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dental radiography Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 parts/sections of a tooth

A

crown
neck
root

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2
Q

describe the structure of a tooth (what makes up a tooth going from exterior to interior)

A
  • enamel
  • dentin (underneath enamel)
  • pulp cavity (centre of tooth)
  • root canals (going from pulp cavity down into gum)
  • cementum ( calcified connective tissue covering the outer surface of the root of the tooth and provides a medium for insertion of periodontal ligament fibers)
  • nerve and blood vessels (through the bony part of jaw)
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3
Q

which junction of the tooth is found at the neck of the tooth

A

cementoenamel junction

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4
Q

what alveolar process is found by the tooth of the upper canine and the tooth of the lower pre molar

A
  • near upper canine = maxillary alveolar process
  • near lower premolar = mandibular alveolar process
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5
Q

what is an alveolar process

A

the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones that bear teeth

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6
Q

what are the 4 different type of teeth

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • pre molars
  • molars
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7
Q

how many teeth do children have compared to adults on a singular jaw

A

kids = 10
adults = 16 (including wisdom)

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8
Q

what are milk teeth also known as

A

deciduous

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9
Q

what is the most common form of dental notation

A

palmer dental notation

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10
Q

besides the palmer dental notation, what are 2 other forms of dental notation

A
  • FDI world dental notation
  • universal numbering system
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11
Q

what are the 4 dental orientations

A
  • buccal (towards cheeks)
  • lingual (towards tongue)
  • mesial (towards midline)
  • distal (away from midline)
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12
Q

what are the 2 categories of teeth used by dentists

A
  • incisal (incisors +canine)
  • occlusal (pre molars +molars)
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13
Q

what are the 4 common positioning planes used in dental radiography

A
  • Frankfort plane
  • ala-tragus plane
  • midsaggital line
  • inter pupillary line
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14
Q

what is the Frankfort plane

A

horizontal line going from the lower orbital margin across to the EAM/ tragus

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15
Q

what is the ala-tragus plane

A

diagonal line going from the ala of the nose (bottom side of nose) across through the tragus/EAM of ear

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16
Q

what is the posterior occlusal plane

A

parallel to the ala-tragus plane, passes through where the upper and low teeth meet, through the mandible backwards

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17
Q

what is the auricle of the ear

A

outer ear

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18
Q

what is the supraorbital groove

A

a small groove at superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone

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19
Q

what is the superciliary ridge

A

a ridge on the frontal bone above the eye socket.

(eyebrow bone)

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20
Q

what 2 ways can the intra-oral dental xray be mounted on

A
  • the ceiling
  • the wall
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21
Q

what are the 3 EXTRA-oral dental xray machines

A
  • OPG (orthopantomagram)
  • OPG + lateral cephalogram
  • cone beam CT
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22
Q

why should the xray tube be parallel to the metal arm and locator ring of a dental imaging machine

A

to ensure that the dental receptor is in the middle of the image

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23
Q

digital dental receptor plates are reusable following aseptic technique

24
Q

state the 6 layers of the digital dental receptor places (back to front)

