4th Histology Lecture Exam - Skin, GIT, and Accessory Organs (Batch 2025) Flashcards by

The epidermis is lined by which type of epithelium?
A. Stratified columnar epithelium

B. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

C. Non-keratinized simple squamous epithelium

D. Simple columnar epithelium

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Epidermis –
Epithelial Tissue Layer (*Stratified Squamous Keratinized ET); Ectodermal in origin.

Dermis – Connective Tissue Layer.
Papillary: Loose (Areolar) CT;
Reticular: Dense Irregular CT. *Both Fibrous.

Hypodermis/ Subcutaneous Tissue – Not part of the skin
Loose CT w/ Adipocytes

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This epidermal layer is seen only in palms and soles
A. Stratum spinosum

B. Stratum corneum

C. Stratum basale

D. Stratum lucidum

Stratum lucidum

CLG-SB (Thick Skin)

S. corneum: Dead Keratinocytes
S. lucidum: Dead Keratinocytes
S. granulosum: Keratohyaline (apoptosis)
S. spinosum: Langerhans/ Dendritic Cells (APC/Macrophage)
S. basale: Stem cells/Merkel cells/ Melanocytes

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This layer is composed of cuboidal cells

A. Stratum granulosum

B. Stratum corneum

C. Stratum basale

D. Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

S. corneum: Flattened Squamous Keratinocytes
S. lucidum: - Flattened
Granular/ S. granulosum: Flattened
Spinous/ S. spinosum: Polyhedral cells w/ central nuclei
Basal/ S. basale : Cuboidal/ Columnar cells

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These epidermal cells are mechanoreceptors for light touch
A. Keratinocytes
B.Langerhan cells
C.Merkel cells
D.Melanocytes

Merkel cells

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This gland is dependent on sex hormones

A. Eccrine Sweat gland

B. Pacinian corpuscle

C. Apocrine sweat gland

D. Meissner corpuscle

Apocrine sweat gland

Dermal Appendages (Reticular Dermis)

Sweat Gland:
Simple Coiled Tubular: Eccrine (Merocrine), Apocrine

Sebaceous Glands:
Compound Acinar (Grape-like Structure)

Hair Follicle:
Dead Keratizined Epithelial Cell

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Mostly found in the perineum and axillary regions
A. Meissner corpuscle

B. Pacinian corpuscle

C. Apocrine sweat gland

D. Eccrine Sweat gland

Apocrine sweat gland

Location: Axilla, Areola, Perianal, Genital Area

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This sweat gland is most numerous on the soles
A. Eccrine Sweat gland

B. Pacinian corpuscle

C. Meissner corpuscle

D. Apocrine sweat gland

Eccrine Sweat gland

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Its outer capsule is made up of flattened Schwann cells
A. Apocrine sweat gland

B. Eccrine Sweat gland

C. Pacinian corpuscle

D. Meissner corpuscle

Pacinian corpuscle

Uncapsulated:
Merkel cells: each associated with expanded nerve
endings
Free nerve endings: in the papillary dermis and extending into lower epidermal layers
Root hair plexuses: a web of sensory ibers surrounding the bases of hair follicles in the reticular dermis that detects movements of the hairs.

Encapsulated
Meissner corpuscles are elliptical structures, 30-75
μm by 50-150 μm, consisting of sensory axons winding
among lattened Schwann cells arranged perpendicular
to the epidermis in the dermal papillae

Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles are large oval struc-
tures, approximately 0.5 mm by 1 mm, found deep in the
reticular dermis and hypodermis, with an outer capsule
and 15-50 thin, concentric lamellae of lattened Schwann
cells and collagen surrounding a highly branched, unmy-
elinated axon .

Krause end bulbs are simpler encapsulated, ovoid
structures, with extremely thin, collagenous capsules
penetrated by a sensory iber.

