CH 20 HW Flashcards
By definition, arteries are blood vessels that do what?
Carry blood away from the heart
The endothelium is made of which type of epithelial tissue?
Simple squamous, super flat cells
Name of the small blood vessels that nourish the walls of larger vessels?
Vasa vasorum
What term refers to a weak, bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel?
Aneurysm
What is the order of the tunics from innermost to outermost?
Tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica external (adventitia)
What makes up the capillary wall?
Basal Lamina and Endothelium
What are the functions of the endothelium?
Acts as a selectively permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving the bloodstream, secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction of the vessel, and repels RBCs and platelets to retain flow
Where are continuous capillaries found?
Most tissues like skeletal muscle
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
Organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration of small molecules like the small intestine and kidneys
Where are sinusoids found?
Areas where large proteins and cells need to enter or leave the bloodstream like the liver and spleen
The vasa vasorum are small vessels that supply blood to which of the following?
The walls of large blood vessels. They provide nutrients to the wall of large blood vessels because the blood moves through the vessel too quickly for the vessel to absorb nutrients from it
Newly formed blood cells enter circulation from the bone marrow and lymphatic organs by passing through the walls of what?
Sinusoids
Blood flow into capillary beds is regulated by smooth muscle structures called what?
Precapillary Sphincters , they surround the openings to the capillaries
A weak, bulging sac in the wall of an artery that pulsates with each beat of the heart and which may eventually rupture is called?
An aneurysm
Is the diameter of some capillaries smaller than the diameter of an RBC?
Yes, RBCs get squished and change shape to fit into these tiny capillaries
A circulatory route in which blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart
A portal system
Put capillary types in order from least permeable to most permeable
Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, and Sinusoids
T or F: The femur has greater blood flow but less perfusion than the ovary
True! Perfusion is the ratio of flow to grams of tissue
Name for the irregular blood-filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and some other organs?
Sinusoids
The force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall?
Blood pressure
Blood flow into capillary beds is regulated by ?
Precapillary Sphincters
Systolic pressure is the lowest where?
In veins closest to the heart
Valves that direct blood towards the heart are formed by unfolding of which layer of the vein wall?
The tunica interna
3 Factors that affect peripheral resistance
Vessel radius, blood viscosity, vessel length
3 places portal systems occur
The kidneys, between the hypothalamus anterior pituitary, and between the intestines and liver
The flow of blood per given volume or mass of tissue is known as…
Perfusion
What term refers to the widening of blood vessels caused by relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media?
Vasodilation
An excess of Carbon Dioxide in the blood is known as?
Hypercapnia
Place the blood vessels in order from Highest blood pressure to lowest
Aorta, Systemic Artery, Capillary, Venule, Systemic vein
A thrombosis (blood clot) can cause what?
Ischemia (insufficient perfusion)
As blood flows through vessels in encounters forces caused by several factors that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called?
Peripheral Resistance
What layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle and is responsible for enacting vasomotion?
Tunica Media
What are the chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the peri vascular tissues?
Antibodies, Hormones, Oxygen, and Glucose
Term that refers to the narrowing of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media
Vasoconstriction
What are the substances that leave the blood by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells?
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Steroid hormones
Describe the general process of capillary fluid exchange
Fluid moves out of a capillary bed at the arterial end, exchanges materials with the tissue cells, then renters the blood at the venous end
A general insufficient flow of blood to a tissue is called?
Ischemia
Blood Colloid Osmotic pressure (COP) is primarily determined by what protein?
Albumin
What are the functions of vasoreflexes?
They modify perfusion to an organ or tissue and they help regulate blood pressure
What condition presents a threat of suffocation as fluid replaces air in the lungs?
Pulmonary Edema
T or F: Capillary exchange is a 2 way movement of fluids and substances
True
Possible consequences of cerebral edema
Headaches, nausea, seizures, delirium
What can diffuse directly across the plasma membrane without the help of membrane channels, filtration pores, or intercellular clefts?
Oxygen
Interstitial fluids typically enter the venous end of a capillary bed via which process?
Osmosis
Which force opposes hydrostatic pressure along with the capillary and interstitial pressures?
Colloid osmotic pressure
List the mechanisms of venous return
Cardiac suction, gravity, muscle contraction (the skeletal muscle pump), Respiration (the thoracic pump)
What can cause systemic edema?
Failure of the right ventricle
What are some possible consequences of edema?
Tissue death and circulatory shock
Term that refers to the flow of blood back to the heart?
Venous return
List the reasons venous return increases during exercise
Increased breathing enhances action of the thoracic pump, the heart beats faster, increasing blood pressure, and increased muscle contraction enhances action of the skeletal muscle pump
What is the most important force in venous flow?
Pressure generated by the heart
Hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, and dehydration are all common causes of what type of shock?
Hypovolemic
The mechanism by which contracting limb muscles squeeze blood out of the compressed part of a vein in only one direction is known as?
The skeletal muscle pump
Which type of shock results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic, which causes generalized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?
Anaphylactic shock
Brief episodes of cerebral ischemia produce which of the following?
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
During strenuous exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What type of vessel dilates in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine to facilitate this?
Arterioles
What type of shock is caused by inadequate pumping of the heart?
Cardiogenic Shock
What type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?
Septic Shock
List the branches of the aortic arch in order starting with the branch closest to the heart at the top
Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left common carotid, left subclavian
List the characteristics of a Transient Ischemic Attack
Temporary paralysis, temporary dizziness, temporary loss of vision, headache, temporary weakness
In skeletal muscles, most of the capillary beds are shut down at rest. Which type of vessel is therefore constricted at rest?
Arterioles
List in order the vessels an RBC travels in the pulmonary circuit from the right ventricle to the left atrium
Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, Lobar arteries, Alveolar capillaries, Pulmonary veins, Left Atrium
What is the middle branch off the aortic arch?
Left common carotid artery
Brief episodes of cerebral ischemia produce which of the following?
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
List all of the arteries that branch DIRECTLY off the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
