CH 22 Quiz & HW Flashcards
More than half of the body’s blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the _____
Lungs
What are the principal organs of the Respiratory System?
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
What area & structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
From the nostrils through the main bronchi. This includes the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and main bronchi
The gas exchange takes place in the respiratory system in what structures?
Alveoli
Components of the upper respiratory tract
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the?
Respiratory system
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
It sweeps mucous up the trachea toward the pharynx to be swallowed
List the principle organs of the respiratory system
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
What is the name of the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm?
Parietal Pleura
Which zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow? It is incapable of gas exchange
Conducting Zone
An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?
Quiet breathing
List the components of the lower respiratory tract
Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli
What muscle is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?
Diaphragm
Where are the brainstem respiratory centers found?
In the Medulla oblongata and the pons
What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group?
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors
What senses changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid?
The central chemoreceptors
A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?
Forced
What do the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in?
Blood oxygen saturation, blood CO2 saturation, blood pH
Which two muscles are primarily responsible for resting inspiration?
Diaphragm and intercostals
Where are the respiratory control centers located?
Brainstem
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleasures to cling to the parietal pleura
Describe what happens during exhalation
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are what kind of chemoreceptors?
Peripheral
A clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area
Name for the collapse of part or all of a lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure
Atelectasis
As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?
Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure
What decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli?
Surfactants
What occurs during exhalation?
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases
The conducting zones of the respiratory system are incapable of gas exchange , which is also known as…
Anatomical dead space
When the conducting zones AND the respiratory zones cannot perform gas exchange, this is referred to as what kind of space?
Physiological dead space
How many mL is an average tidal volume (TV)?
500mL
The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?
Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities
How many mL of air is a normal inspiration reserve volume (IRV)?
3000 mL
About how much air is in the anatomical dead space?
About 150 mL
Tidal Volume (TV)
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Residual Volume (RV)
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval
T or F: the residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration?
False! The residual volume can never be exhaled, it will always remain in the lung
What is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?
Physiological dead space
How is Inspiratory capacity (IC) calculated ?
Tidal Volume + Inspiratory reserve volume (TV + IRV)
The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and Inspiratory reserve volume is? (ERV + TV + IRV = ?)
Vital Capacity (VC)
What is the formula for calculating Toal Lung Capacity (TLC)?
TLC = RV + VC
A normal residual volume (RV)
1300mL of air
What are the 4 predominant components of inspired air?
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Water Vapor
What term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar Gas Exchange
The sum of the Tidal Volume and the Inspiratory Reserve Volume is? (TV + IRV)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?
The Heme group
Term for hemoglobin with one or more molecule(s) of oxygen bound to it
Oxyhemoglobin
What gas has the greatest parietal pressure in inspired air?
Nitrogen
What compound if formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin?
Carboxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin becomes fully saturated with oxygen at what PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)?
90 mm Hg
Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?
4
Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?
Bicarbonate ion
Hemoglobin that is NOT bound to oxygen is called what?
Deoxyhemoglobin
Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat?
Because CO competes with Oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin. If CO takes over all the binding sites, Oxygen won’t be transported in the blood
What explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (S-shaped)?
Binding of the 1st oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the mid portion of the curve becomes steeper
Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
At the capillary networks of the tissues
List the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
As bicarbonate ion, cabaminohemoglobin, and dissolved gas
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobins affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
2 factors that facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues
Lower PO2 in tissue fluid and binding of protons to hemoglobin
The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood , which facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?
More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates
Acidosis
Blood pH is lower than 7.35
Alkalosis
Blood pH greater than 7.45
Most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from what?
Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2
What type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?
Hypoxemic hypoxia (lower PO2)
The factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Increased biphosphoglycerate (BPG) production by RBC and Increased temperature both promote unloading of Oxygen from RBC
Clinically, cyanosis (blueness of the skin) is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem?
Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia)
COPDs are almost always caused by what?
Cigarette smoke
What condition is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lignin the airway and increased mucous production?
Chronic Bronchitis
What is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?
Emphysema
Name for a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation?
COPDs
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen in a tissue
