Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RAD 411 > knee > Flashcards

knee Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 bones form the knee joint

A
  • distal femur
  • proximal tibia
  • patella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 2 prominences found at the lower end of the femur

A

lateral and medial femoral condyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

femoral condyles are continuous superiorly with the femoral shaft

(curved from front to back)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what structure separates the lateral and medial condyles?

A

deep notch known as the

  • intercondylar fossa/notch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the inferior, anterior and posterior aspect of the femoral condyles covered in

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what area do the femoral condyles articulate with

A

medial and lateral articular facets on the tibial plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does the structure of the medial and lateral tibial plateau differ

A

medial tibial plateau is concave
lateral tibial plateau is relatively flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what separates the medial and lateral tibial plateeau

A

intercondylar eminence
- this has 2 bony projections, the medial and lateral tibial spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do you call the joint connecting the patella and femur

A

patellofemoral joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do you call the articulating joint between the fibula and tibia

A

tibiofibular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a cruciate ligament

A

ligaments that cross each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 2 cruciate ligaments found in the knee

A
  • anterior cruciate ligament
  • posterior cruciate ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is the ACL AND PCL attached to in the knee

A

ACL is attached to anterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau

PCL is attached to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does the anterior cruciate ligament attach to the knee

A
  • runs from medial surface of lateral femoral condyle to facet on medial part of anterior intercondylar area of tibial plateau
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the ACL

A
  • resist posterior displacement of the femur on tibia (or anterior displacement of tibia on femur)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does the posterior cruciate ligament attach to the knee

A
  • runs from lateral surface of medial femoral condyle to facet in the posterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau.
  • also attaches to the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of the PCL

A

resist anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the lateral /medial meniscus of the knee

A

one of two semilunar (circular) fibrocartilaginous structures in the knee joint that act as shock absorbers, enhance joint stability and aid in the distribution of synovial fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the strongest ligament in the knee

A

posterior cruciate ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are collateral ligaments

A
  • go taut when knee joint is extended and therefore promotes media-lateral stability in extension position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 2 collateral ligaments in the knee

A
  • lateral fibular collateral ligament
  • medial tibial collateral ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does the lateral (fibula) collateral ligament attach to the knee

A
  • runs from the lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle to the head of the fibula

(lies outside knee joint capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does the medial (tibial) collateral ligament attache to the knee

A
  • runs from medial surface of medial femoral condyle to medial surface of tibia
  • posterior part blends with capsule of knee joint and partly fuses with medial edge of the medial meniscus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the 2 menisci / semilunar cartilages of the knee

A
  • medial and lateral meniscus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are menisci + what is their function

A
  • fibrocartilaginous structures situated in capsule of knee joint
  • distribute weight more evenly through knee joint
  • act as shock absorbers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe the structure of the menisci and how they articulate with the femur

A
  • upper surface of meniscus is concave and articulates with peripheral part of overlying femoral condyle
  • lower surface is flat and rest not he articular facet of tibial plateau
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

why is the cross section of the menisci wedge shaped (thicker then thinner going in)

A
  • as they are attached to the rims of the articular facets on the tibial plateau, the attached border is thick whilst the inner free border is thin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the horns of the meniscus attached to

A

non-articular intercondylar area of the tibial plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what 4 muscles of the quadriceps join to form the quadriceps tendon

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedius
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what structure of the knee does the quadriceps tendon attach to

A

upper border of patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where does the patellar tendon attach to in the knee

A

from the inferior pole of the patella to the tibial tuberosity

32
Q

what is the role of the quadriceps tendon and patellar tendon

A
  • control the position of the patellar tracking in flexion and extension of the knee
33
Q

what do you call the fat containing space between the patellar tendon and anterior aspect of the knee joint

A
  • infra patellar or Hoffa’s fat pad
34
Q

how is a lateral knee xray taken for a trauma patient

A
  • using horizontal beam
35
Q

what is a lateral view of the knee useful for

A
  • detaching knee joint effusions which can occur as a result of meniscal or ligamentous injury
  • also arthritis, gout or infection
36
Q

what do you call an effusion in the supra-patellar region of the knee joint containing fat and blood

A
  • lipoheamarthrosis
37
Q

what might cause a lipoheamarthorosis to occur

A
  • intra-articular fracture where bone marrow fat leaks out into the joint
38
Q

why can a fat fluid level be seen on lateral radiograph

A

because fat floats onto of blood in joint and is more Lucent than soft tissue or fluid

39
Q

what is a skyline/axial view of the knee

A

xray taken for suspected fractures or dislocations of the patella

40
Q

what imaging modality is best for assessing internals of tissue injuries to muscles, ligaments, tendons, menisci and cartilgae

A

MRI

41
Q

what is a supracondylar fracture and what likely causes this

A
  • fractures of the distal 3rd of the femur, just above the level of the femoral condyles
  • severe trauma such as car crash (as femur is strongest bone)
42
Q

what is the typical structure of a femoral condylar fracture (both)

