CH 21 HW & Quiz Flashcards
What characteristic of immunity describes how, when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness
Memory
3 types of lymphocytes
T cell, B cell, NK cells
B cells are the primary cell of ____ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ____ immunity.
Humoral, cell-mediated
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany what?
Inflammation
What is artificial active immunity?
Acquiring one’s own immunity against an attenuated (weakened) pathogen. (Vaccination)
What term describes how immunity is directed against a particular pathogen, and that immunity to one pathogen usually does not confer immunity to others?
Specificity
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called?
An antigen
NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?
Granzymes
Example of Natural active immunity
A person develops resistance to a virus picked up from a drinking fountain
Example of artificial active immunity
A person is given an attenuated smallpox virus and develops resistance
Example of natural passive immunity
A baby acquires resistance to a virus through antibodies obtained through breast milk
Artificial passive immunity
An antibody is injected into a person who has been bitten by a snake. The antibody infers resistance
The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ____.
MHC proteins (major histocompatibility complex)
T cells that attack foreign cells
Cytotoxic T cells
T cells that perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity are called?
Helper T cells
Which MHC class of proteins occur on all uncleared somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein?
MHC class I
What class of MHC proteins occurs only on APCs?
MHC class II
Characteristics of MHC proteins
They function as self identity markers, present endogenous (self) and exogenous (foreign) antigens
Identical cells produced by mitosis from a single parent cell are called?
Clones
List the substances that cytotoxic T cells secrete to attack and destroy target cells
Perforins, Granzymes, Interferons, and Tumor necrosis factor
List in order the events of the humoral response
Immunocompetent B cells bind to an antigen
A B cell internalizes an antigen and displays in on MHC-II proteins to TH cells
TH cells secrete interleukins which activate the B cell
The B cell undergoes clinal selection
B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies
Where are type I MHC proteins found?
On all nucleated body cells
List the ways antibodies function to render antigens harmless
Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation, and Complement fixation
Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?
APCs
Characteristics of a secondary immune response
It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen, IgG antibodies are formed first, and antibodies appear rapidly within hours, peaking at day 3
Characteristics of a colonial population of T cells
They are self-tolerant, they react to the same antigen, and they are identical
An excessive harmful reaction to antigens is called?
Hypersensitivity
Usually, a B cell requires costimulation from what kind of T cell to begin the process of clonal selection?
A helper T cell
Describe allergens
They occur in mold, dust, and pollen
They induce allergies
They are environmental antigens
Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called?
Antibodies
Possible causes for a lack of self tolerance
Cross reactivity between similar antigens, alteration of self antigens, abnormal exposure to self antigens (exposure to the blood)
Characteristics of a primary immune response
It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen
Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10
IgM antibodies are formed first
The inability to produce a normal immune response, resulting from a lack of immune cells or other immune mediators such as complement is called?
Immunodeficiency
Antigens which induce hypersensitivity responses are called?
Allergens
Diseases that result from failures of self-tolerance are called?
Autoimmune diseases