Ruffini corpuscles have collagenous, fusiform capsules
anchored irmly to the surrounding connective tissue

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Receptor for low frequency vibration

A. Meissner corpuscle

B. Apocrine sweat gland

C. Pacinian corpuscle

D. Eccrine Sweat gland

Meissner corpuscle

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This structure has adrenergic innervation

A. Apocrine sweat gland

B. Eccrine Sweat gland

C. Meissner corpuscle

D. Pacinian corpuscle

Apocrine sweat gland

Sweat Gland:

Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Gland
-Release sweat to adjust body temperature (**Exocytosis)

Apocrine Sweat Gland
-Respond to stress and sexual stimulation (*Release on hair follicle).
-Influenced by hormones; Seen in axilla, areola, perianal and genital area.
-Contains fatty acids (That gives distinctive body odor).

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Which layer of the epidermis contains keratohyaline granules?
A. Stratum corneum

B. Stratum spinosum

C. Stratum granulosum

D. Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum

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Which of the following cells are antigen presenting cells found in the skin?
A. Pacinian corpuscle

B. Merkel cells

C. Kupffer cells

D. Langerhan cells

Langerhan cells

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A new skin product is said to boost collagen production. Which of the cells is its target?
A. Merkel cells

B. Keratinocyte

C. Melanocyte

D. Fibroblast

Fibroblast

Fibroblast:
-Produces Collagen and Elastic Fibers

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Which is the growing part of the nail?

A. Matrix

B. Root

C. Nail bed

D. Lunula

Matrix

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Which of the following is the most abundant receptor of the skin
A. Pacinian corpuscles

B. Ruffini’s corpuscle

C. Free nerve endings

D. Krause’s end bulb

Free nerve endings

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Where is thick skin found?

A. Palms

B. Back

C. Knees

D. Nape

Palms

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It is a thin layer composed of loose connective tissue
A. None

B. Both

C. Papillary layer of the dermis

D. Reticular layer of the dermis

Papillary layer of the dermis

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Responsible for the elasticity of the skin

A. Both

B. None

C. Reticular layer of the dermis

D. Papillary layer of the dermis

Reticular layer of the dermis

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Contains fibroblasts, mast cells and leukocytes
A. Reticular layer of the dermis

B. None

C. Papillary layer of the dermis

D. Reticular layer of the dermis

Papillary layer of the dermis

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Contains numerous keratinocytes

A. Papillary layer of the dermis

B. Both

C. None

D. Reticular layer of the dermis

None

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This is the outermost epithelial cell layer without nuclei or organelles
A. Stratum lucidum

B. Stratum corneum

C. Stratum granulosum

D. Stratum basale

Stratum corneum

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This epidermal cell is responsible for skin pigmentation
A. Melanocyte

B. Keratinocyte

C. Merkel cell

D. Langerhan cell

Melanocyte

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Which cell is found on the dermis?

A. Fibroblast

B. Melanocyte

C. Keratinocyte

D. Collagen

Fibroblast

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Which of the following responds to pain?

A. Free nerve endings

B. Ruffini’s corpuscle

C. Krause’s end bulbs

D. Meissner’s corpuscle

Free nerve endings

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25. What is the correct term of cuticle? A. Eponychium B. Root C. Lunula D. Nail bed

Eponychium

26. Which is not considered as an epidermal appendage? A. Nail B. Hair C. Hypodermis D. Sebaceous gland

Hypodermis ## Footnote Epidermal appendage Sweat Gland, Sebacceous Gland, Hair Follicle, Nails

27. This epidermal layer is composed of numerous cell layers which appears pointy A. Stratum spinosum B. Stratum basale C. Stratum germinativum D. Stratum lucidum

Stratum spinosum ## Footnote * Layers of the Epidermis: THICK SKIN (Top to bottom) S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale.

28. Which layer is on the surface of the skin? A. Stratum spinosum B. Stratum lucidum C. Stratum basale D. Stratum corneum

Stratum corneum ## Footnote * Layers of the Epidermis: THICK SKIN (Top to bottom) S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale/germinativum

29. What type of glands are the glands of Moll? A. Apocrine sweat gland B. Endocrine gland C. Eccrine sweat gland D. Sebaceous gland

Apocrine sweat gland ## Footnote The ciliary glands (glands of Moll) are modified apocrine sweat glands that are found on the margin of the eyelid. They are next to the base of the eyelashes, and anterior to the Meibomian glands within the distal eyelid margin. These glands are relatively large and tubular-shaped, and secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of the tear film, retarding evaporation.

