CH 26 HW & QUIZ Flashcards
Leptin is produced by?
Adipocytes
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Metabolism
Ghrelin is secreted by the?
Stomach
Describe the electron transport chain
A series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP
List the macronutrients
Lipids, proteins, water, and carbohydrates
Major function of carbohydrates in the body
Cellular fuel
3 principle forms of dietary carbohydrates
Monosaccharides , disaccharides, polysaccharides
Examples of non shivering thermogenesis
Sympathetic mediated increase in metabolic rate (as much as 30% in the winter) , increased appetite, and break down of brown fat in infants
Examples of dietary fiber
Plant cellulose and pectin
What class of macronutrients provide the most energy per gram?
Fat (lipid)
Cholesterol is precursor for what substances?
Testosterone, Estrogen (steroid hormones in general) , Vitamin D, and Bile acids
The predominate type of fat in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids
unsaturated fat
Roles of the protein and phospholipid coating of lipoproteins
Enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood and forms a recognition marker for cells
The 4 types of lipoproteins
HDLs, VLDLs, LDLs, and Chylomicrons
Examples of important proteins in the body
Keratin, hemoglobin, enzymes
An inorganic nutrient that plants extract from soil or water and introduce into the food web
Minerals
Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of ?
Glucose
the process of glycolysis results in a net gain of how many molecules of ATP?
2
Cholesterol is a major structural component of?
Plasma membranes
A cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP
The Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
Macronutrient that constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body’s mass
Protein
The absorptive state occurs?
For several hours during and after a meal
A hormone that functions to increase cellular absorption of glucose, stimulate glycogenesis, and inhibit glucneogenesis in response to an elevated blood glucose level
Insulin
The state when the stomach and small intestine are empty and the body’s energy needs are met from stored fuels
Postabsorptive state
A person’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) is their metabolic rate during which 3 situations?
In a post absorptive state 12 to 14 hours after the last meal, at a comfortable temperature, and relaxed
3 things that will result in a higher metabolic rate
Pregnancy, thyroid hormone release, and anxiety or fear
An excessively high body temp
Hyperthermia
3 things that produce body heat
Muscle contraction , nutrient oxidation, ATP use
part of the brain that controls body temp by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms
Hypothalamus
T or F : Saturated fats are exclusively of animal origin
False! They predominately are animal origin but are found in some plant products like coconut and palm oil
How do minerals differ from vitamins?
Minerals are inorganic elements, vitamins are organic compounds
Effects of insulin
Increases cellular uptake of glucose, stimulates glucose oxidation, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis, and inhibit is gluconeogenesis
