner hair cells

94
Q
  1. These are a group of specialized cells which serve as a receptor for auditory stimuli:
    A. Macula sacculi
    B. Organ of Corti
    C. Crista ampullaris
    D. Macula utriculi
    E. Otolithic membrane
A

Organ of Corti

Histology (14 decks)

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