30. Which is the receptor of fine touch? A. Free nerve endings B. Ruffini’s corpuscle C. Meissner’s corpuscle D. Krause’s end bulbs

Meissner’s corpuscle ## Footnote Receptors Merkel's cells: light touch Meissner corpuscle: low frequency vibration/ fine touch Free nerve endings: pain

31. Which of the following statements regarding the esophagus is correct? A. Lined with non-keratinized simple squamous epithelium B. It is entirely covered with adventitia C. Distal 1/3 is made up of skeletal muscle D. Mucus secreting glands are found in the lamina propia and submucosa

Mucus secreting glands are found in the lamina propia and submucosa ## Footnote Submucosa: o Dense Irregular Collagenous Tissue; Blood Vessels, Nerves, Lymphatic Vessels. o Meissner’s Plexuses (Submucosal Nerve Plexuses) – Function: Secretion. o Deep Esophageal Glands (Esophageal Glands Proper).

32. Which one is specific for duodenum? A. Brunner's gland B. Intestinal gland C. Crypts of Lieberkuhn D. Lacteals

Brunner's gland

33. What do you call the **neuroendocrine cells **found at the lamina propia of the GIT? A. Argentaffin cells B. Kulchitsky cells C. Paneth cells D. Goblet cells

Argentaffin cells ## Footnote Enteroendocrine (Endrocrine, Argentaffin) Cells – Scattered epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa with endocrine or paracrine functions. * In Fundus – Secretes: Serotonin – Inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates production and release of gastric mucus. * In Pylorus (Antrum) – Produces: Gastrin (G-Cell) – Stimulates secretion of acid and pepsinogen.

34. Gastrin is produced in which of the following? A. Body B. Fundus C. Antrum D. Pylorus

Antrum ## Footnote Enteroendocrine (Endrocrine, Argentaffin) Cells – Scattered epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa with endocrine or paracrine functions. * In Fundus – Secretes: Serotonin – Inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates production and release of gastric mucus. * In Pylorus (Antrum) – Produces: Gastrin (G-Cell) – Stimulates secretion of acid and pepsinogen.

35. Which cell types is most prevalent within the gastric pit of the stomach? A. Mucus secreting cells B. Parietal cells C. Columnar absortive cells D. Paneth cells

Mucus secreting cells

36. Hyperacidity of the stomach is due to hypersecretion of which cell? A. Mucous neck cell B. Columnar cell C. Parietal cell D. Zymogenic cell

Parietal cell

37. Which of these cells will manifest Pernicious anemia if destroyed? A. Absorptive cells B. Paneth cells C. Parietal cells D. Goblet cells

Parietal cells

38. In the GIT, the cells that secrete antibacterial enzymes are found in which of the following? A. Crypts of Lieberkuhn B. Lamina propia C. Payer’s patch D. Intestinal villi

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

39. Plica circularis is a feature of which of the following? A. Esophagus B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine

Small intestine

40. Which of the following would result to a reduced number of Paneth cells? A. Decreased mucus secretion B. Increased intestinal fats C. Reduced sugar breakdown D. Increased intestinal bacteria

Increased intestinal bacteria

41. Which one penetrates the core of **intestinal villus **with microvasculature and lymphatics? A. Intestinal glands B. Smooth muscle C. Epithelium D. Lacteals

Lacteals

42. Which one is the primary function of lacteals? A. Absorption of salts B. Absorption of chylomicron C. Absorption of water D. Absorption of amino acid

Absorption of chylomicron ## Footnote Chylomicrons are transferred to the lateral cell membrane, secreted by exocytosis, and flow into the extracellular space in the direction of the lamina propria, where most enter the lymph in lacteals (4).

