Chapter 6: A tour of the cell (Test 2)

Question 1

LMs can magnify effectively to about ___ times the size of the actual specimen Most organelles (membrane-enclosed compartments), are too small to be resolved by a LM ___ are used to study these subcellular structures​

Answer 1

1,000 Electron microscopes

Question 2

___ -The study of cells

Answer 2

Cytology

Question 3

The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic​ Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells​ Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

ye this is just review

Question 4

Basic features of ALL cells: ​ Plasma (cell) ___ ___ (carry genes in form of DNA))​ **___ (make proteins)

Answer 4

membrane​ Chromosomes Ribosomes

Question 5

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having:​ ____​ DNA in an unbound region called the ___​ No membrane-bound ___ ___ (semifluid portion) bound by the plasma membrane​

Answer 5

No nucleus nucleoid organelles​ Cytosol

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having​ ___ in a ___ that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope(membrane)​ Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus (contains cytosol plus membrane bound organelles)​ Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

Answer 6

DNA (in a) nucleus

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

The ___ contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell​

Additional genes are located in the ___

Answer 9

nucleus

mitochondria and chloroplasts (in plants)

Question 10

The ___ encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm​

___ regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

Answer 10

nuclear envelope

Pores

Question 11

The nuclear side of the nuclear envelope is lined by ___ which maintains the shape of the nucleus

Answer 11

nuclear lamina

Question 12

In the nucleus, discrete units called ___ (made of primarily DNA and some protein)​

___ (thread-like form of DNA and protein) condenses to form discrete chromosomes during cell division​

The ___ is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosome (rRNA) synthesis​

Ribosomes are involved in ___ synthesis

Answer 12

chromosomes

Chromatin

nucleolus

protein

Question 13

Ribosomes are particles made of ___ RNA (rRNA) ​

Ribosomes make protein in two locations:​

• Suspended in the ___ (free ribosomes)​
• On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

Answer 13

ribosomal

cytosol

Question 14

The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

The tasks of the endomembrane system includes the:​

1. synthesis of ___
2. transport of ___ into membranes, organelles, or out of the cell.

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by ___ (sacs of membrane)​

The endomembrane system includes:​

Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Plasma membrane

Answer 14

proteins​

proteins

vesicles

Question 15

The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory​

Accounts for more than ___ of total membrane inside cell​

Continuous with nuclear envelope​

There are two distinct regions of ER:​

___ ER​

___ ER

Answer 15

50%

Smooth (ER)

Rough (ER)

Question 16

The ___ ER (lacks ribosomes)​

Synthesizes lipids (steroid hormones, oils, and phospholipids)​

Metabolizes carbohydrates​

Detoxifies poison​

Stores calcium

Answer 16

smooth

Question 17

The ___ ER​

Has bound ribosomes, which make and secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates) inside ER lumen​

Distributes transport vesicles, which contain proteins surrounded by membranes​

Is a ___ for the cell

Answer 17

rough

membrane factory

Question 18

The ___ consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae​

Functions:​

Modifies products of the RER​

Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Answer 18

Golgi apparatus

Question 19

A ___ is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules​

Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

Answer 19

lysosome

Question 20

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by ___; this forms a food vacuole​

A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules​

Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, a process called ___

Answer 20

phagocytosis

autophagy

Question 21

___ (found in animals) are formed by phagocytosis​

___ (found in many freshwater protists) pump excess water out of cells​

___ (found in many mature plant cells) hold organic compounds and water

Answer 21

Food vacuoles

Contractile vacuoles

Central vacuoles

Question 22

___ are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that generates ATP​

___, found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis​

___ are oxidative organelles

Answer 22

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Peroxisomes

Question 23

Mitochondria and chloroplasts ​

Are not part of the endomembrane system​

Have a double membrane​

Have proteins made by free ribosomes​

Contain their own DNA