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PHTH 545 > Hot and Cold > Flashcards

Hot and Cold Flashcards

1
Q

Greatest effect is produced at depths of about __-__ mm

A

1-2

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2
Q

By __cm depth, the increase in tissue temp is a trivial __ degree.

A

2;1

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3
Q

The deeper, smaller change in tissue temp takes __-__ mins to occur

A

20-25

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4
Q

What are 6 therapeutic effects of superficial tissue heating?

A
  1. tissue healing
  2. relief of pain
  3. reduction of muscle spasms
  4. sedative effect
  5. increase joint ROM
  6. infection control
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5
Q

General agreement that application of heat to inflammatory injuries in the early stages is _______ to be beneficial

A

unlikely

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6
Q

Very mild heating stimulates early ______ - used after the initial risk of further _____ has passed.

A

repair; bleeding

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7
Q

______ _______ and tissue healing stages of repair and regeneration are all appropriately treated with ____ to ____ heating

A

chronic inflammation; mild to mod

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8
Q

Increased blood flow = increased number of ______, ______, enzymes, nutrients and oxygen.

A

leukocytes; antibodies

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9
Q

Increased blood flow = removes by-products of ________ process

A

inflammatory

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10
Q

Evidence that superficial heat affects the ______ NS.

A

sympathetic

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11
Q

Most therapeutic heating is of the _____, implying major pain-relieving effects are _____ based.

A

skin; reflex

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12
Q

Heat may decrease muscle spasm by reducing ________ associated with prolonged contraction.

A

ischaemia

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13
Q

Altered output of muscle spindle and GTO afferents = reduced level of muscle _______

A

excitement

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14
Q

During and after heat treatments, pt’s _____ more readily. Why?

A

sleep; still don’t know

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15
Q

Heat and stretching causes increase joint _____

A

ROM

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16
Q

What are the two mechanisms whereby heat increases joint ROM?

A
  1. analgesic effects of heat allows greater tolerance of stretch
  2. tissue deformability increases with heating
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17
Q

______ tissue extensibility increases slightly at higher temps

A

collagen

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18
Q

Joint ROM changes are ______ at therapeutically useful temps

A

small

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19
Q

Bodie’s _____ mechanisms are enhanced by heat

A

defense

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20
Q

Heating may ____ bacterial or viral cell division.

A

enhance

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21
Q

What 4 things does the therapeutic effects of temp depend on?

A
  1. extent of temp increases
  2. rate at which energy is added
  3. volume of tissue heated
  4. composition of tissue being heated
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22
Q

To provide a therapeutic effect, tissue should generally be elevated to between ___ - ___ degrees C

A

40-45

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23
Q

There may be times when you will choose to heat less intensely, somewhere between body temp and 40 deg C (T/F)

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Skin temps over ___ deg C can cause tissue damage

