CH 23 HW & Quiz Flashcards
How do the kidneys regulate water intake and output?
By regulating water output
2 examples of nitrogenous wastes secreted by the kidneys
Creatinine and Urea
The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them form the body is called?
Excretion
Urine (filtrate) flows from the renal pelvis directly into?
The ureter
How do the kidneys’ regulate osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure?
By regulating water and sodium output
How do most nitrogenous wastes originate?
As byproducts of protein catabolism
The ____ carries blood out of the glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
The ball of capillaries within a nephron is called a?
Glomerulus
The glomerulus is surrounded by?
The glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)
The renal pyramids of the medulla receive their blood supply from what blood vessel network?
Vasa Recta
The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a ?
Glomerular capsule
The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a ?
Glomerulus
Which segments of the Nephron loop actively transport salts?
Thick
Blood vessels of the vasa recta arise from what?
Efferent arterioles
The collecting duct receives fluid from?
The Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
How many nephrons are in a kidney?
1.2 million
What type of nephron has a short nephron loop and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface?
Cortical Nephrons
What is the longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
T or F: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins
True
Which segment of the nephron loop is permeable to water?
Thin segment
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form?
Glomerular filtrate
How is the distal convoluted tubule different than the proximal?
It is shorter and less coiled
The glomerulus is composed of which type of capillaries?
Fenestrated
Blood hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid _____ the blood and ____ the capsular space
Out of, into
Which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
How can hypertension damage the glomerular capillaries?
It can scar them
The fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration is called?
Filtrate
In young females, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is about _____ mL/min?
105 mL/min (it’s about 10% less than males)
What happens if the glomerular filtration rate is too slow?
Fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur
From the blood side to the capsular space, List in order the structures through which filtrate must pass
Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, filtration slit
How does the activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?
It increases blood pressure
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called?
Tubular reabsorption
How does hypertension lead to kidney damage?
It can rupture glomerular capillaries
Define transport maximum
It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed by the tubules
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
The amount of filtrate formed per min by the two kidneys
The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what?
The concentration of urine so the body isn’t loosing the fluid and electrolytes it needs to hold on to
What happens if the glomerular filtration rate is too high?
Fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly , urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion May occur
List the hormones that regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Natriuretic peptides, Aldosterone
What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
Decreased blood pressure
Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone?
Ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct
Where does most tubular reabsorption take place?
The proximal convoluted tubule
What is it called when the transport proteins within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed
Transport maximum
What are the combined effects of atrial natriuretic peptide?
Through 4 different mechanisms, the result is the excretion of more salt and water in the urine, thereby reducing blood volume and pressure
List the solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop back to the blood stream
Sodium ions, Chloride, and potassium ions
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct?
The reabsorption of water and salts
What is the hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, thus increasing its reabsorption?
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
Describe effect of Aldosterone
Causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and water the follows) and secretion of potassium from later segments of renal tubule
What is the action of Parathyroid hormone on the kidneys?
Decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases calcium reabsorption
What leads to an increased secretion of natriuretic peptides?
Increased blood pressure
How does ADH affect the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?
It increases their permeability
What is the countercurrent multiplier in the nephron?
The nephron loop
The osmolarity of the ECF deep in the renal medulla is ____ than that of the ECF of the renal cortex
Higher
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte ______ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte ______
Sodium, potassium
How does the ascending limb of the nephron loop shift sodium, potassium, and chloride into the ECF?
Through active transport
PTH acts on the PCT to inhibit _____ reabsorption and on the DCT to increase _____ reabsorption
Phosphate, calcium
The salts in the medullary ECF were transported from which limb of the nephron loop?
The ascending limb
ADH increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called?
Aquaporins
Which structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger?
Vasa recta
The importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient
It allows for the production of very concentrated urine
Dieresis (Polyuria)
Increased urine output caused by fluid intake, diabetes, or some medications
As fluid flows down the water permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is?
Increasing, becoming more concentrated
Hyperglycemia in diabetes results in glucose in the urine, a condition called what?
Glycosuria
What is the source of the salts that contribute to the high osmolarity of the medullary ECF?
The active transport of Na+, K+, and Cl- from the ascending limb of the nephron loop
What does diabetes insipidus result from?
Hyposecretion of ADH
What is the normal pH range of urine?
4.5-8.2
Describe the ureters
They deliver urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder
The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the?
Trigone
List the symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria, dehydration, and Glycosuria
Urine is conveyed out of the body by a tube called the?
Urethra
T of F: Gestational diabetes, diabetes insipidus, and diabetes mellitus all are characterized by glycosuria
FALSE. Only gestational diabetes and diabetes mellitus are characterized by glycosuria. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by Polyuria
The renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a?
Ureter
Describe the composition and location of the bladder?
A muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symphysis
