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PHTH 545 > Intro to EPA > Flashcards

Intro to EPA Flashcards

1
Q

Conduction current flows in ________.

A

conductors

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2
Q

Convection current flows in ______ or ____.

A

fluids; gases

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3
Q

Current is measured in ?

A

amperes

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4
Q

Conduction current = _________ material in which the outer shell electrons are free to move between the fixed atoms.

A

crystalline

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5
Q

Convection current flows via the movement of ____.

A

ions

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6
Q

Positive ions = ?

A

cations

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7
Q

Negative ions = ?

A

anions

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8
Q

You need an ______ between conduction current and convection current.

A

interface

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9
Q

Current flows in electrolyte solutions or plasma in which direction(s)?

A

Both from positive to negative and vice versa

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10
Q

_______ = the electric charge carried by a current of one ampere, flowing for one second

A

coulomb

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11
Q

______ = the basic unit of measured charge

A

coulomb

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12
Q

______ = the rate of flow of current; current intensity

A

ampere

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13
Q

1 ampere = ?

A

1 C/s

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14
Q

______ = the measure of energy difference between two physical points

A

volt

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15
Q

1V = ?

A

1J/C

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16
Q

What is resistance measured in?

A

Ohms

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17
Q

Does dry or wet epidermis have higher resistance?

A

Dry

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18
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

V = IxR

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19
Q

_____ = the rate of converting energy

A

watt

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20
Q

1W = ?

A

1 J/sec

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21
Q

What two things does current density depend on?

A
  1. amount of current

2. cross section of the wire / area of electrode

22
Q

What are 3 ways to minimize current density in treatment?

A
  1. adequate electrode size
  2. electrodes are in good condition
  3. lowest intensity for therapeutic benefit
23
Q

A _______ = two conductors separated by an insulator

A

capacitor

24
Q

_______ = stores electric charge, and current frequency determines resistance to current flow

A

capacitor

25
Q

Dry epidermis impedes the passage of electric current, and it is a combination of what 3 things?

A
  1. Ohmic resistance
  2. Capacitive reactance
  3. Inductive reactance (minimally important)
26
Q

_____ _______ = a materials opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms

A

ohmic resistance

27
Q

_____ _______ = the opposition to current flow provided for a capacitor, is measured in ohms and varies inversely with frequency

A

capacitive reactance

28
Q

What 3 things does skin resistance depend on?

A
  1. Dry or wet skin
  2. Pulse duration
  3. Current intensity
29
Q

What current has the highest impedance?

A

Direct current

30
Q

Do you want electrical devices with constant voltage or constant current?

A

constant VOLTAGE!

31
Q

________ = formation of new chemical compounds

A

electrochemical

32
Q

________ = stimulation of excitable tissue

A

electrophysical

33
Q

________ = production of heat

A

electrothermal

34
Q

Electrochemical occurs with _________ current only

A

unidirectional

35
Q

Electrochemical charges can cause blistering or chemical burns (T/F)?

A

TRUE

36
Q

Electrophysical effects are caused by _______ movement.

A

ionic

37
Q

Ionic movement in ________ effects causes indirect responses such as muscle contraction, activate endogenous analgesic mechanisms, vascular responses

A

electrophysical

38
Q

_________ = heating caused by friction from movement of charged particles in a conductive medium

A

electrothermal

39
Q

_______ _____ = electrical stimulation results in the movement of ions

A

cellular signalling

40
Q

What are 4 cellular effects observed in response to applied electric current?

A
  1. enhanced ATP synthesis
  2. DNA synthesis
  3. Facilitating activity of other enzymes
  4. Cytokine release
41
Q

What are 3 types of current?

A
  1. direct
  2. alternating
  3. pulsed
42
Q

What are 3 fundamental questions before treatment?

A
  1. what effect is intended and can this treatment achieve this effect?
  2. is it safe?
  3. is this the best method of treatment to achieve this effect?
43
Q

What are 4 clinical applications or therapeutic modalities?

A
  1. Modulation of pain
  2. Alteration of skeletal muscle performance (facilitation and inhibition)
  3. Decrease inflammation and facilitating tissue healing
  4. Increase tissue extensibility
44
Q

Tissue damage from passage of electric currents can occur in what 3 ways?

A
  1. direct of phasic currents can cause chemical burns
  2. currents that stimulate nerve of muscle (powerful or prolonged contraction of muscles)
  3. high current density can cause burns through tissue heating
45
Q

Chemical burns can occur using direct and alternating current (T/F).

A

FALSE ; just DC; AC would not allow the build up of new compounds under each electrode

46
Q

_____shock = current passes into body through skin

A

macro

47
Q

___mA of current may be fatal in macroshock

A

100

48
Q

___shock = current passes directly to heart

A

micro

49
Q

__uA may cause ventricular fibrillation

A

20 (micro?)

50
Q

In macroshock, what is important is the total electric charge - this includes both the _____ and ____ of the current (as well as path it travels through body)

A

amplitude; duration

51
Q

In macroshock, ____ is the primary variable that determines the severity of the shock.

A

current

52
Q

All non-battery therapeutic devices must use a ___pin plug.

A

3

PHTH 545 (23 decks)

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