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Path II > lab midterm > Flashcards

lab midterm Flashcards

1
Q

urolithiasis

A

calculus formation at any level of collecting urinary system

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2
Q

supersaturation

A

-causes stone formation-high conc of stone’s constituents in urine, exceeding their solubility in the urine

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3
Q

75% of stones are made of

A

calcium oxalate or combo of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate

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4
Q

10-15% of stones are made of

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate (aka. struvite)

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5
Q

triple stone

A

-aka. magnesium ammonium phosphate stone (struvite)-alkaline environment

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6
Q

causes of alkaline urine

A

-too much mineral water-pure vegetarian diet-gram neg bacilli in urine= UTI (bacterial waste/ enzymes converts urea to alkaline)

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7
Q

most powerful bacteria

A

proteus vulgaris

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8
Q

6-23% of stones are made of

A

uric acid salts (hyperuricemia= gout)

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9
Q

radiolucent stones

A

-pure uric acid stones-stones w/ Ca2+ inclusions are radiopaque

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10
Q

.5-4% of stones are made of

A

cystine (essential AA)= huge, rare stone

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11
Q

predisposing factors of stones

A
  1. urinary obstruction2. epithelial injury3. changes in urine
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12
Q

causes of urinary obstruction that may lead to stone formation

A

-tap water (Ca2+ salts= clog)-enlarged prostate/ tumors-pregnancy-diverticuli

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13
Q

transitional zone of prostate

A

-close to urethra-tumor here quickly effects urine output

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14
Q

peripheral zone of the prostate

A

-far from urethra-tumor here is silent, tumor would have to grow for a long time before it would effect the urethra

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15
Q

70-80% of prostate tumors

A

-in peripheral zone of prostate-silent

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16
Q

prostatic adenoma

A

-tumor made of glandular tissue-benign prostatic hyperplasia

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17
Q

prostate tumors may cause

A

-hesitancy-metastasize in lumbar spine-actively pushing while urinating can lead to herniation (goes where least resistant)

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18
Q

compression of ureter in pregnancy

A

causes distension of ureter/ renal pelvis due to increased hydrostatic pressure=> pressure atrophy=> hydronephrosis

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19
Q

hydronephrosis

A

-can be caused by compression of ureter in pregnancy or staghorn calculi-distension of kidney pelvis w/ atrophy of kidney parenchyme due to obstruction of urine outflow

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20
Q

websters technique

A

used in pregnancy when fetus is compressing ureter

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21
Q

diverticuli

A

-pouching of wall of any organ -common in gut

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22
Q

aneurysm

A

diverticuli of blood vesse

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23
Q

diverticuli of ureter

A

-kink in ureter when a person loses weight too fast and there is no longer a fat capsule to help hold up the kidney-changes path of ureter and hard for urine to get to bladder (urine stays in kidney-can cause nephrotosis

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24
Q

nephrotosis

A

distension of kidney

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25
Q

epithelial injury of kidney that may lead to stone formation is caused by

A

-infection (sloughing of cells=> organic nidus)-vit A deficiency-vit B6 deficiency (cells die quicker)-ischemia

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26
Q

changes in urine that may lead to stone formation

A

dehydration => supersaturation

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27
Q

staghorn calculus

A

-type of struvite stone (made of magnesium ammonium phosphate-may have Ca2+ phosphate (or oxalate) inclusions-huge, takes shape of renal pelvis and looks like horns

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28
Q

staghorn calculus can cause

A

-hydronephrosis-thinning of cortex due to hydrostatic pressure-LBP-loss of kidney

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29
Q

factors that can decrease urine flow:

A

-pregnancy-stricture of ureter (congenital or acquired)-urethral colic

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30
Q

acquired stricture of ureter

A

-most commonly due to healing of damaged tissue (fibrosis)-contracture of tissue in healing

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31
Q

urethral colic

A

-severe pain due to empty organ wall spasm-contraction of smooth muscle cells

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32
Q

2 stone manifestations to make dx:

A
  1. pain (LBP -> groin/ ipsilateral genitals)2.hematuria (usually micro)
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33
Q

stone treatment

A

-painkillers and relaxation of smooth muscle cells-surgery if not passed in 8 days-stone formation can reoccur

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34
Q

stones made in bladder

A

-different shapes and sizes-may look like coral

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35
Q

lithotripsy

A

-used to break up stones and make easier to pass in urine-no surgery required-US may be used instead