43. Villi are longest in which part of the GIT? A. Ileum B. Stomach C. Jejunum D. Duodenum

Duodenum

44. The mineralized tissue that covers the roots of the tooth is which of the following? A. Crown B. Cementum C. Dentin D. Enamel

Cementum ## Footnote Cementum covers the dentin of the root and resembles bone, but it is avascular. It is thickest around the root tip where cementocytes reside in lacunae with processes in canaliculi, especially near the cementum surface.

45. Which is the collagenous fibrous tissue that holds a tooth to an alveolar socket? A. Dental pulp B. Sharpey’s fibers C. Tome’s fibers D. Periondontal ligament

Periondontal ligament

46. What digestive phase involves enzymes to break the food into smaller molecules for absorption in the circulation? A. Absorption B. Ingestion C. Fragmentation D. Digestion

Digestion

47. Which layer of the digestive tract is rich in macrophages and lymphoid cells? A. Muscularis mucosa B. Submucosa C. Lamina propia D. Mucus membrane

Lamina propia

48. Which one is associated with an incompetent barrier at the gastroesophageal junction due to a decrease lower esophageal sphincteric tone? A. Gastroesophageal reflux B. Esophageal varices C. Esophageal ulcer D. Reflux esophagitis

Gastroesophageal reflux

49. Which process occurs as a result of the action of pancreatic lipase and bile? A. Lipid digestion B. Protein absorption C. Release of amino acid D. Carbohydrate breakdown

Lipid digestion

50. The fibers of the outer longitudinal layer that congregate in thick longitudinal bands of the large intestine is which of the following? A. Appendices epiploicae B. Haustration C. Columns of Morgagni D. Teniae coli

Teniae coli

51. This substance produced by the serous demilunes of the submandibular gland to hydrolyze the walls of bacteria is which of the following? A. Lysozyme B. Mucin C. Lactoferrin D. Immunoglobulin

Lysozyme

52. Which of the following drains bile from the hepatocytes to the bile duct? A. Portal triad B. Classic hepatic lobule C. Portal lobule D. Portal acinus

Portal lobule

53. The part of the digestive tract that involves mechanical processing through muscular contractions is which of the following? A. Large intestines B. Stomach C. Small intestines D. Pharynx

Stomach

54. The elongated cells located in the taste bud which extends from the base to the taste pore is which of the following? A. Basal cells B. Microvilli C. Neuroepithelial (taste) cells D. Sustentacular cells

Neuroepithelial (taste) cells

55. Which one exhibits a broader and taller mushroom-like shape papilla? A. Filiform B. Circumvallate C. Foliate D. Fungiform

Fungiform ## Footnote * Tongue – Muscular Organ Covered with Mucosa (Stratified Squamous). o LE has folds (Papilla). o Filiform: Pointed. o Fungiform: Mushroom. o Foliate: Shallow, Longitudinal. o Circumvallate: Largest, Burried.

56. Which cell secretes an uncalcified predentin? A. Odontoblast B. Granular layer (of Tomes) C. Ameloblast D. Cementocytes

Odontoblast

57. The muscular layer consisting of smooth muscle cells that forms the lower esophageal is found in which of the following? A. Lamina propria near the stomach B. Distal end of the esophagus C. Midportion of the esophagus D. Proximal end of the esophagus

Distal end of the esophagus ## Footnote Tunica Muscularis (Muscularis Externa): Inner Circular & Outer Longitudinal. Layer:  Upper (PROXIMAL) 1/3: Skeletal Muscle.  Middle 1/3: Smooth & Skeletal Muscle.  Lower (DISTAL)1/3: Smooth Muscle.

