CH 28 HW Flashcards
The uterine tubes are also called?
Oviducts or fallopian tubes
Broad superior curvature; the “top” of the uterus
Fundus
Main body of the uterus
Corpus
Cylindrical inferior end of the uterus
Cervix
Uterine wall layers from superficial to deep
Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
The tube that allows discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of the penis and semen, and birth of a baby
The vagina
Why is the vaginal environment acidic?
To inhibit the growth of pathogens
The ____ is the large muscular organ that opens into the roof of the vagina
Uterus
The glands that are active in the breasts of lactating women, then atrophy when a woman ceases to nurse
Mammary glands
The series of physiological and anatomical changes that indicate the onset of a females reproductive life
Puberty
What is thelarche?
The onset of breast development and the first noticeable sign of puberty in females
A blind pouch at the superior end of the vagina that extends beyond the cervix
The fornix
What is normal vaginal pH?
Acidic at a pH of 3.5-4.0
The term that refers to the first menstrual period
Menarche
The term for the first appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands
Pubarche
What is the mound of glandular and adipose tissue overlying the pectoralis major muscle ?
The breast
The cessation of mestruation that occurs at midlife
Menopause
Rising levels of the hormone GnRH triggers the onset of ____, the transition that begins female reproductive life
Puberty
The production of the female haploid gamete is called?
Oogenesis
Eggs are or are not usually released in a girls first few menstrual cycles?
Are not
What will be formed only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?
A second polar body
As an egg undergoes oogenesis, the single layer of squamous cells that surround the egg undergoes ?
Folliculogenesis
What term refers specifically to the series of monthly changes that occur within the female uterus?
The menstrual cycle
What phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
The proliferative and menstrual phases
Estradiol serves what function during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
It stimulates the dominant follicle to upregulate its receptors
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, estradiol is secreted by the _______ cells of the natural follicles
Granulosa
The term for the small, no viable daughter cell that results from meiosis I
First polar body
The phase of the ovarian cycle that extends from ovulation to the start of menstruation is the?
Luteal phase
The phases of the menstrual cycle that occur during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
The secretory phase and the premenstrual phase
What is the progesterone-secreting structure that develops from the follicle following ovulation?
The Corpus Luteum
2 effects of estradiol during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
Inhibition of GnRH release and upregulation of FSH, LH, and estradiol receptors in dominant follicle
What structure secretes estradiol , progesterone, and inhibin?
The Corpus Luteum
Ovulation occurs when increased release of estrogen from a maturing follicle triggers a spike in what hormone?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
All the phases of the menstrual cycle
Proliferative, secretory, premenstrual, menstrual phases
During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, a ten-fold increase in what hormone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus fro a possible pregnancy?
Progesterone
What hormone stimulates fluid accumulation within the stratum functionalis during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone
What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
The functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt
What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
The endometrium thickens as a result of fluid accumulation
What hormone stimulates mitosis of the stratum basal is in order to rebuild the stratum functionalis?
Estrogen
Term for the duration of pregnancy
Gestation
The ____ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the rebuilding of the strum functionalis of the endometrium via mitosis
Proliferative
What term refers to the developing individual from the ninth week after conception until birth?
The Fetus
During which phase of the menstrual cycle is the endometrium grow thicker as a result of secretion and fluid accumulation
The secretory phase
Term for a developing human from day 16 to week 8 of prenatal development
Embryo
The ____ provides nutrients for the fetus, disposes of fetal waste, and secretes hormones
Placenta
The connection between the fetus and the placenta is called?
The umbilical cord
What hormone is secreted by the blastocysts and placenta during pregnancy to stimulate the growth of the corpus luteum?
Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG), it stimulates the growth of the corpus luteum and the corpus luteum produces progesterone which helps maintain the pregnancy
During pregnancy, estrogen is secreted by what 2 structures?
The corpus luteum and the placenta. Corpus luteum til about week 12 and then the placenta after that
Function of estrogens during pregnancy
Stimulates tissue growth in fetus and mother , stimulates mammary duct growth and increase in breast size, and makes pelvic joints more elastic
During pregnancy, what hormone suppresses uterine contractions, prevents menstruation, and stimulates development of mammary gland acini?
Progesterone
What is parturition?
The process of childbirth
What are the 2 ways oxytocin (OT) promotes labor?
OT stimulates fetal membranes to secrete prostaglandins which are synergists with OT , and OT directly stimulates the myometrium to contract
According to the positive feedback theory of labor, labor contractions are stimulated by pressure on what structure?
The cervix
The synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands
Lactation
Functions of progesterone during pregnancy
Suppresses uterine contractions, stimulates development of mammary acini, prevents menstruation
How is colostrum different from breast milk?
It has similar protein and lactose levels to breast milk but has 1/3 less fat
What hormone from the hypothalamus inhibits prolactin in the non-pregnant state?
Dopamine
What pituitary hormone promotes milk production?
Prolactin
