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A&P II > CH 18 > Flashcards

CH 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the cardiovascular system (not circulatory)?

A

Blood vessels and the heart

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2
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Platelets, WBCs, RBCs, and Plasma

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3
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A

Clotting, immune defense, and transport of iron, copper, lipids, and hydrophobic hormones

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4
Q

Which property of blood is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall?

A

Osmolarity

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5
Q

What term refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements?

A

Hematopoiesis

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6
Q

Which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport oxygen?

A

Erythrocytes

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7
Q

Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles?

A

Erythrocytes

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8
Q

Functions of Albumin

A

Solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity

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9
Q

Globulins function

A

Immunity

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10
Q

Fibrinogen function

A

Clotting

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11
Q

Structure of adult hemoglobin

A

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

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12
Q

What could decreased blood osmolarity lead to?

A

Low blood pressure and Edema (too much water in the tissues , swollen tissues)

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13
Q

T or F: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die

A

True

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14
Q

What is the most abundant formed element of the blood?

A

Erythrocytes

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15
Q

What is the role of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

Stimulates RBC production

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16
Q

At which stage of erythrocyte development are the RBCs released into the blood?

A

Once they are Reticulocytes, they are released from the bone marrow into the blood

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17
Q

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

A
  1. Heme groups bind oxygen to iron. 1 hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
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18
Q

What nutrient is critical for hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Iron

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19
Q

How long does it take to produce Erythrocytes?

A

Usually 3 to 5 days

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20
Q

What is a possible side effect of excessive antacid use?

A

Decreased absorption of iron by the intestine

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21
Q

Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?

A

The spleen

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22
Q

What organ secretes Erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

The kidneys

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23
Q

The rupture of red blood cells is called what?

A

Hemolysis

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24
Q

How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells?

A

Reticulocytes have polyribosomes and are far less numerous than RBCs. Only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes

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25
Q

Inadequate Erythropoietin or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhage, and increased RBC destruction are all common causes of what erythrocyte disorder?

A

Anemia

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26
Q

Steps of Iron Metabolism after absorption from Small intestine into Blood stream

A

1) Absorbed Fe2+ (ferrous ion) binds to transferrin in blood plasma
2) Some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage in the liver
3) Fe2+ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin in the liver
4) Remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe2+ is used

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27
Q

Antigens on the surface of Erythrocyte membranes determine what?

A

Blood type

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28
Q

Iron needs to be in the Fe2+ form to be absorbed. What converts Fe3+ to Fe2+?

A

Stomach Acid

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29
Q

Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?

A

Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible and resilient

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30
Q

A person who has A+ blood has what antigens expressed on the surface of their RBCs?

A

Antigen A and Antigen D

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31
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

The destruction of RBCs

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32
Q

What causes hemolytic disease (erythroblastosis) of the newborn (HDN)?

A

Maternal anti-D destroys fetal erythrocytes

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33
Q

A person’s specific blood type is based on what?

A

Antigens expressed on the RBC plasma membrane

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34
Q

Which WBCs are classified by agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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35
Q

Which erythrocyte cell-surface antigens determine a person’s ABO blood group?

A

Antigens A and B (O is the absence of antigen A or B)

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36
Q

The most numerous WBCs are usually what?

A

Neutrophils

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37
Q

What term refers to the development of WBCs?

A

Leukopoiesis

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38
Q

What types of leukocytes are classified as granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophils

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39
Q

A giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus and fragments to form platelets

A

Megakaryocyte

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40
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

A physiological process that controls/prevents excessive bleeding

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41
Q

WBC differential % in a healthy person

A

Neutrophils 60-70%
Lymphocytes 25-33%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils < 0.5%

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42
Q

What are the 3 hemostatic mechanisms?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

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43
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

Production of WBCs

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44
Q

What is vascular spasm?

A

A short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss

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45
Q

What is the purpose of a differential WBC count?

A

To determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocyte in a sample

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46
Q

What may activate platelets?

A

Exposed collagen

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47
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Giant bone marrow cells that break off to produce platelets

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48
Q

As platelets aggregate during the second step of hemostasis, which events occur?

A

Platelets degranulate resulting in the release of thromboxane A, ADP and serotonin

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49
Q

What is the first response to a blood vessel injury?

A

Vascular spasm

50
Q

What is the main goal of coagulation?

A

Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

51
Q

When collagen in the wall of a blood vessel is exposed as a result of injury, ______ adhere and develop long, spiny pseudopods which draw the vessel walls back together

A

Platelets

52
Q

The release of clotting factors by damaged blood vessels and peri vascular tissues initiates what pathway of coagulation?

A

Extrinsic pathway

53
Q

The reproduction of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells during injury repair is triggered by what?

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

54
Q

Steps of Platelet Plug formation

A

1) Contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface
2)Platelets grow long spiny pseudopods
3)Pseudopods contract and draw the vessel walls together
4)Mass of platelets forms a platelet plug

55
Q

What term refers to the interaction of protein factors to form a clot?

A

Coagulation

56
Q

Platelet repulsion, dilution, and substances like heparin or anti thrombin help do what?

A

Prevent inappropriate clotting

57
Q

The clotting cascade that originates within the blood itself is called what?

A

Intrinsic pathway

58
Q

What term refers to a blood clot that breaks loose and travels throughout the bloodstream?

A

An Embolus

59
Q

When they are in the tissues, masses of clotted blood are called?

A

Hematomas

60
Q

RBC Count

A

The total number of RBCs in the blood

61
Q

Hemoglobin Concentration

A

The measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells

62
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

63
Q

Beginning of Extrinsic Pathway

A

Damaged vessel releases thromboplastin (Factor III)

64
Q

Beginning of Intrinsic Pathway

A

Aggregated platelets release Hageman factor (factor XII)

65
Q

List the leukocytes from most abundant to least in healthy individuals

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

66
Q

Leukopenia

A

A total WBC count below 5,000 cells/uL

67
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer that produces a high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors

68
Q

Myeloid Leukemia

A

Marked by uncontrolled granulocyte production (myeloid tissue refers to bone marrow)

69
Q

Lymphoid Leukemia

A

Involves uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production

70
Q

Leukocytosis

A

A total WBC count above 10,000 cells/uL

71
Q

Acute Leukemia

A

Appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, and causes death within a few months

72
Q

Chronic Leukemia

A

Develops more slowly and may go undetected for many months

73
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Inadequate oxygen transport

74
Q

Hypoxemia Negative Feedback Loop

A

1) Inadequate oxygen transport is detected by the kidneys and liver
2) When detected, erythropoietin (EPO) is produced and secreted
3) EPO stimulates the red bone marrow to produce RBCs
4) Oxygen transport throughout the body increases

75
Q

Circulatory System refers to?

A

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

76
Q

The body’s regular pH

A

7.4

77
Q

What do Hemo- , Leuko- , and Erythro- mean?

A

Blood, white, and red

78
Q

Why does BLOOD transport oxygen?

A

Because blood interacts with all the tissues all over the body

79
Q

Why does blood transport OXYGEN?

A

Because oxygen provides a lot more energy for aerobic respiration than the amount of energy that can be produced from anaerobic respiration

80
Q

What is Urea?

A

The most abundant nitrogenous waste

81
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogens

82
Q

What does plasma lack that other connective tissues all have?

A

Plasma lacks fibers

83
Q

What produces most of the plasma proteins?

A

The liver

84
Q

What is the difference between blood plasma and serum?

A

In blood serum, the clotting factors have been filtered out

85
Q

Hypoxia vs Hypoxemia

A

Hypoxia is not enough oxygen in the tissues and Hypoxemia is not enough oxygen in the blood

86
Q

Why do tissues need oxygen to survive?

A

Tissues need oxygen to survive to produce ATP and synthesize proteins, to divide and multiply, and to conduct active transport of ions across cell membranes

87
Q

What fraction of a L is a deciliter (dL) and what fraction of a L is a microliter (uL)?

A

1/10 of a liter and 1/1,000,000 of a liter

88
Q

How many total cells are in your body rn?

A

About 50 trillion cells

89
Q

What does Hematopoiesis refer to?

A

The production of ALL blood cells especially the formed elements

90
Q

What produces blood cells in a fetus?

A

The liver, spleen, and thymus

91
Q

What is the primary job of a stem cell?

A

Mitosis

92
Q

Most abundant WBC

A

Neutrophil

93
Q

Least abundant WBC

A

Basophil

94
Q

Why do people that live at higher altitudes have higher RBC counts?

A

At higher altitudes there is less oxygen per breath. To compensate for that, RBC count increased to be able to grab more oxygen per breath and hold on to it as it comes into the lungs

95
Q

What produces hemoglobin?

A

Erythroblasts

96
Q

What foods contain dietary iron? Folic Acid? Vitamin C?

A

Meat and dark leafy greens
Dark leafy greens
Citrus like oranges

97
Q

Where is excess iron stored?

A

In the liver

98
Q

What helps store necessary dietary nutrients?

A

Intrinsic factor in the small intestine

99
Q

Where is the spleen?

A

In left abdominal cavity

100
Q

What is jaundice an indication of?

A

Liver damage/failure

101
Q

Why do we only have 2 genes for every trait?

A

Because we get a gene from each parent, one from the mother and one form the father

102
Q

What type of agglutinins (antibodies) do type O people produce?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

103
Q

What type of agglutinins do type AB people produce?

A

They produce neither agglutinin

104
Q

Hemostasis

A

The control/cessation of bleeding

105
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Excessive, uncontrolled bleeding (potentially fatal)

106
Q

Why doesn’t your blood clot while its flowing?

A

Because there are anti-coagulant factors in the blood and the blood is diluted enough that clotting factors do not activate

107
Q

What fiber is necessary for a blood clot?

A

Fibrin

108
Q

What is a scab?

A

A scab is a dried blood clot

109
Q

What is the stimulus for the positive feedback loop in platelet plug formation?

A

The exposed collagen that attracts platelets in the beginning

110
Q

How would liver disease affect blood clotting?

A

Both prothrombin and fibrinogen are produced in the liver and are the precursors for the formation of Thrombin and thrombin is needed for formation of fibrin. Without these enzymes readily circulating in the blood, blood clotting will not happen efficiently enough

111
Q

Action of Thrombin

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

112
Q

What Clotting pathway is more efficient?

A

Intrinsic pathway because while it has more steps, at each step more and more clotting factor is produced

113
Q

What is Plasmin?

A

Plasmin is the enzyme that dissolves a clot

114
Q

Prostacylin

A

Makes the endothelium a slippery surface to prevent erythrocytes from sticking to it

115
Q

Most common form of Hemophilia

A

Hemophilia A , makes up for 83% of cases, is X-linked recessive , and is caused by missing factor VIII

116
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

A blood clot that moves to the lungs

117
Q

Infarction

A

Death of tissue due to lack of oxygen

118
Q

Common anticoagulants

A

Warfarin (prevents formation of fibrin) , Aspirin (suppresses thromboxane A2)

119
Q

How does Hypoxemia lead to polycythemia?

A

Hypoxemia leads to an increase in erythropoiesis which can temporarily result in higher than normal levels of RBCs until the levels balance out

120
Q

Negative affect of Sickle Cell shaped RBCs

A

Spiky cells can damage internal wall of capillary and cause the formation of clots

121
Q

If both parents are carriers of Sickle Cell anemia, what are the chances offspring will have it?

A

25% chance

122
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

A&P II (15 decks)

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