58. In the digestive system, which one is characterized by aggregations of Peyer patches? A. Duodenum B. Jejunum C. Stomach D. Ileum

Ileum

69. Which one secretes acid glycoproteins that protects the mucosal lining? A. APUD cells B. Fundic glands C. Goblet cells D. Parietal cells

Goblet cells

60. Which condition is marked by atrophy of the intestinal mucosa caused by infections or nutritional deficiencies? A. Duodenal ulcer B. Malignancy C. Gastritis D. Malabsorption syndrome

Malabsorption syndrome

61. Which of the following mucosal forms extend through muscularis mucosa? A. Gastric glands B. Brunner’s gland C. Crypts of Lieberkhun D. Pyloric gland

Brunner’s gland

62. Which cell is not found in the neck of the gastric gland? A. Stem cells B. Parietal cells C. Neuroendocrine cells D. Mucous neck cells

Neuroendocrine cells

63. Which one is the pepsin-secreting cell? A. Stem cell B. Parietal cell C. Zymogenic cell D. Mucous neck cell

Zymogenic cell

64. Which one inhibits the release of other hormones in the stomach? A. Gastrin B. Somatostatin C. HCl D. Glucagon

Somatostatin

65. Which one functions to increase the area of contact between the intestinal surface and nutrients? A. Microvilli B. Lamina propia C. Enterocytes D. Serosa

Microvilli

66. Exocrine product of liver A. Cholecystokinin B. Lipase C. Bile D. Secretin E. Trypsin

Bile

67. The following structures are contained in the portal canal, EXCEPT: A. br. of portal vein B. central vein C. none of these D. bile ductule E. br. of hepatic artery

central vein

68. This structural organization of the liver has the branches of the hepatic artery at the periphery: A. Classical lobule B. Centroacinar C. Hepatic acini D. All of these E. Portal lobule

Classical lobule

69. This lobule arrangement is consistent with other exocrine glands: A. Portal lobule B. Classical lobule C. All of these D. Centroacinar E. Hepatic acini

Portal lobule

70. Site of primary function of hepatic circulation: A. Peribiliary plexus B. Capillaries C. None of these D. Sinusoids E. Terminal portal venules

Sinusoids

71. Which is the zone found at the center of the hepatic acinus? A. Zone of permanent repose B. Zone of varying activity C. None of these D. Zonula adherens E. Zone of permanent function

Zone of permanent repose

72. The portal triad is at the center of this hepatic structural organization: A. Hepatic acini B. Portal lobule C. Zone of permanent function D. Zone of permanent repose E. Classical lobule

Portal lobule

73. Drainage system of the liver: A. Sinusoids B. Portal vein C. Hepatic artery D. Hepatic vein E. Bile canaliculi

Hepatic vein

74. The portal vein supplies this much blood to the liver: A. 90% B. 15-25% C. 70-80% D. 30-50% E. 55-65%

70-80%

75. Functional unit of liver: A. Hepatocyte B. Acini C. Sinusoid D. Bile canaliculi E. Classical lobule

B. Acini

76. The following statements regarding Kupffer cells are TRUE, EXCEPT: A. They possess villous projections called vermiform bodies. B. None of these (All are TRUE) C. They are usually situated on the endothelium. D. Majority of the cell’s surface is exposed to sinusoidal blood. E. There is abundance of lysosomes, Golgi complexes and RER’s in the cytoplasm.

None of these (All are TRUE)

77. This is the most abundant cell in the liver: A. Kupffer cell B. Hepatocyte C. Endothelial cell D. Fat-storing cell E. Pit cell

Hepatocyte

78. These cells possess short pseudopods and are non-phagocytic: A. Interstitial cell B. Fat-storing cell C. Kupffer cell D. Endothelial cell E. Pit cell

Pit cell

79. Which statement regarding the Space of Disse is FALSE? A. None of these (All are TRUE). B. Collagen fibrils and unmyelinated nerve axons are found in it. C. It is occupied by a true ground substance. D. It lies between the sinusoid lining and hepatocyte. E. Plasma is free to move around this space.

It is occupied by a true ground substance.

80. The following substance in the hepatocyte cytoplasm appear as rosettes or dense aggregates when seen under the electron microscope: A. Glycogen B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Ribosomes D. Lipids E. Reticular fibers

Glycogen

81. TRUE of the hepatocyte, EXCEPT: A. It is polyhedral, having 6 or more sides. B. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum assumes branched and anastomosing sections. C. It is binucleate in 75% of cases. D. Ribosomes in the RER is responsible for the basophilic cytoplasm. E. None of these (All are TRUE)

It is binucleate in 75% of cases.

81. TRUE of the bile cannaliculi, EXCEPT: A. Possesses short microvilli directed at the lumen. B. Has no walls. C. Lumen is a mere expansion of the intercellular space. D. None of these (All are TRUE) E. Occluding junctions prevent escape of bile into intercellular cleft.

None of these (All are TRUE)

82. Terminal most branch of the biliary tree: A. cholangioles B. bile cannaliculi C. portal canal D. bile ducts E. bile ductules

bile cannaliculi

83. Muscles first appear in this segment of the biliary tree: A. interlobular bile ducts B. bile cannaliculi C. hepatic duct D. cystic duct E. common bile duct

common bile duct

85. Lining epithelium of gallbladder: A. stratified squamous B. stratified cuboidal C. simple cuboidal D. simple tall columnar E. pseudostratified columnar

simple tall columnar

86. Tubuloalveolar glands are present at which segment of the gallbladder? A. cystic duct B. fundus C. body D. all of these E. neck

neck

87. Cells making up the endocrine part of the pancreas: A. zymogen granules B. islet of Langerhans C. acinar cells D. centroacinar cells E. none of these

islet of Langerhans

87. This is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas: A. Delta cells B. Centroacinar cell C. Beta cells D. Acinar tissue E. Alpha cells

Acinar tissue

89. This pancreatic cell secretes the hormone glucagon: A. Alpha cells B. Delta cells C. Beta cells D. G cells E. PP cells

Alpha cells

89. This pancreatic endocrine product affects the blood sugar level by decreasing it: A. Gastrin B. Somatostatin C. Insulin D. Pancreatic polypeptide E. Glucagon

Insulin

91. The predominant cell type in the endocrine pancreas: A. Beta cell B. Acinar cell C. Delta cell D. Centroacinar cell E. Alpha cell

Beta cell

92. Functional unit of the endocrine pancreas: A. Centroacinar cell B. Beta cell C. Islets of Langerhans D. Acinar tissue E. Alpha cell

Islets of Langerhans

92. The following salivary glands are purely mucous, EXCEPT: A. Palatine glands B. Glands at the root of the tongue C. Lingual gland of Nuhn D. Glossopalatine glands E. none of these (all are purely mucous)

Lingual gland of Nuhn ## Footnote o Von Ebner (Posterior Lingual Gland) – Purely Serous Secretion. o Blandin & Nuhn (Anterior Lingual Gland) – Mixed Secretion.

94. Which of the following glands is purely serous? A. Sublingual gland B. Submandibular gland C. Glands of von Ebner D. Lingual gland of Blandin E. Parotid gland

Glands of von Ebner ## Footnote o Von Ebner (Posterior Lingual Gland) – Purely Serous Secretion. o Blandin & Nuhn (Anterior Lingual Gland) – Mixed Secretion. *Parotid – Secretion is Purely Serous. *Sublingual – Mixed, Predominantly mucous. *Submandibular – Mixed, Predominantly serous.

95. Which gland opens into the vestibule? A. Glossopalatine gland B. Submandibular gland C. Parotid gland D. Sublingual gland E. Palatine glands

Parotid gland

96. Lining epithelium of larger ducts of salivary glands: A. Low cuboidal B. Endothelial cell C. Stratified cuboidal D. Pseudostratified columnar E. Squamous cell

Pseudostratified columnar

97. Glandular composition of the parotid gland: A. Purely mucous B. Purely serous C. Seromucous (mixed)

Purely serous

97. Serous cells displaced to the terminal portion of the gland: A. basal myoepithelial cells B. demilunes of Giannuzzi C. goblet cells D. none of these E. saliva

demilunes of Giannuzzi

99. Has contractile properties to facilitate flow of secretions into the ducts: A. saliva B. goblet cells C. none of these D. basal myoepithelial cells E. demilunes of Giannuzzi

basal myoepithelial cells

100. Opens at the tip of the sublingual papilla, adjacent to the lingual frenulum: A. duct of Santorini B. Stensen’s duct C. duct of Wirsung D. Wharton’s duct E. duct of Soledad

Wharton’s duct