L09 -- Tolerance Mechanisms

Question 1

what is the immune tolerant to. what does immunological tolerance refer to

how do t cells recognise antigens

where do lymphoid progenitors come from and go and where do they develop

Question 2

thymus

why is it important. how does it change with age.

what happens without having a thymus? – what is name for this

Question 3

how does it generate a large repertoire and that

why is a mechanism to select and self tolerance needed

which cells are able to complete their T cell maturation?? around how many manage this

Question 4

what kind of environment does t cell development defined to take place in?

exact place name and what cells is this

imagine diagram outline
what are the parts of it

Question 5

screening system

what is positive selection and negative

what cells are involved for each, and where

what is the ideal t cell and what is the proption compared to useless and harmful

Question 6

negative selection

how are dendritic cells and macrophages related to neg sel
— how do they select and what does it show.

where??

Answer 6

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Question 7

what helps elimanate self reactive T cells? what would they cause

where is this thing expressed and by which cells

mutations of this leafd to what?

Question 8

how is self tolerance established to antigens that can’t be expressed in the thymus (name of mechanism)

what are examples of self molecules not present in thymus

why would you want this mechanism in place?

Question 9

how is self tolerance established to antigens that can’t be expressed in the thymus (name of mechanism)

what are examples of self molecules not present in thymus

why would you want this mechanism in place?

Question 10

what are the mechanisms of peripheral tolerace? briefly outline each

Answer 10

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Question 11

clonal ignorance

what is it? what happens as a result

why does it happen and how

what is an example of it going wrong

Question 12

sympathetic opthalmia – why does this happen

what is it referred to

Question 13

Clonal anergy

what is it
what signalling is inlovled. why does this cause the effect it does

what happens if this signalling was knockout / mutated away??

therapeutic application?

Question 14

what can CTLA-4 blockage be used for, therapeutically, and why does this work

what can it be used with

Question 15

Activation induced cell dealth - ACID

what is this. what happens and why exactly – molecular level

what is clonal exhausion exactly

Question 16

what is clonal suppression

what is involved

what happens when there is a deficiency of this

how could it be used therapeutically

Question 17

what is IPEX caused by and what is its effect

Question 18

antigen properties

what can effect whether an antigen is tolerogenic or immunogenic

what factors go effect antigen presentation to lymphocytes?

for THERAPEUTICS, what factors are there, and which properties favour immunogenicity and tolerace?

Question 19

antigen properties

which favours immunogenicity and tolerace in terms of ::
—-molecular weight / dosage

routes of administration
— what do oral, intratracheal and orbital exposure activate?

what is important for food to interact with to promote oral tolerance

what is the most important cells in regards to oral tolerance induction

Question 20

how could oral tolerance be used therapeutically for

MS
RA
T2DM

what is hyposensitisation immunotherapy
OIT
what does it do, and why does it work
what is it looking good for
how else could you build sensitisation to food antigen