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36
Q

acute cystitis

A

-inflammation of bladder-more common in females due to anatomy-caused by UTI (gram neg bacilli)

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37
Q

gram neg bacilli that can cause acute cystitis

A

-e. coli (#1 cause and can cause acute pyelonephritis too)-staph/strep-STDs (chlamidia and gonorrhea)-yeast infection (candidosis or monilliasis)

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38
Q

candidosis

A

-opportunistic-antibiotics suppress gut flora-60-70%in mouth or vagina-drink buttermilk

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39
Q

predisposing factors of acute cystitis

A

-exposure of female pelvic organs to cold-catheterization-procrastination in release of urine from bladder

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40
Q

exposure of female pelvic organs to cold

A

-most common predisposing factors that may lead to acute cystitis-icing or dressing improperly-causes inflammation (ovaries too)

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41
Q

catheterization may lead to acute cystitis because

A

the catheter brings stuff from urethra into bladder and causes irritation

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42
Q

procrastination in release of urine from bladder may lead to acute cystitis because

A

distension of bladder from holding in urine => rupture of elastic fibers in bladder wall, and won’t contract as well => retention of urine => bacterial infection from urine sitting => UTI

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43
Q

3 acute cystitis symptoms occurring together that give definite diagnosis:

A
  1. dysuria2. increased frequency of urination (due to sensitive/ inflamed bladder= decreased capacity)3. lower abdominal or suprapubic pain(sometimes hematuria)
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44
Q

pepsin

A

digests proteins in stomach

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45
Q

trypsin

A

digests proteins in duodenum

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46
Q

trypsinogen

A

-made in pancreas, travels through pancreatic duct to duodenum-produces trypsin in duodenum

47
Q

jaundice

A

-yellowing of skin-caused by accumulation of bilirubin in blood-bile colic or stone can cause accumulation of bile and bilirubin

48
Q

pancreatonecrosis

A

-destruction of pancreatic tissue-severe pain-can cause death in young ladies, esp pregnant-must perform cholestomy (removal of gallbladder)

49
Q

amylase

A

-digests starch in mouth-when swallowed, can continue to work in stomach but not produced there-produced in pancreas

50
Q

carbs are mainly digested in

A

duodenum

51
Q

gastric air bubble

A

-on xray-L side of film

52
Q

-aka. fornix-top of stomach-accumulation of gases (from digestion)

A

fundus

53
Q

-digestion and storage of food-located in upper left quadrant

A

stomach

54
Q

-where majority of peptic ulcers occur-most common location for cancer in stomach

A

lesser curvature of stomach

55
Q

-esophageal juction-where reflux can result in heartburn (irritation of esophagus by stomach acidity)

A

cardiac

56
Q

metaplasia of mucosa in distal esophagus (pre-cancerous)-replacement of one tissue by another, both normal but not in proper place

A

baret’s esophagus

57
Q

gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD)

A

-reflux of food in esophagus into pharynx-can lead to aspiration pneumonia (chemical burning of resp tract by stomach enzymes)

58
Q

antrum of stomach

A

a cave

59
Q

-sphincter with many smooth muscle cells-joins stomach and duodenum

A

pylorus

60
Q

-very sensitive to acid of stomach-most common place for ulcers

A

duodenal bulb

61
Q

pyloric reflex

A

-lumen depends on acidity of stomach-more acidic= more narrow to protect duodenum (leads to constipation)-low acidity= wider lumen

62
Q

-folding to increase room in stomach and protect wall

A

rugae

63
Q

epithelial cells of stomach

A

tall columnar w/o goblet mucous producing cells

64
Q

-single mucous producing cells in duodenum and bronchi-if in stomach => cancer

A

goblet cells

65
Q

parietal cells

A

-normal= 1 billion in stomach-produce HCl= makes stomach acid-produce intrinsic factor

66
Q

most important functions of stomach acidity:

A
  1. conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin2. maintenance of pepsin in active state3. antibacterial action in food (kills bacteria)
67
Q

3 factors of HCl production by parietal cells:

A
  1. parasymp fibers of vagus nerve= neurostimulation of parietal cells => increase in HCl2. amacrine stimulator= gastrin3. local stimulator= histamine => increase in HCl
68
Q

spicy foods ->

A

degranulation of mast cells -> release histamine -> stimulates parietal cells -> increase in HCl

69
Q

intrinsic factor

A

-carries B12 through GI tract to be absorbed in ileum -w/o= megaloblastic anemia

70
Q

folic acid deficiency

A

megaloblastic anemia (affects CNS of fetus)

71
Q

zymogen/ chief cells

A

produce pepsin from pepsinogen

72
Q

MC form of prostatitis

A

chronic abacterial prostatitis

73
Q

MC form of cancer in men

A

adenocarcinoma

74
Q

MC congenital heart disease

A

VSD

75
Q

MC cause of cyanotic heart disease

A

teratology of fallot

76
Q

teratology of fallot features

A
  1. VSD2. obstruction to R ventricular outflow (pulmonary valve stenosis)3. aorta that overrides the VSD4. R ventricular hypertrophy
77
Q

MC cause of MI

A

thrombi

78
Q

layer that is most at risk to MI

A

subendocardial

79
Q

myocardial necrosis caused by ischemia

A

MI

80
Q

Most acute MIs are by coronary artery ______

A

thrombosis

81
Q

MI typically starts in the ______ region

A

subendocardial

82
Q

_______ of MI is determined by sight of vascular occlusion

A

site

83
Q

_____ segment occlusion coronary arteries produce large infarcts, smaller/distal arteries cause _____ infarcts

A

proximal, smaller

84
Q

3 things in lab evaluation for MI

A

Creatine Kinase (ck-MB)troponinlactate dehydrogenase

85
Q

allows free communication between left and right atria from a non complete fugal of the primary and secondary septa

A

Atria Septal defect

86
Q

forament ovale is slightly open in ______

A

atria Septal defect

87
Q

site where 70% of septal defects occur

A

basal (membranous) region

88
Q

VSD is the most _____ congenital heard defect

A

common

89
Q

ductus arteriosus allows for blood flow from pulmonary a to the aorta should eventually form the _______

A

ligamentum arteriosum

90
Q

machinery murmer is caused by

A

massive left to right shunt due to VSD and foramen ovale

91
Q

associated with cyanosis poor O2 from right vent

A

Right to left shunt

92
Q

most common cause of cyanosis at birth

A

tetrology of fallot

93
Q

4 components of tetrology of fallot

A
  1. VSD2. dextraposed aortic root that overrides the VSD3. right ventricular outflow obstruction4. right ventricular hypertrophy
94
Q

extent of shunting is determined by rate of ventricular outflow ______

A

obstruction

95
Q

aorta rises from _____ ventrical

A

right

96
Q

pulmonary rises from Left

A

ventricle

97
Q

Prostatitis is caused by E-coli and other gram _____ rods

A

negative

98
Q

chronic prostatitis is most commonly caused by

A

chlamydia trachomatis or ureaplasma urealyticum

99
Q

protatitis features

A

dysuria,frequency, lbp, suprapubic pain

100
Q

commonly associated with fever and leukocytosis

A

protatitis

101
Q

IBS (2)

A

chron’s and Ulcerative colitisboth are idiopathis

102
Q

can affect any portion of GI tract

A

Chron’s disease

103
Q

half the cases present with granulomatous inflammation

A

chron’s disease

104
Q

Non granulamtous disease that limmited to the colon

A

Ulcerative colitis

105
Q

inflammation in both Ulcerative colitis and churns causes

A
  1. impaired integrity of mucosal epithelial barrier2. loss of surface epithelial cell abortive function3. activation of crypt epithelial cells secretion
106
Q

chron’s disease is viewed as a _____ inflammatory disease

A

systematic

107
Q

1.white female jew predominance2.diarrhea, cramps and fever3.fistula formation to other loops of bowel, urinary bladder, perianal skin4. abdominal abscess or peritonitis5. interstitial stricture or obstruction

A

Chron’s disease

108
Q

Chron’s has a melon appearance of __%

A

50%

109
Q

UC

A

ulceroinflammatory disease affecting the colon, begins in rectum and ends proximally

110
Q

UC symptoms

A

1.bloody mucoid diarrhea2.no granules or skin lesions

111
Q

______ may bring 1st attack of UC

A

Clostridium difficle

112
Q

_____ arthritis is common with UC

A

migratory

113
Q

cramps, tenderness, and lower ab pain due to ulcerative colitis are relieved by

A

pooping, weightloss

Path II (21 decks)

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