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anatomy lectures > language centers and aphasia > Flashcards

language centers and aphasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is language

A

reading, writing, speaking, comprehension

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2
Q

wernicke’s area function

A
  • recognition of spoken and written language
  • creates a plan for speech
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3
Q

angular gyrus function

A

processes text and numbers into something we can process

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4
Q

broca’s area function

A
  • generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheek, lip muscles for phonation
  • transmits info to primary motor cortex for action
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5
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

left in 95% of right handed people and 60% of left handed people

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6
Q

inferior parietal lobule function

A

integrate sensory information of different modalities (tactile, auditory, visual)

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7
Q

cranial nerves involved in speech and hearing

A
  • CNV (trigeminal)
  • CNVII (facial)
  • CNVIII (vestibulocochlear)
  • CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
  • CNX (vagus)
  • CNXI (accessory)
  • CNXIII (hypoglossal)
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8
Q

CNV (trigeminal) function in speech and hearing

A
  • sensory: face sinuses, teeth
  • motor: muscles of mastication
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9
Q

muscles of mastication

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
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10
Q

CNVII (facial) function in speech and hearing

A

motor: muscles of the face

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11
Q

CNVIII (vestibulocochlear) function in speech and hearing

A

sensory: inner ear

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12
Q

CNIX (glossopharyngeal) function in speech and hearing

A
  • motor: pharyngeal musculature
  • sensory: posterior part of tongue, tonsil, pharynx
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13
Q

CNX (vagus) function in speech and hearing

A

motor: heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

CNXI (accessory) function in speech and hearing

A

motor: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

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15
Q

CNXIII (hypoglossal) function in speech and hearing

A

motor: muscles of the tongue

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16
Q

because speech is voluntary, it is part of the ?

A

pyramidal system

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17
Q

is speech voluntary

A

yes

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18
Q

visual information in the right peripheral field is processed in the ?

A

left hemisphere

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19
Q

visual information in the left peripheral field is processed in the ?

A

right hemisphere

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20
Q

most people are ? dominant for language

A

left

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21
Q

what does it mean to be left dominant for language

A

language is perceived and produced by the left hemisphere

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22
Q

speech in response to hearing

A
  1. information transmitted via arcuate fasciculus
  2. interpretation of words in wernicke’s area
  3. reception of sound signal by auditory area 41
  4. activation of broca’s area for word formation
  5. to motor cortex that control speech muscles
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23
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

a bundle of axons that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

24
Q

hearing to speech pathway

A
25
Q

reading out loud pathway converts ? to ?

A

graphemes; phonemes

26
Q

graphemes

A

written symbol that represents a sound

27
Q

phoneme

A

smallest unit of sound within a word

28
Q

reading out loud can improve ?

A

memory

29
Q

production effect

A

pronouncing words can create a memorable experience

30
Q

reading out loud pathway

A

-visual images transmitted via retinogeniculate pathway to lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
- travel to visual cortex (calcerine sulcus) via geniculocalcarine tract (visual processing)
- info from subdominant to dominant hemisphere via corpus callosum
- visual picture from occipital lobe to angular gyrus (phonological processing)
- angular gyrus to wernickes area (language comprehension)
- auditory passage to broca’s motor area via arcuate fasciculus (speech pattern production)
- pattern to primary motor cortex for muscle activation

31
Q

orthographic processing

A

recognizing whether each letter string in a sentence represents a real or pseudoword

32
Q

phonological processing

A

conversion of graphemes to phonemes

33
Q

aphasia

A

an acquired communication disorder that causes problems with speaking, listening, reading, writing

34
Q

aphasia causes

A
  • stroke
  • head injury (tbi)
  • brain tumors
  • infection
  • dementia
  • occlusion of the middle cerebral artery
35
Q

types of aphasia

A
  • wernicke’s aphasia
  • broca’s aphasia
  • conduction/associative aphasia
36
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • issues with speech comprehension
  • comprehension and expression are equally impaired
  • unable to understand written or spoken language
  • normal grammar, syntax, rate, intonation but cannot meaningfully express themselves
  • have anosognosia and paraphasias
37
Q

broca’s aphasia

A
  • issues with speech production
  • output to the primary motor cortex vocalization muscles
  • loss of ability to produce language, or speech is labored and non-fluent
38
Q

middle cerebral artery 4 segments

A
  • M1 sphenoid/horizontal segment
  • M2 lateral/insular segment
  • M3 opercular segment
  • M4 cortical segment
39
Q

M1 sphenoid/horizontal segment

A
  • ICA to bifurcation
  • originates at the terminal bifurcation of the internal carotid artery
  • courses laterally parallel to the sphenoid ridge
  • terminates at the genu adjacent to the limen insulae or at the main bifurcation
40
Q

M2 lateral/insular segment

A
  • sylvian fissure
  • originates at the genu/limen insulae or the main bifurcation
  • courses posterosuperiorly in the insular cleft
  • terminates at the circular sulcus of insula, where it makes a right angle to hairpin turn
41
Q

M3 opercular segment

A
  • outside lateral fissure
  • originates at the circular sulcus of the insula
  • courses laterally along the frontoparietal operculum
  • terminates at the external/superior surface of the Sylvian fissure
42
Q

M4 cortical segment

A
  • cortigal segments
  • originates at the external/top surface of the Sylvian fissure
  • courses superiorly on the lateral convexity
  • terminates at their final cortical territory
43
Q

cortical branches

A
  • all frontal gyri, postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobe
  • supplied by cortical branches of MCA
44
Q

deep branches from M1

A

lateral lenticulostriate arteries supply the external capsule, lentiform nucleus, caudate

45
Q

anosognosia

A

lack of awareness of their communication problems

46
Q

paraphasias

A

substitutes one word for another

47
Q

pathopathophysiology

A

motor/expressive aphasia

48
Q

conduction/associative aphasia

A
  • connection between wernicke’s and broca’s area is compromised/damaged
  • intact auditory comprehension, fluent speech, but poor speech repetition
  • conduit d’approche
49
Q

conduit d’approche

A

repetitive effort to find the correct word

50
Q

dysarthia

A
  • speech disorders caused by impaired control of the muscles responsible for speech
  • caused by damage in the tracts that connect motor neurons to speech muscles
51
Q

? disruption causes mild or transient dysarthria

A

unilateral

52
Q

? disruption causes persisting dysarthria

A

bilateral

53
Q

upper motor neurons (type of nervous system and location of nuclei)

A
  • CNS
  • motor cortex
54
Q

lower motor neurons (type of nervous system and location of nuclei)

A
  • PNS
  • pons and medulla
55
Q

speech dysarthria can be classified by ?

A

location of lesion causing the disorder

56
Q

agnosia

A
  • inability to recognize objects, people, shapes, sounds, or smells
  • no significant memory loss
57
Q

auditory agnosia

A
  • inability to differentiate or recognize sounds
  • damage in the auditory association areas
  • speech comprehension is severely compromised
  • language skills (reading, writing, speaking) are retained

anatomy lectures (18 decks)

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