Lab Quiz 2 (Labs 6,7,8) Flashcards
Cholera is a disease that often occurs in refugee camps, why?
Because sewage and fecal matter cannot be adequately treated and processed so fecal mater may make its way into drinking water
Why is it difficult to eliminate a disease that is vector-borne?
Because the disease is carried by insects you’d have to kill all the insects that carry it which may be impossible
What is a hemolytic reaction?
It occurs in a blood transfusion if a recipients antibodies destroy (lyse) the donated RBCs
Type and Cross test
Tests for a wide range of protein antibody interactions. It is a necessary test for transfusions because even if ABO and Rh is compatible, there are many other blood proteins that can cause a reaction if the recipients blood contains antibodies to them
Antibodies in mother’s breast milk
They provide natural passive immunity to the baby. IgG , passed to nursing babies
Airborne transmission vs Droplet contact transmission
In Airborne the pathogen lingers in the air whereas droplet transmission occurs when someone coughs or sneezes on you and you come into contact with their respiratory secretions
2 ways to avoid infection by direct contact
Having protected sex and avoiding direct contact with someone or washing hands immediately after direct contact
Why do you need 3 wells in a blood typing tray?
Because you need to test the blood with the 3 different anti-serums (Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh)
In an emergency, which blood type could theoretically be donated to any recipient?
O - ( because it lacks AB antigens and no Rh antigen)
Blood type that is the theoretical universal acceptor?
AB + ( because it doesn’t have any of the major antibodies (AB or Rh)
Composition and Partial pressures of Air
Nitrogen 78% , Oxygen 21%, Carbon Dioxide <1%
Anatomical name of the Adam’s apple and its location
Laryngeal prominence in the center of the thyroid cartilage. Testosterone causing thickening of this prominence forming Adam’s apple
CO2 + H2O equation
CO2 + H2O (arrows) H2CO3 (arrows) H+ + HCO3-
Upper respiratory tract
Nostrils, Nasal cavity, Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, Larynx
Lower respiratory tract
Trachea, carina, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar sac, alveolus
Type I Pneumocytes
Simple squamous epithelial cells that form the walls of the aveoli
Type II Pneumocytes
Round or cuboidal shaped cells embedded in the alveolar walls that secrete surfactant.
Alveolar Macrophages (dust cells)
Phagocytize foreign material that has made its way past the mucous defense to the conduction division/alveoli. They are larger than type II pneumocytes, round, and able to move around alveolar space
What is Epiglottitis and who does it effect?
Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection of the epiglottis. The epiglottis becomes swollen and enlarged and covers the wind pipe, blocking air flow and leading to suffocation. Killed many children before the 90s, today very few because of immunization for it.
What is the epiglottis made of and where is it found?
Elastic cartilage and top of the larynx
A procedure known as a cricothyrotomy is sometimes performed when a person’s airway has been damaged. What specific part of the conducting division is cut to create a temporary airway?
The cricothyroid ligament (attaches the crico cartilage of the trachea to the larynx
Is emphysema or pneumonia more serious?
Emphysema because the walls of the alveoli are deteriorating and once it reaches a certain point, they cannot effectively repair themselves. There becomes less and less surface area for gas exchange to take place which leads inadequate oxygen supply for the body. Pneumonia if treated is reversible,
Sometimes when you swallow wrong or cough, liquid from the beverage you are drinking can come out of your nose. List the passageways the liquid has to travel through for this to happen.
Oropharynx, nasal pharynx, nasal cavities, nostrils
What is the mucociliary escalator?
It is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the airway with goblet cells that secrete mucus to trap pathogens and debris. The cilia beat in one direction moving the mucus up out of the lower respiratory tract into the upper where the mucus enters the esophagus and is swallowed and pathogens are destroyed
Why do we have 2 primary bronchi?
To supply both the left and right lungs with inspired air
What is the function of the epiglottis?
The epiglottis ensures that food and liquid do not enter the lungs. It is usually upright to allow air to flow in and out of lungs but after swallowing, it covers the larynx ensuring nothing goes down into the lower respiratory tract
In the right lung, what lobes are separated by the oblique fissure?
The inferior and middle lobes
In the left lung, what lobes are separated by the oblique fissure ?
Superior and inferior lobes (upper and lower lobes)
Why does the respiratory membrane need to be as this as possible?
For rapid exchange of gas because blood keeps moving and has to very quickly pick up as much oxygen as possible while it is in contact with the membrane
Cystic fibrosis
Is an autosomal recessive disease. There is a defect in the Chloride ion membrane channels of the mucous membrane. cells of the epithelium have to be able to secrete Cl- so the cilia can move. If they can’t, mucous can’t move and be injected or coughed up and it becomes trapped in the respiratory tract, blocking airflow
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Would a patient with chronic COPD be more likely to experience acidosis or alkalosis ?
Acidosis because the inflammation of the bronchioles will result in decreased airflow and therefore not as much gas exchange. This will lead to a build up of CO2 in the blood and tissues (hypercapnia) which will produce more H+ which will lower the bodies pH ultimately resulting in acidosis
List the modes of infectious spread
Direct contact, indirect contact, droplet contact, fecal-oral transmission, vector-borne, airborn
Direct Contact
Shaking hands or unprotected sex
Indirect Contact
Coming into contact with a surface or inanimate object (fomites) that are contaminated by an infectious person. I.e. using a phone or touching a door knob
Droplet contact
Being sneezed or coughed on by someone that is ill . Flu and diphtheria are spread this way
Fecal-oral transmission
Occurs when you eat or drink something contaminated by material from another person’s feces. I.e. refugee camps and cholera
Vector-borne
Diseases spread through insects or other animals
Airborne
Diseases spread through the air. The infectious agents do not dry out easily and can last in the environment longer than other diseases. Ex. TB, measles
Quiet respiration
Sitting and breathing normally at rest
Forced respiration
Occurs in situations like exercise where additional muscles are recruited to increase expansion and contraction of lungs
Boyles law
Volume and pressure are inversely proportional
Muscles of quiet breathing
Diaphragm and External intercostals
Muscles of forced inspiration
Diaphragm, external intercostals, AND Sternocleidomastoid and Scalene muscles!
Muscles of Forced expiration
Diaphragm, external AND internal intercostals, recuts abdominis, external and internal obliques, and transverse abdominis
Spirometer
Measures the amount of air the can move into and out of the lungs in cm3 (equivalent to mL)
Tidal Volume (TV)
the amount of air that moves into or out of the lungs in quiet respiration (approx 500mL)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
The additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal quiet inspiraiton
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal quiet expiraiton
Residual Volume (RV)
The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
The total amount of air the lungs can contain
Vital Capacity (VC)
The amount of air in the lungs that can be exhaled after a maximal forced inspiration
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
The amount of air in the lungs that can be inhaled after a quiet exhalation (TV + IRV)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
The amount of air left in the lungs after a quiet expiration
Dizzy light headed feeling
You’re exhaling too much CO2 and the body’s pH is starting to rise and the light headedness is the body’s response, signaling you to stop the behavior to eliminate the symptoms
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
After a maximal forced inspiration, it is The amount of air forcefully pushed out
FEV 1
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Sec, same as FVC but only measuring how much air is expired in 1 sec. In a normal healthy person, should be around 80% of VC
Buffers
Buffers work by binding free Hydrogen ions. In our experiment, the buffer kept the pH from dropping until the buffer was overcome by the amount of CO2 and couldn’t bind anymore H
