L09 -- Tolerance Mechanisms Flashcards
what is the immune tolerant to. what does immunological tolerance refer to
how do t cells recognise antigens
where do lymphoid progenitors come from and go and where do they develop
thymus
why is it important. how does it change with age.
what happens without having a thymus? – what is name for this
how does it generate a large repertoire and that
why is a mechanism to select and self tolerance needed
which cells are able to complete their T cell maturation?? around how many manage this
what kind of environment does t cell development defined to take place in?
exact place name and what cells is this
imagine diagram outline
what are the parts of it
screening system
what is positive selection and negative
what cells are involved for each, and where
what is the ideal t cell and what is the proption compared to useless and harmful
negative selection
how are dendritic cells and macrophages related to neg sel
— how do they select and what does it show.
where??
–
what helps elimanate self reactive T cells? what would they cause
where is this thing expressed and by which cells
mutations of this leafd to what?
how is self tolerance established to antigens that can’t be expressed in the thymus (name of mechanism)
what are examples of self molecules not present in thymus
why would you want this mechanism in place?
how is self tolerance established to antigens that can’t be expressed in the thymus (name of mechanism)
what are examples of self molecules not present in thymus
why would you want this mechanism in place?
what are the mechanisms of peripheral tolerace? briefly outline each
–
clonal ignorance
what is it? what happens as a result
why does it happen and how
what is an example of it going wrong
sympathetic opthalmia – why does this happen
what is it referred to
Clonal anergy
what is it
what signalling is inlovled. why does this cause the effect it does
what happens if this signalling was knockout / mutated away??
therapeutic application?
what can CTLA-4 blockage be used for, therapeutically, and why does this work
what can it be used with
Activation induced cell dealth - ACID
what is this. what happens and why exactly – molecular level
what is clonal exhausion exactly
what is clonal suppression
what is involved
what happens when there is a deficiency of this
how could it be used therapeutically
what is IPEX caused by and what is its effect
antigen properties
what can effect whether an antigen is tolerogenic or immunogenic
what factors go effect antigen presentation to lymphocytes?
for THERAPEUTICS, what factors are there, and which properties favour immunogenicity and tolerace?
antigen properties
which favours immunogenicity and tolerace in terms of ::
—-molecular weight / dosage
routes of administration
— what do oral, intratracheal and orbital exposure activate?
what is important for food to interact with to promote oral tolerance
what is the most important cells in regards to oral tolerance induction
how could oral tolerance be used therapeutically for
MS
RA
T2DM
what is hyposensitisation immunotherapy OIT what does it do, and why does it work what is it looking good for how else could you build sensitisation to food antigen
