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A&P II > CH 24 HW & Quiz > Flashcards

CH 24 HW & Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

T of F: A newborn baby’s weight is as much as 75% water, whereas obese and elderly people’s weight is as little as 45% water

A

True

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2
Q

The blood, lymph, tissue fluid, and trans cellular fluid are all examples of which of the following?

A

Fluid compartments

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3
Q

How does water move from the digestive tract to the bloodstream?

A

Osmosis

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4
Q

If a local imbalance between the ICF and ECF occurs, water movement called _____ restores the balance. This depends on the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment.

A

Osmosis

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5
Q

When is a person in a state of fluid balance?

A

Daily fluid gains equal losses.

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6
Q

The total body water (TBW) of a 70kg (150lb) young male is about?

A

40L

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7
Q

% of TBW in ICF

A

65%

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8
Q

% of TBW in Interstitial Fluid

A

25%

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9
Q

% of TBW in Blood plasma and lymph

A

8%

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10
Q

% of TBW in Transcellular fluid

A

2%

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11
Q

Fluid intake is governed mainly by thirst. What is one thing that can make a person thirsty?

A

Reduced blood pressure

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12
Q

The 2 ways water can move from one fluid compartment to another?

A

Capillary filtration from the blood stream to the interstitial space and osmosis between other compartments

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13
Q

T or F: The only way to control water output significantly is through variations in urine volume.

A

True

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14
Q

Water balance is most directly tied to?

A

Electrolyte balance

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15
Q

How do hypovolemia and dehydration differ?

A

In dehydration water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost

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16
Q

% of TBW that is water of a 70kg young male

A

55-60% water

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17
Q

What happens to ECF osmolarity during dehydration?

A

It increases

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18
Q

How is water intake regulated?

A

Osmoreceptors respond to angiotensin II and to rising osmolarity of ECF, Hypothalamic neurons produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promoting water conservation, and cerebral cortex produces a conscious sense of thirst

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19
Q

T or F: Cold weather has a dehydrating effect on the human body

A

True, cold air drier and absorbs more body water from the respiratory tract

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20
Q

The 2 types of fluid deficiency

A

Volume depletion and dehydration

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21
Q

What causes hypotonic hydration?

A

ADH Hypersecretion

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22
Q

T or F: In cases of volume depletion, TBW declines but fluid osmolarity is normal

A

True. Water and a proportional amount of its dissolved solutes are lost, therefore osmolarity is not affected

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23
Q

List the effects of dehydration

A

Increased blood osmolarity, reduced blood pressure, reduced salivation

24
Q

In which form of fluid imbalance is TBW elevated while osmolarity is reduced?

A

Hypotonic Hydration (water intoxication)

25
Q

Edema is the most common form of what?

A

Fluid sequestration

26
Q

Reasons why infants are more vulnerable to dehydration to adults

A

Their kidneys are not fully developed to produce optimally concentrated urine, they have higher metabolic rates and produce toxic metabolites faster that are excreted with water, and they have a higher body surface to volume ratio than adults

27
Q

Ions that are major cation electrolytes

A

Sodium and Calcium

28
Q

What might happen if you lost large volumes of water and slat and then drank large quantities of plain water?

A

Hypotonic hydration (water intoxication) Nothing is replacing the lost electrolytes

29
Q

What ion is the most significant solute in determine total body water and the distribution of water amount fluid compartments?

A

Sodium

30
Q

What term is another name for volume depletion? Occurs when proportionate amounts of both water and sodium are lost

A

Hypovolemia

31
Q

Which has the largest effect on plasma sodium concentration?

A

ADH because sodium is accompanied by a proportionate amount of water

32
Q

In which form of fluid imbalance is TBW reduced while osmolarity remains normal?

A

Hypovolemia

33
Q

What inhibits Na+ and water reabsorption and lowers the blood pressure?

A

Natriuretic peptides

34
Q

Define fluid sequestration

A

A condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location

35
Q

What ion is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume?

A

Potassium

36
Q

Ions that are major anion electrolytes

A

Cl- , HCO3- , Pi

37
Q

Important functions of Sodium

A

It participates in muscle and nerve depolarization, it’s involved in generating body heat via the Na-K pump, and it participates in contra sport of glucose, K+, and Ca+

38
Q

Imbalances of what ion are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances?

A

Potassium (K+)

39
Q

Even though aldosterone _____ the tubular reabsorption of sodium and water, this is offset by an ______ in GFR; thus there is only a small _____ in urine output.

A

Increases, increase, decrease

40
Q

The atrial natriuretic peptides inhibit the secretion of what?

A

Renin and ADH

41
Q

Functions of Calcium

A

Bone and teeth development, participates in muscle contraction, acts as a factor in the blood clotting cascade, acts as a second messenger and activates exocytosis during neurotransmission

42
Q

What ion is the most abundant cation of the ICF?

A

Potassium K+

43
Q

Functions of chloride ions

A

Play a major role in the regulation of body pH, important in osmotic balance, contributes to the formation of stomach acid (HCl) , and participates in the chloride shift that accompanies CO2 loading and unloading with RBCs

44
Q

List compounds that phosphate is a necessary component of

A

ATP, GTP, cAMP, Phospholipids, Nucleic acids

45
Q

Potassium imbalances are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances. What is the most serious consequence of potassium imbalance?

A

Cardiac abnormalities

46
Q

List all that are affected by aldosterone

A

Blood pressure, urine volume, and blood volume

47
Q

Term for a compound that helps maintain a stable pH by binding protons if H+ concentration begins to rise, and releasing them into solution if H+ concentration falls

A

Chemical buffer

48
Q

3 major chemical buffer systems of the body

A

Phosphate, protein, and bicarbonate buffer systems

49
Q

What ion is the most abundant anion of the ECF?

A

Chloride (Cl-) , It is required for the formation of stomach acid and plays a major role in the regulation of body pH.

50
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System equation

A

H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+

51
Q

Properties of Phosphate

A

Exists in fluids as an equilibrium mixture of phosphate, monohydrogen and dihydrogen phosphate, it can be generated by the hydrolysis of ATP, and it is a component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, GTP, and cAMP

52
Q

How can the respiratory system compensate for a drop in blood H+ concentrations?

A

Reduced pulmonary ventilation allows CO2 to accumulate, lowering pH back to normal

53
Q

Acidosis

A

Tissue fluid below pH 7.35

54
Q

What happens when body pH is below 6.8 or above 8.0?

A

This is quickly fatal as many of the body’s enzymes will become denatured

55
Q

The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is a solution of ____ acid and bicarbonate ions

A

Weak

56
Q

Alkalosis

A

Tissue fluid pH above 7.45

57
Q

Lethal pH values

A

Above 7.7 or below 7.0

A&P II (15 decks)

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