A

45

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25
Both injury and pain at temps over 45 deg C are the result of permanent damage of the ______ skin cells
basal
26
45 deg C can be tolerated for __ hour before damage occurs
1
27
50 deg C can be tolerated for 1 ___
min
28
65 deg C tolerated for approx 1 ___
sec
29
For safe application of heated treatments, it is essential to test ________ _______.
thermal sensation
30
Thermal sensation testing: two dry test tubes are filled with water, one at __-__ deg C and one at __ - __ deg C
40-45; 15-20
31
Thermal sensation testing = apply to ________ area first
contralateral
32
Therapeutic conduction heating includes what 6 methods?
1. paraffin wax baths 2. hot packs 3. contrast baths 4. hydrotherapy 5. whirlpool baths 6. others
33
Paraffin melts at ___ deg C, can be lowered by addition of liquid paraffin oil
54
34
Paraffin baths usually kept at __ - ___ deg C
42-52
35
Wax is _____ but it still should enter an open wound.
sterile
36
Patients with skin infections or acute inflammation of underlying joints (should/should not) receive wax
should NOT; increase in temp may increase inflammatory response
37
Wax is highly ______ if it becomes overheated
inflammable
38
What are the 2 classes of hot packs?
1. hydrocollator packs | 2. microwaveable packs
39
Hydrocollator packs = _______ gel encased in canvas
silicate
40
Hydrocollator packs take __ mins - __ hrs to fully heat
30 - 2
41
Must use _____ with hot packs so that 75 deg C pack only heats skin to about 42 deg C
towel
42
Takes __ mins for skin temp to reach max with hot packs
8
43
When using hot packs, check pt at __ mins for skin temp to reach max
10
44
It is acceptable for pt's to lie on hot packs (T/F)
FALSE
45
______ baths = alternate immersion in hot and then cold
contrast
46
In contrast bath, temp subcutaneously can fluctuate from ___ to ___ deg C
8-14
47
By 1cm deep intramuscularly, temp varies only ____ deg C when using contrast baths, which is less than ice baths
.5
48
Contrast baths provide considerable ________ stimulation.
sensory
49
There is evidence of reduction in local edema with ice baths (T/F).
FALSE
50
Should you stay longer in your cool or hot contrast bath?
hot
51
What is the temp of a whirlpool bath usually?
between 36-41
52
In whirlpool bath, water agitation stimulates skin mechanically; large diameter _______ and _______ = gating
mechanoreceptors; thermoreceptos
53
In whirlpool baths, increase in temp = increase in blood flow, may lead to ______
edema
54
Rx from whirlpool baths usually lasts?
20 minutes
55
In cold therapy, extent of temp change in tissues depends on what 2 things?
1. RATE of heat energy removal | 2. AMOUNT of heat energy removal
56
What is the current recommendation for cold-induced analgesia skin temp?
< 13 deg C
57
What is the current recommendation for metabolic reduction in tissue temp?
5-15 deg C
58
Crushed ice for 5-15 mins can induce optimal levels of ________
analgesia
59
Lowest superficial muscle temperature (1cm, subadipose) after cryotherapy = ___ deg C
21
60
Reaching currently acceptable threshold for metabolic reduction in muscle tissue ,in terms of cold therapy, seems unlikely (T/F).
TRUE
61
After applying cold treatment, check after __ minute and again at ___ minutes
1;5
62
Cryotherapy units are more effective than ice alone (T/F).
TRUE
63
Cryotherapy units have the potential to be more dangerous than ice alone (T/F).
TRUE
64
_______ immersion = extremity is immersed in cold water + ice chips
local
65
Continuous immersion tolerated at __-__ deg C for 15-20 mins
15-20
66
At around __ deg C, can only tolerate 1 min immersion, then rest, repeat
10
67
Contract bather has two water baths, at what temps?
1. 10-18 deg C | 2. 38 - 44 deg C
68
Duration of contrast bathing = __ - __ mis
20-30
69
Contrast bathing resulted in significantly greater improvements in muscle _______ recovery compared to no intervention/ rest.
soreness
70
How often should you replace ice towels?
Every 2-3 minutes
71
Repeat ice towels for up to ___ minutes
20
72
When giving an ice massage, _______ ______ improves muscle function
neuromuscular facilitation
73
Does ice massage or ice packs cause greater intramuscular cooling?
ice packs
74
Evaporating sprays can cause _______ is used excessively
frostbite
75
For Raynaud's phenomenon, and other vascular conditions with an element of vasospasm, don't use cold therapy (T/F).
TRUE
76
___________ = an abnormal protein is present in the blood, and it precipitates out in the
cryoglobinaemia
77
_____ _______ = cold causes degranulation of mast cells, release of histamine, and can be local or systemic
cold urticaria
78
To ensure there is no cold urticaria, check skin under ice after __ min, and again after __ mins for weals/ histamine response
1;5
79
Cooling large segments can cause a transient rise in _______ BP.
arterial
80
With cold therapy, there is danger of possible _______ with prolonged cooling of superficial nerves.
neurapraxia
81
What is the ice cube test?
massage area to be treated for 3 mins with an ice cube, normal redness appears within 5 minutes of start
82
What indicates a positive ice cube test?
A wheal (localized skin edema)
83
Recent trauma (inflammation) = treated with ______
cooling
84
__-____ injury can be treated with mild heat to increase metabolism and gently increase healing
sub-acute
85
What are 3 advantages of using heat?
1. decreased pain 2. increased tissue extensibility 3. decreased stiffness
86
What is a disadvantage of using heat?
may cause increased swelling
87
What are 2 advantages of using cold?
1. may prevent further swelling | 2. decreased pain
88
What are 2 disadvantages of using cold?
1. increased stiffness | 2. decreased tissue extensibility

PHTH 545 (23 decks)

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