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anatomy lectures > hearing and balance > Flashcards

hearing and balance Flashcards

1
Q

inner ear

A
  • vestibule of the ear
  • semicircular canals
  • cochlea
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2
Q

cochlea

A

auditory portion of the ear

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3
Q

organ of hearing

A

organ of corti

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4
Q

membranes separating perilymph fluid

A
  • vestibular membrane
  • tympanic membrane
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5
Q

hearing process

A
  • hair cells vibrate
  • signals sent to auditory neurons via neurotransmitters
  • forms the cochlear portion of CNVIII
  • info to CNS
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6
Q

auditory pathway

A
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7
Q

direction of sound auditory pathway

A
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8
Q

quality of sound auditory pathway

A
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9
Q

primary auditory cortex a1

A
  • superior temporal gyrus, close to the lateral fissure
  • topographical map of the cochlea
  • low frequency anterior area of a1 (apex of cochlea)
  • high frequency posterior area of a1 (base of cochlea)
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10
Q

secondary auditory cortex a2

A
  • posterior to a1
  • on the superior temporal gyrus, includes Wernicke’s area
  • analyzes acoustic stimuli at a higher neuronal level (recognition and interpretation of sounds on the basis of past experience)
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11
Q

ablation of the auditory cortex result

A

inability to distinguish the temporal order of sound

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12
Q

ablation

A

surgical removal

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13
Q

types of hearing loss

A
  • conductive hearing loss
  • sensorineural hearing loss
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14
Q

conductive hearing loss

A
  • problems in the external ear (blockage) or middle ear (otitis, glue ear, damaged ossicles)
  • caused by fluid, allergies, foreign objects, ruptured eardrum, impacted ear wax
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15
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • malfunction of the inner ear (cochlea)
  • at the level of hair cells or the auditory nerve
  • rarely caused by damage to auditory brain
  • caused by again, toxicity, loud noise, blast/explosion, tumors
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16
Q

vestibular apparatus

A
  • balance
  • spatial orientation
17
Q

3 sources of sensory information in equilibrium maintenance

A
  • eyes
  • propioception
  • vestibular system
18
Q

components that deal with chaotic movement information

A
  • static labyrinth
  • kinetic labyrinth
19
Q

static labyrinth

A
  • linear acceleration and spatial orientation
  • otolith organs
20
Q

kinetic labyrinth

A
  • angular acceleration
  • semi-circular canals on 3 planes that make 90 degree angles with each other
  • cupula covers crista ampullaris on the ampulla
  • movements of endolymph stimulate bending of cupula
  • movement of cupula stimulates movement of hair cells
  • movement of hair cells detect head movements
21
Q

otolith organs

A
  • 2 endolymph containing chambers
  • utricle and saccule (vestibule)
  • contain macula that respond to endolymph movements
22
Q

macula

A
  • clusters of hair cells
  • detect linear movements and proprioception of the head
23
Q

utricle

A
  • posterior part of the vestibule
  • communicates with semi-circular canals on one end and saccule on the other
  • detect movements in the horizontal plane
24
Q

saccule

A
  • anterior part of the vestibule
  • smaller than utricle
  • joins the utricle and communicates with the cochlea
  • detect movements in the vertical plane
25
Q

semi-circular canals

A
  • membranous channels filled with endolymph
  • located on 3 planes, make 90 degree angles with each other
26
Q

ampulla

A

terminal part of each semicircular canals

27
Q

crista ampullaris

A

a cluster of hair cells on each ampulla

28
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous structure covering crista ampularis

29
Q

vestibular pathway (elongated)

A
  • vestibular nerve input from crista ampullares, semicircular canals, utricle, saccule
  • info to superior vestibular nucleus of bechtrew, medial vestibular nucleus of schwalbe, inferior vestibular nucleus of roller, lateral vestibular nucleus of dieters
30
Q

pathways that project from vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum function

A

joint modulation of balance by the cerebellum and vestibular system

31
Q

vestibular pathway (simplified)

A
32
Q

illnesses of balance

A
  • peripheral vertigo
  • benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (bppv)
  • central vertigo
33
Q

peripheral vertigo

A
  • symptoms are a result of inflammation
  • labyrinthitis
  • vestibular neuritis
  • menieres disease
  • caused by high pressure of endolymph
34
Q

labyrinthitis

A

inflammation of the inner ear labyrinth and vestibular nerve

35
Q

vestibular neuritis

A

inflammation of vestibular nerve

36
Q

menieres disease

A

due to bacterial and viral infections, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disease

37
Q

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A
  • most common cause of vertigo
  • small crystals break free and float around freely within the semi-circular canals
  • disturbance of the otolith particles
38
Q

central vertigo

A
  • affects the pathways of the vestibular system
  • very rare
  • most common symptom is accompanying migraine

anatomy lectures (18 decks)

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