Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy lectures > internal capsule and basal ganglia > Flashcards

internal capsule and basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

basal ganglia function

A
  • fine-tune voluntary movements
  • goal-directed voluntary movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

basal ganglia receive info from ?, processes it, and send it to ?

A

cerebral cortex; adjusted info back to cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cortex sends adjusted info to ? via ?

A

skeletal muscles; pyramidal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

basal ganglia definition

A
  • a group of subcortical nuclei
  • responsible primarily for motor control, motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions
  • extrapyramidal system (involuntary)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 pairs of nuclei in basal ganglia

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lentiform nucleus

A
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

striatum

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

internal capsule

A

a big group of white matter axonic tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

caudate nucleus

A
  • elongated c-shaped nucleus lateral to the lateral ventricles
  • head, body, tail
  • continuous with putamen
  • connects with amygdala
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

caudate nucleus tail forms ?

A

roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

caudate nucleus function

A
  • sends information to the thalamus about body and limb position
  • goal-oriented behavior, learning, emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

underactive caudate nucleus associated with ?

A

depression and schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

putamen

A
  • encircled by the caudate nucleus
  • most lateral structure of the basal ganglia
  • regulates motor functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

globus pallidus

A
  • medial to the putamen
  • external and internal segments
  • control conscious and proprioceptive movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

substantia nigra

A
  • in the midbrain but part of the basal ganglia
  • contains neuromelanin
  • two subcomponents: pars compacta and pars reticulata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pars compacta

A
  • dorsal subcomponent of substania nigra
  • melanin-filled neurons
  • unknown function but dopamine neuron death causes Parkinson disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pars reticulata

A
  • ventral subcomponent of substantia nigra
  • controls eye movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

large number of motor and sensory fibers travel to and from the cortex via ?

A

internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 subdivisions of the internal capsule

A
  • anterior limb
  • genu
  • posterior limb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

anterior limb of internal capsule

A
  • frontopontine fibers
  • thalamocortical fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

genu of internal capsule

A

corticobulbar fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

posterior limb of internal capsule

A
  • corticospinal fibers
  • ascending sensory fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

frontopontine fibers

A

frontal cortex to pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

thalamocortical fibers

A

thalamus to frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

corticobulbar fibers

A

cortex to brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

corticospinal fibers

A

cortex to spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

extrapyramidal system function

A

involuntary and automatic control of movements, posture, and muscle tone

28
Q

extrapyramidal system structures involved

A
  • basal ganglia
  • red nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • reticular formation
  • cerebellum
29
Q

basal ganglia input

A

all of cortex (except primary visual and auditory cortices)

30
Q

corticostriatal pathways

A

pathways that give input to basal ganglia

31
Q

axons from striatum synapse with ?

A

globus pallidus or pars reticulata

32
Q

basal ganglia output structures

A
  • globus pallidus
  • pars reticulata
33
Q

basal ganglia output (globus pallidus)

A
  • axons synapse with thalamus
  • thalamus relays info back to motor cortex (feedback loop)
34
Q

basal ganglia output (pars reticulata)

A
  • axons synapse with upper motor neurons in the superior colliculus
  • regulate eye movement
35
Q

basal ganglia dysfunction

A

damage or degeneration to basal ganglia results in involuntary movements or motion impairment

36
Q

types of basal ganglia dysfunction

A
  • involuntary movement disorders
  • impairments to motion disorders
  • parkinson’s disease
  • huntington’s disease
37
Q

involuntary movement disorders

A
  • tremor (often resting tremor)
  • athetosis
  • chorea
  • ballism
  • dystonia
38
Q

athetosis

A

slow involuntary writing or twisting movements

39
Q

chorea

A

fast or jerky involuntary writing movements of the extremeties

40
Q

ballism

A
  • similar to chorea
  • associated with more proximal extremities like shoulders and hips
41
Q

dystonia

A

involuntary contractions of muscles

42
Q

impairments to motion disorders

A
  • akinesia
  • bradykinesia
  • shuffling gait
  • speech difficulties
  • loss of postural reflexes
43
Q

akinesia

A

lack of movement

44
Q

bradykinesia

A

slow movement

45
Q

parkinson’s disease is a type of ?

A

parkinsonism

46
Q

parkinsonism

A

umbrella term for bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity

47
Q

parkinson’s causes

A
  • death of dopamine secretion in the substantial nigra
  • exact cause in unknown
  • associated with exposure to toxins, historical head trauma, infection, genetics
48
Q

parkinson’s treatment

A
  • L-DOPA
  • deep brain stimulation
49
Q

L-DOPA

A
  • dopamine precusor that helps to alleviate symptoms
  • initially effective
  • 50% of patients develop DOPA-induced dyskinesia after 5-10 years
50
Q

DOPA-induced dyskinesia

A
  • involuntary erratic movements
  • result of L-DOPA treamtent for 5-10 years
51
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

high frequency deactivate subthalamic nucleus

52
Q

increased activity of ? in parkinson’s

A

subthalamic nucleus

53
Q

huntington’s disease causes

A
  • progressive atrophy of the striatum
  • genetic
54
Q

huntington’s disease treatment

A
  • xenazine
  • antidepressants/antipsychotic drugs
55
Q

xenazine

A
  • suppresses involuntary movements
  • multiple side effects (drowsiness, restlessnes, psychiatric conditions)
56
Q

why does huntington’s disease have antidepressants/antipsychotic drugs as a treatment

A

high comorbidity rates

57
Q

output nuclei of basal ganglia are inhibitory/excitatory

A

inhibitory

58
Q

how does cortex signal to striata to disinhibit the thalamus

A
  • output nuclei maintain a high tonic level of discharge (suppresses activity)
  • phasic decrease in firing rate releases target regions from inhibition
  • strong tonic inhibitions allows basal ganglia to regulate
59
Q

voluntary motor control of basal ganglia

A
  • procedural learning (routine behavior/habits)
  • eye movement
  • cognition
  • emotional function
60
Q

which functions of basal ganglia use loops

A
  • voluntary motor control
  • movement initiation
  • movement regulation
  • procedural learning (routine behavior/habits)
  • cognitive functions
  • emotional functions
  • eye movements
61
Q

basal ganglia motor loop

A
  • putamen circuit
  • learned movement
62
Q

basal ganglia cognitive loop

A
  • caudate circuit
  • cognitive control of motor pattern sequence
  • motor intentions
63
Q

cognition

A

thinking process using sensory input with info already stored in memory

64
Q

basal ganglia limbic loop

A
  • give motor expressions to emotions
  • smiling, aggressive, submissive posture
65
Q

basal ganglia occulomotor loop

A

voluntary eye movement

anatomy lectures (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions