Lab test 3: energy and metabolism Flashcards
___ must gain external energy in order to counteract the increase in their entropy
living things
photosynthetic organisms use external ___ energy to maintain orderly structure
solar
non-photosynthetic organisms use stored ___ in other living things to counter increasing entropy (disorder)
chemical energy
chemical reactions are processes that form or break ___ between atoms.
chemical bonds
chemical reactions convert ___ to ___
reactants to products
___ release energy and the reactants contain more energy than the products
exergonic reactions
___ require more input of energy; products contain more energy than reactants (ex: photosynthesis)
endergonic reactions
___ molecules act as intermediates to carry energy between exergonic and endergonic reactions
energy carrier
energy carrier molecules are only used ___ cells because they are unstable
within
___ is the most common energy carrying molecule
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
the sum of all chemical reactions inside a cell is its ___. many cellular reactions are linked through metabolic pathways.
metabolism
___ molecules arew employed to catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in cells
enzyme
nearly all cells metabolize ___ for energy
glucose
glucose metabolism is fairly ___
simple
other organic molecules are converted to glucose for ___
energy harvesting
production of carbon compounds like glucose (photosynthesis) is linked with energy extraction (in cellular respiration). ___, ___, ___, and ___ cycle between the two processes
water, carbon dioxide, sugar, and oxygen
in plants: ___ dependent reactions
light
chlorophyll and other molecules of the thylakoids capture ___ energy. sunlight energy is converted to the ___ molecules ___ and NADPH and oxygen gas is released as a by-product
sunlight
energy carrier molecules
ATP
During glucose breakdown, all cells release the solar energy that was originally captured by plants through photosynthesis, and use it to make ___
ATP
the overall equation for the complete breakdown of glucose is: C6H1206 —> ___
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Glycolysis: occurs in the \_\_\_ does not require \_\_\_ breaks \_\_\_ into pyruvate yields \_\_\_ molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose if oxygen is absent \_\_\_ occurs
cytosol oxygen glucose 2 fermentation
pyruvate is converted into either lactate, or into ethanol and ___
carbon dioxide
(glycolysis)
if oxygen is present ____ occurs
cellular respiration
cellular respiration occurs in ___ (in eukaryotes)
requires ___
breaks down pyruvate into ___ and ___
produces an additional ___ ATP molecules, depending on the cell type
mitochondria
oxygen
carbon dioxide and water
28-30
(fermentation)
yeast cells perform ___
___ is fermented to ethanol and ___
alcoholic fermentation
glucose and CO2