A
  • T or Y shaped
  • vertical fracture line passing through intercondylar notch
43
Q

what likely causes a tibial plateau fracture

A
  • force to medial/lateral side of weight-bearing knee e.g ski jump or falling from height
44
Q

which nerve can be associated with fractures of the proximal fibula

A

peroneal nerve (which winds around the fibular neck)

45
Q

which ligaments can be damaged as a result of tibial plateau fractures

A

anterior and posterior collateral ligament

46
Q

what can cause a patella fracture

A
  • direct trauma to anterior aspect of knee
    or
  • sudden powerful contraction of quadriceps muscle
47
Q

vertical patella fractures are usually undisplaced

A
48
Q

patella fractures are hard to see on ap and lateral knee projections, hence what view is needed

A

skyline

49
Q

which direction does the patella usually dislocate to

A

laterally

50
Q

what 2 injuries can happen following dislocation of patella

A
  • haemarthrosis and residual patella displacement
  • osteochondral fracture of medial patella or anterior lateral femoral condyle
51
Q

if there is bone marrow contusion (bruising and oedema) in the medial patella and anterior lateral femoral condyle, how does this show up on MRI

A
  • seen as bright area on MRI (high signal)
52
Q

how might you tell there is rupture of the patellar tendon on plain radiograph

A
  • abnormally high position of the patella and small avulsion fractures of inferior patella
53
Q

how might you tell there is rupture of the patellar tendon on MRI

A
  • retraction and thickening of remnant patellar tendon
  • haemorrhage and oedema may also be seen
54
Q

what is patellar tendinopathy (jumpers knee)

A

syndrome of overuse of the patellar tendon affecting the proximal tendon , resulting in localised pain and swelling directly inferior to the patella

55
Q

how do you spot patellar tendinopathy on mri

A

focal thickening of proximal patella tendon despite being intact

56
Q

how can you spot a quadriceps tendon rupture on radiograph

A
  • low-lying patella with soft tissue swelling above
57
Q

which direction is the dislocation of the tibia most common in

A

anterior

58
Q

for anterior dislocation of the tibia, which ligament will have ruptured

A

anterior cruciate ligament

59
Q

for medial dislocation of the tibia in relation to the femur, which ligament will have ruptured

A

medial and lateral collateral ligament

  • supported by presence of avulsion by MCL and LCL
60
Q

which ligaments are most likely to become injured and why not the others

A
  • medial collateral and anterior cruciate
  • PCL is strongest ligament, thicker and stronger than ACL
    -LCL is stronger than MCL as its part of complex structures that stabilises lateral aspect of knee joint
61
Q

whats the difference between strain and sprain

A

sprain = ligament injury

strain = muscle or tendon injury

62
Q

what is o’donoghue’s triad

A

(1) rupture of the medial collateral ligament,
(2) damage to the medial meniscus, and
(3) rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament”

63
Q

what is a vulgus injury

A

bone at the knee joint is angled out and away from the body’s mid-line

(leg bends laterally in easy words)

64
Q

what are signs of ACL injury

A
  • pivot shift injury
  • external rotation and vulgus stress in flexed knee
65
Q

what are 3 signs that may be seen on plain film radiograph of knee proving ACL injury

A
  • avulsion of intercondylar eminence of tibia
  • anterior displacement of tibia with respect to femur
  • segond fracture (an avulsion type fracture of the lateral proximal tibia at the attachment of the anterolateral ligament)
66
Q

how might a PCL injury occur

A

falling on an object or dashboard impact in car crash

  • PCL injury caused by tibia forced backwards
67
Q

how can injury to menisci happen

A

rotational stress of flexed, weight-bearing knee or sudden knee extension movement

68
Q

why is the medial menisci most likely to be injured

A
  • lateral menisci is more mobile hence less susceptible to damage
69
Q

how is the ‘bucket handle tear’ of a menisci formed

A
  • vertical circumferential tear of meniscus
  • central/free edge gets displaced towards central of knee
70
Q

what issues come about with the bucket handle tear of the mensici

A
  • locked knee with elastic block to full exertion of the joint
71
Q

what are 2 other types of menisci tears beside the bucket handle

A
  • vertical radial
  • horizontal oblique tear
72
Q

as the inner 2 3rds of the menisci are avascular , theres usually no haemoarthorsis to cause swelling if only central substance of meniscus is torn longitudinally but what type of tearing could cause it

A
  • peripheral tear
73
Q

what does a meniscal tear look like on MRI

A
  • bright, fluid filled lines with black menisci
    or
  • incomplete menisci with bits missing (bucket handle tear)
74
Q

the most common sit of patella tendon rupture is where

A

proximal patellar tendon

75
Q

how many articulations does the knee joint have and what are they

A

3
- lateral condyle of femur and lateral tibial plateau

  • medial condyle of femur and medial tibial plateau
  • patella and patella surface of femur
76
Q

medial meniscus attaches to medial collateral ligament but the lateral meniscus doesnt attach to the lateral collateral ligament

A

fu

77
Q
A

RAD 411 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions