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PHTH 545 > Hot and Cold > Flashcards

Hot and Cold Flashcards

1
Q

Greatest effect is produced at depths of about __-__ mm

A

1-2

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2
Q

By __cm depth, the increase in tissue temp is a trivial __ degree.

A

2;1

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3
Q

The deeper, smaller change in tissue temp takes __-__ mins to occur

A

20-25

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4
Q

What are 6 therapeutic effects of superficial tissue heating?

A
  1. tissue healing
  2. relief of pain
  3. reduction of muscle spasms
  4. sedative effect
  5. increase joint ROM
  6. infection control
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5
Q

General agreement that application of heat to inflammatory injuries in the early stages is _______ to be beneficial

A

unlikely

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6
Q

Very mild heating stimulates early ______ - used after the initial risk of further _____ has passed.

A

repair; bleeding

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7
Q

______ _______ and tissue healing stages of repair and regeneration are all appropriately treated with ____ to ____ heating

A

chronic inflammation; mild to mod

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8
Q

Increased blood flow = increased number of ______, ______, enzymes, nutrients and oxygen.

A

leukocytes; antibodies

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9
Q

Increased blood flow = removes by-products of ________ process

A

inflammatory

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10
Q

Evidence that superficial heat affects the ______ NS.

A

sympathetic

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11
Q

Most therapeutic heating is of the _____, implying major pain-relieving effects are _____ based.

A

skin; reflex

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12
Q

Heat may decrease muscle spasm by reducing ________ associated with prolonged contraction.

A

ischaemia

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13
Q

Altered output of muscle spindle and GTO afferents = reduced level of muscle _______

A

excitement

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14
Q

During and after heat treatments, pt’s _____ more readily. Why?

A

sleep; still don’t know

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15
Q

Heat and stretching causes increase joint _____

A

ROM

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16
Q

What are the two mechanisms whereby heat increases joint ROM?

A
  1. analgesic effects of heat allows greater tolerance of stretch
  2. tissue deformability increases with heating
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17
Q

______ tissue extensibility increases slightly at higher temps

A

collagen

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18
Q

Joint ROM changes are ______ at therapeutically useful temps

A

small

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19
Q

Bodie’s _____ mechanisms are enhanced by heat

A

defense

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20
Q

Heating may ____ bacterial or viral cell division.

A

enhance

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21
Q

What 4 things does the therapeutic effects of temp depend on?

A
  1. extent of temp increases
  2. rate at which energy is added
  3. volume of tissue heated
  4. composition of tissue being heated
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22
Q

To provide a therapeutic effect, tissue should generally be elevated to between ___ - ___ degrees C

A

40-45

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23
Q

There may be times when you will choose to heat less intensely, somewhere between body temp and 40 deg C (T/F)

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Skin temps over ___ deg C can cause tissue damage

A

45

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25
Q

Both injury and pain at temps over 45 deg C are the result of permanent damage of the ______ skin cells

A

basal

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26
Q

45 deg C can be tolerated for __ hour before damage occurs

A

1

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27
Q

50 deg C can be tolerated for 1 ___

A

min

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28
Q

65 deg C tolerated for approx 1 ___

A

sec

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29
Q

For safe application of heated treatments, it is essential to test ________ _______.

A

thermal sensation

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30
Q

Thermal sensation testing: two dry test tubes are filled with water, one at __-__ deg C and one at __ - __ deg C

A

40-45; 15-20

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31
Q

Thermal sensation testing = apply to ________ area first

A

contralateral

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32
Q

Therapeutic conduction heating includes what 6 methods?

A
  1. paraffin wax baths
  2. hot packs
  3. contrast baths
  4. hydrotherapy
  5. whirlpool baths
  6. others
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33
Q

Paraffin melts at ___ deg C, can be lowered by addition of liquid paraffin oil

A

54

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34
Q

Paraffin baths usually kept at __ - ___ deg C

A

42-52

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35
Q

Wax is _____ but it still should enter an open wound.

A

sterile

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36
Q

Patients with skin infections or acute inflammation of underlying joints (should/should not) receive wax

A

should NOT; increase in temp may increase inflammatory response

37
Q

Wax is highly ______ if it becomes overheated

A

inflammable

38
Q

What are the 2 classes of hot packs?