A
  • back housing + cable
  • electronic substrate
  • CMOS imaging chip
  • fibre-optic face plate
  • scintillator screen
  • front housing
25
what are the 3 intra oral dental projections
- peri-apical - bite wing - occlusal
26
what are the 4 main reasons why dental radiographs are taken
- visualisation of hidden caries (dental decay) - check unerupted teeth + position of emerging wisdom teeth - bony changes that cant be seen on visual examination - plan orthodontic treatment
27
what is a peri-apical xray
shows your entire tooth, from the crown to the root tip - 1 or 2 teeth screened at a time
28
why might you take a periodical xray
- detect apical inflammation/ infection - periodontal problems - trauma fractures - post or pre apical surgery - evaluation of implants
29
why is the intra-oral parallel technique best to sue
- increased accuracy due to minimal dimensional/geometric distortion (as the beam is parallel to the locator ring, and the film is parallel to the teeth) - simple to use - easy to duplicate
30
the paralleling technique when performed correctly is superior to the bisecting angle technique by producing an image with both linear and dimensional accuracy
31
when would an intra-oral bisecting angle technique be used
- if the patient has a shallow palette and the xray film cannot get behind the tooth parallel - when parallel technique is impossible
32
how do u position a intra-oral bisecting angle technique
- flim is placed as close to the teeth as possible (usually is at an angle) - imaginary angle formed from the angulation of the back of the tooth and the long axis of the tooth - the xray tube is angled so it is perpendicular between the imaginary angle formed
33
what is the difference between the holding of the film for the bisecting and parallel technique
- bisecting technique, patient holds the film behind tooth - parallel technique, film holder mandatory holds behind tooth
34
what is the bite wing xray
small tabs upon which a patient bites to hold the x-ray film or sensor in place
35
why would you take a bitewing xray
- show dental caries between teeth not visible during oral examination - show recurrent caries under existing restorations - detect changes to jawbone caused by gum disease
36
what does the bitewing xray allow a clear projection of
- depicts maxillary and mandibular crowns of teeth - providing clear image on inter proximal surfaces of teeth and detection of inter proximal caries
37
what is an occlusal xray
- not primarily taken, supplement for unsatisfactory panoramic radiograph - occlusal plane parallel to floor - tube above patient angled 65-70 degree down through nose into mouth - IR placed flat in mouth (barrier wrapped) and bitten gently (horizontally in adults, vertically in kids) - thyroid Shield supported below face by patient
38
why would you take an occlusal xray
- show roof or floor of mouth - find extra teeth - show unerupted teeth - demonstrate jaw fractures - identify cleft palate, system, accesses or growths
39
what is a cleft palate
a congenital split in the roof of the mouth.
40
how is a standard lower occlusal projection taken
- receptor placed in mouth flat, in the occlusal plane - patient seated with head tilted back in head rest - central ray directed perpendicular to the receptor in the midline, 3cm below chin
41
what is an orthopantomogram / OPG
- most common extra oral scan - panoramic single image radiograph of the mandible, maxilla and teeth
42
reasons for taking an orthopantomogram?
- general dental evaluation - trauma assessment for fractures - infection evaluation - assessment of wisdom teeth
43
how do you position a patient for an orthopantomogram
- patient sits or stands with the Frankfort plane horizontal - patient bites block so incisors are in correct position - tongue pressed to roof of mouth - lips closed - machine rotates around head for 10-15 seconds
44
reasons for taking a lateral cephalogram?
- orthodontic diagnosis of malocclusion (teeth not aligned properly) - treatment planning and progression
45
why is cephalometric radiography a standardised and reproducible form of skull radiography
- it is used to assess relationship of teeth to jaw and jaws to rest of facial skeleton
46
how do you position a patient for a lateral cephalogram
- patient sits or stands - Frankfort plane is horizontal - inter pupillary line parallel to floor - midsagittal line is perpendicular to IR - head positions placed in EAM - measurement ruler placed over naison/nasal bone - aluminium filter placed over soft tissue of face
47
lateral cephlametry can show maxillary or mandibular recursion (under and over bite)
48
what is the cone beam CT
- uses xray and computer processed xray info to make 3D cross-sectional images of jaws and teeth - moves around head in circular motion
49
reasons for performing cone beam CT
- visualisation of bone structure - tooth structure and orientation - localising pathology - assessment of nerve canals - assessment and treatment of dental trauma - planning for dental implants - TMJ diagnosis - locate pain source not detected on 2D scans
50
how is the cone beam CT adapted to have lower radiation dosage
- using cone shaped beam, the radiation dose is lower and the time needed for scanner is reduced
51
why is cone beam CT scans superior to other extra-oral scans
- provides anatomical accuracy fo diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical execution and followup for implant procedures - high resolution
52
which 3 equipment rotates around the patients head during xray
OPG CBCT occlusal
53
During an OPG, why is it important for the patients to close their lips and press their tongue against the roof of their mouth
- reduced air shadow that can be mistaken for caries where it overlies the dentition in the premolar region
54
which plane/line during an OPG should be parallel to the floor? as a result of that, which plane is now 5 degrees caudally angled
- Frankfort line if the Frankfort line is parallel to the floor, the ala-tragus line would now be 5 degrees caudal
55
where should the anterior-posterior light be entered on an orthopantomogram
distal to the upper lateral incisor (canine inter proximal space)

RAD 411 (28 decks)

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