Chapter 5: part 2 (Test 2)

Question 1

Fats made from saturated fatty acids are called saturated fats, and are ___ at room temperature

Answer 1

solid

Question 2

Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called unsaturated fats or ___, and are ___ at room temperature Plant fats and fish fats are usually unsaturated​

Answer 2

oils liquid

Question 3

A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to ___ through ___

Answer 3

cardiovascular disease plaque deposits

Question 4

___ is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Answer 4

Hydrogenation

Question 5

Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with ___ These trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease

Answer 5

trans double bonds

Question 6

Humans and other mammals store their fat in ___

Answer 6

adipose cells

Question 7

The major function of fats is ___

Answer 7

energy storage

Question 8

___ also cushions vital organs and insulates the body

Answer 8

Adipose tissue

Question 9

In a ___, two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

Answer 9

phospholipid

Question 10

(phospholipid) The two fatty acid tails are ___, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head

Answer 10

hydrophobic

Answer 11

Answer 12

Question 13

___ are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Answer 13

Steroids

Question 14

___, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes

Answer 14

Cholesterol

Question 15

Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells​

Answer 15

Protein functions include:​

structural support ​

regulatory roles​

transport ​

cellular communications​

movement​

defense against foreign substances

Question 16

___ are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

Answer 16

Enzymes

Enzymes can perform their functions repeatedly, functioning as workhorses that carry out the processes of life

Answer 17

Question 18

___ are the building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides and proteins

Answer 18

Amino acids

Question 19

___ are polymers of amino acids from 3-49 amino acids in length

Answer 19

Polypeptides

Question 20

A ___ consists of a polypeptide(s) that are at least 50 amino acids long. They often consist of 2 polypeptide chains bonded together.

Answer 20

protein

Question 21

___ are organic molecules with carboxyl (acid) and amino groups

Answer 21

Amino acids

Question 22

Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing ___

There are ___ different amino acids.

Answer 22

side chains, called R groups

20

Question 23

amino acids

Answer 23

Question 24

20 amino acids

Answer 24

Question 25

Amino acids are joined together when a ___ reaction removes a hydroxyl group from the carboxyl end of one amino acid and a hydrogen atom from the amino group of another.

The resulting bond is called a ___

Each polypeptide (protein) has a unique ___ of amino acids

Answer 25

dehydration synthesis

peptide bond

linear sequence

Question 26

A ___ consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

Answer 26

functional protein

Question 27

The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s three-dimensional structure​

​

A protein’s structure determines its ___

Answer 27

function!!

Question 28

The ___ of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids

Answer 28

primary structure

Question 29

___, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

Answer 29

Secondary structure

Question 30

Typical secondary structures are a coil called an ___ and a folded structure called a ___

Answer 30

alpha helix

beta pleated sheet

Question 31

Answer 31

an example of beta pleated sheets

Question 32

___ structure is determined by interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents

Answer 32

Tertiary

Question 33

(Teritary Structure)

Strong covalent bonds called ___ bridges may reinforce the protein’s structure​

Answer 33

disulfide

Question 34

___ structure results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule​

Hemoglobin is a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains

Answer 34

Quaternary

Question 35

Question 36

In addition to primary structure, physical and chemical conditions can affect structure​

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel, or ___ a protein.​

A denatured protein is biologically inactive

Answer 36

denature

Question 37

___ store and transmit hereditary information​

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a gene (located on chromosomes)​

Genes are made of DNA, a polymer known as nucleic acid

Answer 37

Nucleic Acids

Question 38

There are two types of nucleic acids:​

Deoxyribonucleic acid (___)​

Ribonucleic acid (___)​

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis

Answer 38

DNA

RNA

Question 39

Each nucleic acid is made of monomers called ___

Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group​

Answer 39

nucleotides​

Question 40