Lab Quiz 12 & 13 Flashcards
Bartholin’s Glands
Secrete lubricating fluid to keep the vagina lubricated during sex, they lie Deep to the labia Majora
Mons pubis
Area of adipose tissue covered by pubic hair
Prepuce
Labia minora join to form this hood-like structure that covers the clitoris
usual site of fertilization
The ampulla of the ovary
Outside of ovary
Layer of connective tissue called the tunica albuginea
Ovary cortex
Where the ova are formed
Ovary medulla
Inner section of ovary that contains blood vessels and supporting tissue (stroma).
Passageway of ovarian artery/veins, lymphatic vessels and nerves
The suspensory ligament
What causes the spike in LH around day 14?
Rise in estrogen (estradiol)
What is the result of the increase in LH levels?
Surge in follicular fluid leads to ovulation
Why do progesterone levels rise on or around day 15?
The corpus luteum forms from the now empty follicle and releases progesterone
What happens in the uterine cycle as a result of the increase in progesterone?
Promotes glandular growth in the stratum functionalis of the endometrium and fluid accumulates and causing a thickening of the endometrium
What is the relationship btwn the formation of the corpus albicans and the decreasing progesterone levels?
The corpus luteum shrivels up and forms the corpus albicans and no longer releases progesterone
Around which day of the uterine cycle is the uterine lining the thickest?
Around day 20
In what phase of the ovarian cycle is the max thickness reached? Uterine cycle>
In the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
Why don’t we count ovulation as the first day of the female cycle?
Because it is not outwardly noticeable to the female
What hormone is most important in preventing the shedding of the stratum functionalis?
Progesterone
A common, sudden, sharp pain in the lower belly felt by pregnant women that only last for a few seconds is caused by?
The contraction of the round ligament. Round ligament is connected to the muscles of walking
A woman feels an interior lump near her labia. A day later it is larger and painful to the touch. She’s diagnosed with an infection. What is infected?
Her bartholin glands
Pap smear
An examination of cervical cells that is looking for signs of cervical cancer
3 external openings in the perineum
Vaginal and urethral orifices, and the anus
2 functions of the vagina
The birth canal and the site of sperm deposition
The fundus of the uterus is opposite what opening?
The cervix
Structures eggs travels through from point of ovulation to where it implants
Ovary, fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus, stratum functionalis of the endometrium
Primordial follicle vs primary follicle
Primordial follicle has a single layer of follicular cells and a primary follicle’s cells change to cuboidal cells surrounding the ovum
Primary follicle vs secondary follicle
Primary follicle’s cuboidal cells undergo mitosis forming the granulosa cells around the developing ovum and it is now classified as a secondary follicle
Secondary follicle vs tertiary follicle
Secondary follicle’s granulosa cells begin secreting follicular fluid which creates the antrum, a fluid filled space inside the follicle. Presence of the antrum makes it a tertiary follicle
Mature follicle vs corpus luteum
After the mature follicle releases the ovum during ovulation the follicle remains but now it has an empty interior. The follicle with no egg is the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and estradiol (estrogen)
What occurs in involution?
The corpus luteum shrinks and becomes the scar like tissue called the corpus albicans
What hormone would you give a woman that’s having trouble producing ova?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to promote the production of mature follicles from primordial cells
Bell-clapper deformity
The testis is not attached to the spermatic cord and is free to swing inside the scrotum
Cryptochidism
One or both of the testes of an infant have not descended into the scrotal sac by the first birthday. The testes have to be surgically descended because sperm cannot survive at the internal body temp of 37C , they need to be at 35C to survive
Hypospadias
Birth defect in which the external urethral orifice is not at the tip of the penis but somewhere on the underside of the penis
Enlargement of the prostate and its affect
Common in elderly men, rarely painful but enlarged prostate squeeze the prostatic urethra and makes it difficult to urinate
How many sperm are produced per day by a young, healthy male?
450 million sperm
2 functions of the penis
Elimination of urine and excretion of sperm
Structures sperm travels through from the point it becomes a spermatozoon to the exterior body
Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, head, body, and tail of the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice
What effect would the absence of interstitial cells would have on male fertility?
Without interstitial cells, testosterone levels would be low and the spermatogonia would not mature into sperm ready to fertilize
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase
Follicular Phase
This phase starts on the first day blood exits the vagina. FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland. Primordial follicles have receptors for FSH and begin folliculogenesis. One follicle becomes the dominant follicle and its granulosa cells secrete estradiol to increase its number of FSH receptors. Estradiol causes pituitary to stop releasing FSH and all but the dominant follicle stop maturing.
Ovulation Phase
Estradiol continues to increase and causes lutienizing hormone (LH) to be released. LH creates surge of follicular fluid in the mature follicle and leads to ovulation
Luteal Phase
LH causes empty follicle to become corpus luteum that produces estradiol and progesterone. In there is no fertilization the corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans and estradiol levels drop. Estradiol has been inhibiting the release of FSH from the pituitary gland but now that estradiol production has ceased, the pituitary is not inhibited and begins secreting FSH again and the ovarian cycle starts over agin
Phases of the uterine cycle during ovarian follicular cycle
Menstrual phase and proliferation phase
Phases of uterine cycle during ovarian ovulation and luteal cycles
Secretory phase and premenstural phase at the end of the ovarian luteal cycle
Menstrual phase
Day 1 of the uterine cycle because it marks the first time a woman is outwardly aware of changes in her uterus. Typically lasts between 5-7 days
Proliferation phase
Estradiol secreted from the developing mature follicle causes cells in the endometrium to begin diving rapidly to form the stratum functionalis on top of the always present stratum basalis. Stratum functionalis forms the layer that accepts the fertilized egg. The cells of this layer form progesterone receptors. Occurs between days 7 to 14
Secretory phase
Corpus luteum forms in the ovary and begins secreting progesterone. Progesterone promotes glandular growth in stratum functionalis and fluid accumulates and thickens this layer. Blood vessels also grow into the stratum functionalis. Occurs between days 14-26
Premenstrual Phase
If no fertilized egg has implanted in the stratum functionalis, the corpus luteum stops progesterone production and without progesterone the blood vessels to the stratum functionalis collapse and the cells begin to die. As they die they are shed and become part of menstrual fluid. Occurs between days 26-28.
Uterine cycle length
Varies person to person but can be as short as 21 days or as long as 45 days
