CH 18 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What is included in the cardiovascular system (not circulatory)?
A
Blood vessels and the heart
2
Q
What are the components of blood?
A
Platelets, WBCs, RBCs, and Plasma
3
Q
What are the functions of plasma proteins?
A
Clotting, immune defense, and transport of iron, copper, lipids, and hydrophobic hormones
4
Q
Which property of blood is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall?
A
Osmolarity
5
Q
What term refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements?
A
Hematopoiesis
6
Q
Which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport oxygen?
A
Erythrocytes
7
Q
Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles?
A
Erythrocytes
8
Q
Functions of Albumin
A
Solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity
9
Q
Globulins function
A
Immunity
10
Q
Fibrinogen function
A
Clotting
11
Q
Structure of adult hemoglobin
A
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
12
Q
What could decreased blood osmolarity lead to?
A
Low blood pressure and Edema (too much water in the tissues , swollen tissues)
13
Q
T or F: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die
A
True
14
Q
What is the most abundant formed element of the blood?
A
Erythrocytes
15
Q
What is the role of Erythropoietin (EPO)?
A
Stimulates RBC production
16
Q
At which stage of erythrocyte development are the RBCs released into the blood?
A
Once they are Reticulocytes, they are released from the bone marrow into the blood
17
Q
How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?
A
- Heme groups bind oxygen to iron. 1 hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
18
Q
What nutrient is critical for hemoglobin synthesis?
A
Iron
19
Q
How long does it take to produce Erythrocytes?
A
Usually 3 to 5 days
20
Q
What is a possible side effect of excessive antacid use?
A
Decreased absorption of iron by the intestine
21
Q
Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?
A
The spleen
22
Q
What organ secretes Erythropoietin (EPO)?
A
The kidneys
23
Q
The rupture of red blood cells is called what?
A
Hemolysis
24
Q
How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells?
A
Reticulocytes have polyribosomes and are far less numerous than RBCs. Only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes
25
Inadequate Erythropoietin or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhage, and increased RBC destruction are all common causes of what erythrocyte disorder?
Anemia
26
Steps of Iron Metabolism after absorption from Small intestine into Blood stream
1) Absorbed Fe2+ (ferrous ion) binds to transferrin in blood plasma
2) Some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage in the liver
3) Fe2+ binds apoferritin to be stored as ferritin in the liver
4) Remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe2+ is used
27
Antigens on the surface of Erythrocyte membranes determine what?
Blood type
28
Iron needs to be in the Fe2+ form to be absorbed. What converts Fe3+ to Fe2+?
Stomach Acid
29
Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?
Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible and resilient
30
A person who has A+ blood has what antigens expressed on the surface of their RBCs?
Antigen A and Antigen D
31
What is hemolysis?
The destruction of RBCs
32
What causes hemolytic disease (erythroblastosis) of the newborn (HDN)?
Maternal anti-D destroys fetal erythrocytes
33
A person’s specific blood type is based on what?
Antigens expressed on the RBC plasma membrane
34
Which WBCs are classified by agranulocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
35
Which erythrocyte cell-surface antigens determine a person’s ABO blood group?
Antigens A and B (O is the absence of antigen A or B)
36
The most numerous WBCs are usually what?
Neutrophils
37
What term refers to the development of WBCs?
Leukopoiesis
38
What types of leukocytes are classified as granulocytes?
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophils
39
A giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus and fragments to form platelets
Megakaryocyte
40
What is hemostasis?
A physiological process that controls/prevents excessive bleeding
41
WBC differential % in a healthy person
Neutrophils 60-70%
Lymphocytes 25-33%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils < 0.5%
42
What are the 3 hemostatic mechanisms?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
43
What is leukopoiesis?
Production of WBCs
44
What is vascular spasm?
A short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss
45
What is the purpose of a differential WBC count?
To determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocyte in a sample
46
What may activate platelets?
Exposed collagen
47
What are megakaryocytes?
Giant bone marrow cells that break off to produce platelets
48
As platelets aggregate during the second step of hemostasis, which events occur?
Platelets degranulate resulting in the release of thromboxane A, ADP and serotonin
49
What is the first response to a blood vessel injury?
Vascular spasm
50
What is the main goal of coagulation?
Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
51
When collagen in the wall of a blood vessel is exposed as a result of injury, ______ adhere and develop long, spiny pseudopods which draw the vessel walls back together
Platelets
52
The release of clotting factors by damaged blood vessels and peri vascular tissues initiates what pathway of coagulation?
Extrinsic pathway
53
The reproduction of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells during injury repair is triggered by what?
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
54
Steps of Platelet Plug formation
1) Contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface
2)Platelets grow long spiny pseudopods
3)Pseudopods contract and draw the vessel walls together
4)Mass of platelets forms a platelet plug
55
What term refers to the interaction of protein factors to form a clot?
Coagulation
56
Platelet repulsion, dilution, and substances like heparin or anti thrombin help do what?
Prevent inappropriate clotting
57
The clotting cascade that originates within the blood itself is called what?
Intrinsic pathway
58
What term refers to a blood clot that breaks loose and travels throughout the bloodstream?
An Embolus
59
When they are in the tissues, masses of clotted blood are called?
