cerebral cortex Flashcards
nucleus definition
collection of neuron cells bodies in the CNS
tract definition
collection of axons in the CNS
ganglia definition
collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
cerebrum
- largest part of the brain
- controls higher mental functions (conscious thoughts and experience)
- processes somatic sensory and motor information
- divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
gray matter
cell bodies
where is gray matter found
- cerebral cortex
- basal nuclei (ganglia)
- caudate nucleus
- lentiform nucleus
white matter
- myelinated axons that connect cerebral cortex with other brain regions
- deep to cerebral cortex
- surrounds basal nuclei
corpus callosum function
connects white matter of both hemispheres
where is the cerebral cortex thickest
over the crest of the convolution
where is the cerebral cortex thinnest
depth of sulci
why does the brain have a folded surface
increases surface area
gyri
elevated ridges
sulci
shallow depressions
fissures
deep grooves
superior frontal gyrus
longitudinal fissure
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
fiber tracts in white matter
- commissural fibers
- association fibers
- projection fibers
commissural fibers
connect cortices of right and left cerebral hemispheres
what is corpus callosum made of
commissural fibers
association fibers
connect regions of the cerebral cortex within one hemisphere
association fiber types
- short (arcuate) association fibers
- long (longitudinal) association fibers
short (arcuate) association fibers
connect adjacent gyri
long (longitudinal) association fibers
connect distant gyri of different lobes
projection fibers
fibers that leave the cerebral white matter
what forms the internal capsule
projection fibers
projection fiber types
- corticofugal
- corticopedal
corticofugal
- projection fibers
- terminate in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord
corticopedal
originate in thalamus and terminate in cerebral cortex
cortex types of neurons
- pyramidal neurons
- non-pyramidal neurons
pyramidal neurons
- apical and basal dendrites
- dendritic spines
- elongated
- apical dendrite extends up to cortical surface
- projection neurons
- excitatory
- homogeneous
projection neurons
axons project from the cortex to the white matter
non-pyramidal neurons
- heterogenous group
- stellate and basket cell mainly
- small and multipolar
- axons stay in grey matter
- interneurons
- inhibitory
brodmann’s area 17 (function and location)
- primary vision
- lateral occipital love
brodmann’s area 1, 2, 3 (function and location)
- primary body sensation
- postcentral gyrus
brodmann’s area 4 (function and location)
- primary motor
- precentral gyrus
brodmann’s area 6 (function and location)
- secondary motor
- superior frontal
frontal lobe
- decision making
- voluntary movement control
- expressive language function
- mood, personality, judgement, motivation, and executive function
parietal lobe
processing sensory and spatial information
temporal lobe
- process memories and integrate them with emotion and the 5 senses
- auditory perception, discrimination, receptive language function
- olfaction and memory
occipital lobe
visual perception and reception
insular lobe
- taste afferent information
- somatic sensory and limbic function
- influences autonomic (visceral) function
three types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex
- motor areas
- sensory areas
- association areas
motor area of the cerebral cortex
- controls voluntary movement
- precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
sensory area of the cerebral cortex
- conscious awareness of sensation
- receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temp)
- postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
precentral gyrus features
- contralateral (right brain controls left body, etc.)
- disproportionate
- inverted
prefrontal cortex
- coordinates info from association areas
- in front of motor and premotor areas
- important in intellect, planning, reasoning, mood, abstract ideas, judgement, conscience, and accurately predicting consequences
association areas
- any brain region that receives input from more than one sensory modality
- abundance determines intellectual capacity
what do the association areas include
- parietal cortex
- temporal cortex
- frontal cortex
parietal cortex
attending stimuli in external and internal environment
temporal cortex
identifying the nature of the stimuli
frontal cortex
planning an appropriate response to stimuli
hemispheric lateralization
functional differences between left and right hemispheres
which hemisphere is dominant
left hemisphere
left hemisphere controls
reading, writing, math, decision-making, logic, speech, and language
right hemisphere
facial and voice recognition , affect, visual/spatial reasoning, emotion, artistic skill