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PHTH 545 > Lasers > Flashcards

Lasers Flashcards

1
Q

When laser light hits the skin, it is reflected, transmitted, and ultimately ________.

A

absorbed

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2
Q

Once transmitted into the tissues, the laser undergoes what 3 things?

A
  1. refraction
  2. divergence
  3. reflection
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3
Q

What are the 3 essential characteristics of laser light?

A
  1. monochromatic
  2. coherent
  3. collimated
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4
Q

Evidence suggests that _______ may be the only clinically important feature of laser light.

A

monochromaticity

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5
Q

Photo-biomodulation can be broken down further into what two categories?

A
  1. photo-biostimulation

2. photo-bioinhibition

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6
Q

Laser photons are absorbed by photosensitive organic molecules called _______.

A

chromophores

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7
Q

What are the 3 proposed therapeutic effects of laser?

A
  1. tissue healing
  2. pain management
  3. reduction of inflammation
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8
Q

With laser light there is an increase in what three things, via the mitochrondrial respiratory chain enzyme cytochrome c oxidase acting as a photoreceptor?

A
  1. ATP production
  2. ROS
  3. NO
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9
Q

Too much ROS signalling causes cell _______.

A

apoptosis

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10
Q

ROS signalling at slightly above physiological levels may do what 3 things?

A
  1. stem cell differentiation
  2. ion channel interference
  3. cellular growth
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11
Q

LLLT ______ ROS in oxidative stressed cells and tissues.

A

reduces

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12
Q

LLLT ________ levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in activated inflammatory cells

A

reduces

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13
Q

The Ca2+ response to LLLT changes gene expression and causes secretion of what 4 factors?

A
  1. growth factors
  2. interleukins
  3. inflammatory cytokines
  4. small molecules
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14
Q

Light in the green to red/near IR wavelengths catalyzes the ability of cytochrome C oxidase to generate NO, leading to what 4 things?

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. modulation of inflammatory and immune response
  3. regulation of pro and anti-inflammatory responses
  4. modulation of angiogenesis
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15
Q

The modulation of inflammatory and immune response due to NO is generated by inhibiting __ and __ cell diversification and leukocyte recruitment

A

T and B

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16
Q

Laser reduces levels of proinflammatory cytokines in ______ inflammatory cells

A

activated

17
Q

Laser changes _______ of activated monocytes and macrophages

A

phenotype

18
Q

Laser _______ wound healing

A

accelerates

19
Q

The local effect of laser for pain = reduced pain by reducing local ________

A

inflammation

20
Q

The central effect of laser for pain = release of ______ and _____ is used over specific acupuncture points

A

enkephalins; endorphins

21
Q

There is better evidence for use of laser for management of ______ MSK pain than ____ pain

A

chronic; acute

22
Q

LLLT produces mW of power which is _______ for each instrument

A

fixed

23
Q

Therapeutic lasers go up to what mW?

A

500

24
Q

Treatment does is given as J/__.

A

point

25
Q

_____ density is usually fixed for each device.

A

power

26
Q

Laser dosage is commonly given in J per ____

A

point

27
Q

You need to take into account the ____ of the laser beam for power density calculations

A

area

28
Q

J/point is a more accurate way of determining _____ energy

A

total

29
Q

_______ ______ is important in determining response to laser

A

total energy

30
Q

What is the penetration depth (in mm) of red to near-infrared light?

A

1-5 mm

31
Q

What is the penetration depth of near to mid-infrared light?

A

5-10 mm

32
Q

Research suggests that radiant exposures of ____ J/cm^2 can alter cellular processes

A

0.01

33
Q

What determines the depth of penetration ?

A

colour!

34
Q

There is evidence to suggest a _______ dose response to laser therapy

A

bi-phasic

35
Q

Frequency for an acute injury? For a chronic?

A

< 1kHz for acute; > 1 kHz for chronic

36
Q

Is contact or a non-contact technique preferred?

A

contact (with some pressure)

37
Q

What are 8 CI’s for LLLT?

A
  1. treatment of the eye
  2. known or suspected malignancy
  3. low back or abdomen of pregnant women
  4. hemorrhage or severe vascular disease
  5. tissues infected with TB / virulent bacteria
  6. actively bleeding tissue or untreated haemorrhagic disorders
  7. active DVT or thrombophlebitis
  8. reproductive tissues
38
Q

What are 6 precautions for LLLT?

A
  1. recently radiated tissues
  2. infected regions (with compromised immune function)
  3. epiphyseal plates in children
  4. anterior neck/ carotid sinus
  5. photosensitive areas on patients with light hypersensitivity
  6. cognitive impairment
39
Q

What is absolutely required with using LLLT?

A

EYE PROTECTION

PHTH 545 (23 decks)

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