Hematomas
60
RBC Count
The total number of RBCs in the blood
61
Hemoglobin Concentration
The measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells
62
Hematocrit
The percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs
63
Beginning of Extrinsic Pathway
Damaged vessel releases thromboplastin (Factor III)
64
Beginning of Intrinsic Pathway
Aggregated platelets release Hageman factor (factor XII)
65
List the leukocytes from most abundant to least in healthy individuals
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
66
Leukopenia
A total WBC count below 5,000 cells/uL
67
Leukemia
Cancer that produces a high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors
68
Myeloid Leukemia
Marked by uncontrolled granulocyte production (myeloid tissue refers to bone marrow)
69
Lymphoid Leukemia
Involves uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production
70
Leukocytosis
A total WBC count above 10,000 cells/uL
71
Acute Leukemia
Appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, and causes death within a few months
72
Chronic Leukemia
Develops more slowly and may go undetected for many months
73
Hypoxemia
Inadequate oxygen transport
74
Hypoxemia Negative Feedback Loop
1) Inadequate oxygen transport is detected by the kidneys and liver
2) When detected, erythropoietin (EPO) is produced and secreted
3) EPO stimulates the red bone marrow to produce RBCs
4) Oxygen transport throughout the body increases
75
Circulatory System refers to?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
76
The body’s regular pH
7.4
77
What do Hemo- , Leuko- , and Erythro- mean?
Blood, white, and red
78
Why does BLOOD transport oxygen?
Because blood interacts with all the tissues all over the body
79
Why does blood transport OXYGEN?
Because oxygen provides a lot more energy for aerobic respiration than the amount of energy that can be produced from anaerobic respiration
80
What is Urea?
The most abundant nitrogenous waste
81
What are the plasma proteins?
Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogens
82
What does plasma lack that other connective tissues all have?
Plasma lacks fibers
83
What produces most of the plasma proteins?
The liver
84
What is the difference between blood plasma and serum?
In blood serum, the clotting factors have been filtered out
85
Hypoxia vs Hypoxemia
Hypoxia is not enough oxygen in the tissues and Hypoxemia is not enough oxygen in the blood
86
Why do tissues need oxygen to survive?
Tissues need oxygen to survive to produce ATP and synthesize proteins, to divide and multiply, and to conduct active transport of ions across cell membranes
87
What fraction of a L is a deciliter (dL) and what fraction of a L is a microliter (uL)?
1/10 of a liter and 1/1,000,000 of a liter
88
How many total cells are in your body rn?
About 50 trillion cells
89
What does Hematopoiesis refer to?
The production of ALL blood cells especially the formed elements
90
What produces blood cells in a fetus?
The liver, spleen, and thymus
91
What is the primary job of a stem cell?
Mitosis
92
Most abundant WBC
Neutrophil
93
Least abundant WBC
Basophil
94
Why do people that live at higher altitudes have higher RBC counts?
At higher altitudes there is less oxygen per breath. To compensate for that, RBC count increased to be able to grab more oxygen per breath and hold on to it as it comes into the lungs
95
What produces hemoglobin?
Erythroblasts
96
What foods contain dietary iron? Folic Acid? Vitamin C?
Meat and dark leafy greens
Dark leafy greens
Citrus like oranges
97
Where is excess iron stored?
In the liver
98
What helps store necessary dietary nutrients?
Intrinsic factor in the small intestine
99
Where is the spleen?
In left abdominal cavity
100
What is jaundice an indication of?
Liver damage/failure
101
Why do we only have 2 genes for every trait?
Because we get a gene from each parent, one from the mother and one form the father
102
What type of agglutinins (antibodies) do type O people produce?
Anti-A and Anti-B
103
What type of agglutinins do type AB people produce?
They produce neither agglutinin
104
Hemostasis
The control/cessation of bleeding
105
Hemorrhage
Excessive, uncontrolled bleeding (potentially fatal)
106
Why doesn’t your blood clot while its flowing?
Because there are anti-coagulant factors in the blood and the blood is diluted enough that clotting factors do not activate
107
What fiber is necessary for a blood clot?
Fibrin
108
What is a scab?
A scab is a dried blood clot
109
What is the stimulus for the positive feedback loop in platelet plug formation?
The exposed collagen that attracts platelets in the beginning
110
How would liver disease affect blood clotting?
Both prothrombin and fibrinogen are produced in the liver and are the precursors for the formation of Thrombin and thrombin is needed for formation of fibrin. Without these enzymes readily circulating in the blood, blood clotting will not happen efficiently enough
111
Action of Thrombin
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
112
What Clotting pathway is more efficient?
Intrinsic pathway because while it has more steps, at each step more and more clotting factor is produced
113
What is Plasmin?
Plasmin is the enzyme that dissolves a clot
114
Prostacylin
Makes the endothelium a slippery surface to prevent erythrocytes from sticking to it
115
Most common form of Hemophilia
Hemophilia A , makes up for 83% of cases, is X-linked recessive , and is caused by missing factor VIII
116
Pulmonary embolism
A blood clot that moves to the lungs
117
Infarction
Death of tissue due to lack of oxygen
118
Common anticoagulants
Warfarin (prevents formation of fibrin) , Aspirin (suppresses thromboxane A2)
119
How does Hypoxemia lead to polycythemia?
Hypoxemia leads to an increase in erythropoiesis which can temporarily result in higher than normal levels of RBCs until the levels balance out
120
Negative affect of Sickle Cell shaped RBCs
Spiky cells can damage internal wall of capillary and cause the formation of clots
121
If both parents are carriers of Sickle Cell anemia, what are the chances offspring will have it?
25% chance
122
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Albumin
