Lab Quiz 1 (Lab 1, 2, 3 & Lab Rules) Flashcards
A patient’s blood tests indicate anemia. What test values would be outside the normal range?
Hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
Name 2 blood tests that might indicate kidney damage
Creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
What blood test would indicate possible diabetes? What would the range be for Prediabetes?
Glucose test , 101-126mg/dL
People with emphysema would have high levels of which blood gas?
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Why would low sodium levels in the blood be a problem?
It is very important in nerve conduction and muscle contraction
This form of leukemia is characterized by large numbers of eosinophils
Eosinophilia Leukemia
The RBCs appear very odd, with some cells seeming much larger than normal and others appearing much smaller. In addition some may appear oblong or have uncharacteristic shapes.
Iron Deficiency anemia
Some RBCs will have a “sickle” shape similar to a crescent
Sickle Cell Anemia
Large numbers of lymphocytes are present characterized by large nuclei that fill most of the cell
Lymphocytic Leukemia
Calcium levels are part of BMP. Give 3 physiological processes that require calcium
Muscle contraction, Nerve impulse, and blood clot (coagulation)
What would be the color of a positive and negative Benedict’s test for Glucose?
If Positive (glucose is present) it will be red, orange, or brown. If negative it will remain blue.
Birrer reagent tests for the presence of which organic molecule?
Protein
What color is Biuret’s solution when protein is present and when it is not?
Blue when no protein is present, Purple when protein is present
A sample of plasma turns cloudy with the addition of AgNO3 (silver nitrate). What does this result mean?
This means the sample of plasma contains Chloride
How can you tell a neutrophil from a basophil?
Neutrophils have a multi-lobular nucleus and are large than basophils. Basophils have a dark blue stain
How can you distinguish a lymphocyte from a monocyte?
Monocytes are larger than lymphocytes and a monocyte’s nucleus may have a kidney shape
What color should an Eosinophil stain with Eosin?
Orange/pink. Eosin is a red stain
What blood test would give you info about the average size of a RBC?
MCV , mean corpuscular volume
Normal WBC count
Around 5,000 cells/uL
White blood cell differential (%) :
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils 40-60%
Lymphocytes 20-40%
Monocytes 3-7%
Eosinophils 1-3%
Basophils 0.0 - 1%
Normal RBC count
Around 5 million cells/uL or 5 x 10^9 cells/mL
What does the Hematocrit (HCT) show?
The % of blood volume that is composed of RBCs (also referred to as packed cell volume)
Normal Platelet count
150,000 platelets/uL
How many times more platelets are there than WBCs?
30 times more
What CBC tests give an accurate look at overall blood health?
MPV (mean platelet count) , MCV , MCH, MCHC
What are the granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
What are the agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
What is a hemocytometer?
A specialized slide used to count cells
One cm^3 is equivalent to?
1mL, they are interchangeable
Why do we use hemocytometers?
It would be impossible to count the number of RBCs in a reasonable amount of time so we use a hemocytometer to count the number of cells in a smaller volume and then scale that amount up to predict the number of cells in a larger volume
What is the conversion factor?
The conversion factor represents how many times the smaller volume fits into the larger volume. It is the ratio of the large volume to the small volume
What is the average volume of blood flowing in the circulatory system?
5L
How many mm are there in 1cm?
10mm , 1cm = 10mm
What is a solution?
A homogenous mixture of more than one solute
Why would 2 different samples that came from the same suspension have different cell counts?
Because suspensions are not homogeneous mixtures. Each sample will have a slightly different composition
Why must a coverslip used when working with a hemocytometer?
Because the cover slip adds the dimension of height so that we can figure out the amount of cells in a given volume. Without a fixed height, we can’t calculate the volume
Why do you have to keep stirring a flask of yeast?
Because the yeast is a suspension and if it is not continually stirred, the heavier particles will separate and fall to the bottom of the flask . Blood is similar in that if it is not kept moving, platelets will agglutinate and clotting factors will be released
Are no show socks okay in lab?
No. No kind of open toed shoes can be worn in lab and socks must completely cover the ankle
Is long hair okay in lab?
Yes but it must be tied back. Similarly dangling jewelry or baggy clothes must be fixed
Where do bags and coats go?
Bags go under the lab desk or by the windows, coats can also go by windows or hung on coat rack.
Where do paper and glass get disposed?
Paper scraps in the trash and glass in the white glass disposal box
Where does Media(materials) with microorganisms go?
Always should be placed in the biohazard bag or labeled autoclavable
If a substance gets into your eye, you should flush eyes for how long?
20 mins
In the event of a fire or fire drill
shut off all equipment, take all belongings, do not use elevators or escalators, and proceed to nearest exit
What is cardiomyopathy and what are the anatomical differences in a heart with cardiomyopathy?
Cardiomyopathy is disease of the heart muscle. The ventricle walls are thinner, the ventricles are much larger, and overall the heart will be strained to pump out blood and blood flow will be decreased
What is the foramen ovale? Where is it found? What is its function?
The foramen ovale connects the right and left atriums in a fetal heart and allows blood to pass directly between the atriums , bypassing the lungs. Blood doesn’t need to go to the lungs to pick up oxygen because the fetus gets it’s oxygen from the mother through diffusion across the placenta
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right?
Because the blood has to travel from the left ventricle throughout the entire body/systemic circuit.
Looking at an intact heart, how can you tell the right side from the left?
If you locate the interventricular sulcus, everything below it is the left side and everything above it is the right side
Looking at a dissected heart, how can you tell right side from left?
The left side ventricle wall is much thicker than the right
Which valves separate the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
The aortic semilunar valve and the pulmonary semilunar valve, respectively
Which valves separate the atria and ventricles?
The Atrioventricular valves (AV Valves).
Right = Tricuspid Valve
Left = Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve)
A blunt probe placed into the aorta will go into which chamber?
The left ventricle
A blunt probe placed into the pulmonary trunk will go into which chamber?
The right Ventricle
A blunt probe placed into the superior or inferior vena cavae will go into which chamber?
Right atrium
A blunt probe placed into the pulmonary veins will go into which chamber?
The left atrium
What section of the heart would create a right and left half?
A sagital section
What section of a heart would create a superior and inferior half?
A transverse section
What section would produce an anterior and posterior half?
A frontal section
What is the volume of hemocytometer counting box? How many counting boxes are there in 1 counting area?
0.2mm L x 0.2mm W x 0.1mm H = 0.004mm^3
What sides of the hemocytometer counting box do you not count? How do you count clumps of cells?
The right and bottom sides. Count clumps of cells as one cell!
How many total cells do you have in your body?
50 trillion
What % of the total amount of cells in our body are RBCs?
50% (approx 25 trillion RBCs)
Another name for platelets. What cell are platelets a small part of?
Thrombocytes, megakaryocytes
What does centrifuging blood do?
Separates the plasma from the formed elements (rbc’s, wbc’s, platelets)
Why do we test blood for Chloride? What do we use to test for chloride in blood plasma?
Because Na is often present for Chloride. So if we know there is chloride, there is also Na. AgNO (Silver nitrate)
Ligament that attaches Aorta to pulmonary trunk?
Ductus Arteriosus
Function of Ductus Arteriosus
It is another bypass of the lungs in fetal heart. It is crucial is closes after birth so that baby must use lungs to oxygenate blood
2 blood tests that might indicate anemia
Creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