A
  1. hydrocollator packs

2. microwaveable packs

39
Q

Hydrocollator packs = _______ gel encased in canvas

A

silicate

40
Q

Hydrocollator packs take __ mins - __ hrs to fully heat

A

30 - 2

41
Q

Must use _____ with hot packs so that 75 deg C pack only heats skin to about 42 deg C

A

towel

42
Q

Takes __ mins for skin temp to reach max with hot packs

A

8

43
Q

When using hot packs, check pt at __ mins for skin temp to reach max

A

10

44
Q

It is acceptable for pt’s to lie on hot packs (T/F)

A

FALSE

45
Q

______ baths = alternate immersion in hot and then cold

A

contrast

46
Q

In contrast bath, temp subcutaneously can fluctuate from ___ to ___ deg C

A

8-14

47
Q

By 1cm deep intramuscularly, temp varies only ____ deg C when using contrast baths, which is less than ice baths

A

.5

48
Q

Contrast baths provide considerable ________ stimulation.

A

sensory

49
Q

There is evidence of reduction in local edema with ice baths (T/F).

A

FALSE

50
Q

Should you stay longer in your cool or hot contrast bath?

A

hot

51
Q

What is the temp of a whirlpool bath usually?

A

between 36-41

52
Q

In whirlpool bath, water agitation stimulates skin mechanically; large diameter _______ and _______ = gating

A

mechanoreceptors; thermoreceptos

53
Q

In whirlpool baths, increase in temp = increase in blood flow, may lead to ______

A

edema

54
Q

Rx from whirlpool baths usually lasts?

A

20 minutes

55
Q

In cold therapy, extent of temp change in tissues depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. RATE of heat energy removal

2. AMOUNT of heat energy removal

56
Q

What is the current recommendation for cold-induced analgesia skin temp?

A

< 13 deg C

57
Q

What is the current recommendation for metabolic reduction in tissue temp?

A

5-15 deg C

58
Q

Crushed ice for 5-15 mins can induce optimal levels of ________

A

analgesia

59
Q

Lowest superficial muscle temperature (1cm, subadipose) after cryotherapy = ___ deg C

A

21

60
Q

Reaching currently acceptable threshold for metabolic reduction in muscle tissue ,in terms of cold therapy, seems unlikely (T/F).

A

TRUE

61
Q

After applying cold treatment, check after __ minute and again at ___ minutes

A

1;5

62
Q

Cryotherapy units are more effective than ice alone (T/F).

A

TRUE

63
Q

Cryotherapy units have the potential to be more dangerous than ice alone (T/F).

A

TRUE

64
Q

_______ immersion = extremity is immersed in cold water + ice chips

A

local

65
Q

Continuous immersion tolerated at __-__ deg C for 15-20 mins

A

15-20

66
Q

At around __ deg C, can only tolerate 1 min immersion, then rest, repeat

A

10

67
Q

Contract bather has two water baths, at what temps?

A
  1. 10-18 deg C

2. 38 - 44 deg C

68
Q

Duration of contrast bathing = __ - __ mis

A

20-30

69
Q

Contrast bathing resulted in significantly greater improvements in muscle _______ recovery compared to no intervention/ rest.

A

soreness

70
Q

How often should you replace ice towels?

A

Every 2-3 minutes

71
Q

Repeat ice towels for up to ___ minutes

A

20

72
Q

When giving an ice massage, _______ ______ improves muscle function

A

neuromuscular facilitation

73
Q

Does ice massage or ice packs cause greater intramuscular cooling?

A

ice packs

74
Q

Evaporating sprays can cause _______ is used excessively

A

frostbite

75
Q

For Raynaud’s phenomenon, and other vascular conditions with an element of vasospasm, don’t use cold therapy (T/F).

A

TRUE

76
Q

___________ = an abnormal protein is present in the blood, and it precipitates out in the

A

cryoglobinaemia

77
Q

_____ _______ = cold causes degranulation of mast cells, release of histamine, and can be local or systemic

A

cold urticaria

78
Q

To ensure there is no cold urticaria, check skin under ice after __ min, and again after __ mins for weals/ histamine response

A

1;5

79
Q

Cooling large segments can cause a transient rise in _______ BP.

A

arterial

80
Q

With cold therapy, there is danger of possible _______ with prolonged cooling of superficial nerves.

A

neurapraxia

81
Q

What is the ice cube test?

A

massage area to be treated for 3 mins with an ice cube, normal redness appears within 5 minutes of start

82
Q

What indicates a positive ice cube test?

A

A wheal (localized skin edema)

83
Q

Recent trauma (inflammation) = treated with ______

A

cooling

84
Q

__-____ injury can be treated with mild heat to increase metabolism and gently increase healing

A

sub-acute

85
Q

What are 3 advantages of using heat?

A
  1. decreased pain
  2. increased tissue extensibility
  3. decreased stiffness
86
Q

What is a disadvantage of using heat?

A

may cause increased swelling

87
Q

What are 2 advantages of using cold?

A
  1. may prevent further swelling

2. decreased pain

88
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of using cold?

A
  1. increased stiffness

2. decreased tissue extensibility

PHTH 545 (23 decks)

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