Chapter 5: part 2 (Test 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Fats made from saturated fatty acids are called saturated fats, and are ___ at room temperature

A

solid

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2
Q

Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called unsaturated fats or ___, and are ___ at room temperature Plant fats and fish fats are usually unsaturated​

A

oils liquid

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3
Q

A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to ___ through ___

A

cardiovascular disease plaque deposits

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4
Q

___ is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

A

Hydrogenation

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5
Q

Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with ___ These trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease

A

trans double bonds

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6
Q

Humans and other mammals store their fat in ___

A

adipose cells

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7
Q

The major function of fats is ___

A

energy storage

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8
Q

___ also cushions vital organs and insulates the body

A

Adipose tissue

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9
Q

In a ___, two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

A

phospholipid

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10
Q

(phospholipid) The two fatty acid tails are ___, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head

A

hydrophobic

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11
Q
A
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

___ are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

A

Steroids

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14
Q

___, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells​

A

Protein functions include:​

structural support ​

regulatory roles​

transport ​

cellular communications​

movement​

defense against foreign substances

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16
Q

___ are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

Enzymes can perform their functions repeatedly, functioning as workhorses that carry out the processes of life

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17
Q
A
18
Q

___ are the building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides and proteins

A

Amino acids

19
Q

___ are polymers of amino acids from 3-49 amino acids in length

A

Polypeptides

20
Q

A ___ consists of a polypeptide(s) that are at least 50 amino acids long. They often consist of 2 polypeptide chains bonded together.

A

protein

21
Q

___ are organic molecules with carboxyl (acid) and amino groups

A

Amino acids

22
Q

Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing ___

There are ___ different amino acids.

A

side chains, called R groups

20

23
Q

amino acids

A
24
Q

20 amino acids

A
25
Q

Amino acids are joined together when a ___ reaction removes a hydroxyl group from the carboxyl end of one amino acid and a hydrogen atom from the amino group of another.

The resulting bond is called a ___

Each polypeptide (protein) has a unique ___ of amino acids

A

dehydration synthesis

peptide bond

linear sequence

26
Q

A ___ consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

A

functional protein

27
Q

The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s three-dimensional structure​

A protein’s structure determines its ___

A

function!!

28
Q

The ___ of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

29
Q

___, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

A

Secondary structure

30
Q

Typical secondary structures are a coil called an ___ and a folded structure called a ___

A

alpha helix

beta pleated sheet

31
Q
A

an example of beta pleated sheets

32
Q

___ structure is determined by interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents

A

Tertiary

33
Q

(Teritary Structure)

Strong covalent bonds called ___ bridges may reinforce the protein’s structure​

A

disulfide

34
Q

___ structure results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule​

Hemoglobin is a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains

A

Quaternary

35
Q
A
36
Q

In addition to primary structure, physical and chemical conditions can affect structure​

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel, or ___ a protein.​

A denatured protein is biologically inactive

A

denature

37
Q

___ store and transmit hereditary information​

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a gene (located on chromosomes)​

Genes are made of DNA, a polymer known as nucleic acid

A

Nucleic Acids

38
Q

There are two types of nucleic acids:​

Deoxyribonucleic acid (___)​

Ribonucleic acid (___)​

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis

A

DNA

RNA

39
Q

Each nucleic acid is made of monomers called ___

Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group​

A

nucleotides​

40
Q
A