intermediate chest, sternum and soft tissue neck Flashcards
what does MI, AP, PTX, TATT, CABG, ARDS, CF, PPM, FB, CXR stand for
- myocardial infarction
- anterior posterior
- pneumothorax
- tired all the time
- coronary artery bypass grraft
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- cystic fibrosis
- permanent pace maker
- foreign body
- chest xray
what does CVP, SOB, SOBOE, AF, PE, LVF, COPD, ABX, ECG, BP stand for
- central venous pressure
- shortness of breath
- shortness of breath on exertion
- atrial fibrilation
- pulmonary embolism
- left ventricular failure
- coronary obstructive pulmonary disease
- antibiotics
- electrocardiogram
- blood pressure
what is the standard chest xray
PA erect chest
where do you centre for a chest xray
level of t7
- 7-10 cm below sternal notch
what should you see on a chest xray
- apices and upper airways
- soft tissue borders
- collimate to ac joint
- 12th ribs
in what case would you require additional annotation on a chest xray
anything besides a PA erect chest will require annotation
how are fluid levels affected based on if a patient is supine or erect
- when erect, clear horizontal fluid level is seen
- when supine, the fluid is spread across the whole chest and no fluid level is seen
if a patient cannot get into position for a lordotic chest xray, what ,must be done
- angle tube 30-45 degrees cranially for AP
or - angle tube 30-45 degrees caudally for PA
what type of arrested respiration is needed for a lateral sternum xray
arrested inspiration
what should be seen on a lateral sternum xray
- whole sternum
- manubrium (upper part of sternum) free of superimposition by soft tissue of shoulders
- sternum free of superimposition by ribs
- lower portion of sternum unobscured by breasts of female patient
- bone trabecular detail and surrounding soft tissue
what are the 3 sections of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
describe the regions in which the pharynx reaches superiorly, inferiroyl, anteriorly and posteriorly
- superiorly = base of skull
- inferiroly = oesphageous (continuous)
- anteriorly = tongue and soft palate
- posteriorly = c1-c6
what is the larynx
The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking
how many cartilages is the larynx composed of
5
what landmark is the larynx found
c3-c6
how does the the larynx act to prevent food entering the trachea
- raises itself and moves anteriorly
hence allowing the epiglottis covering the trachea and preventing food entering
what are the associated structures of the larynx superiorly, inferiorly, anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally
superiorly - hyoid bone
inferiorly - trachea (continuous)
anteriorly - neck muscles
posteriorly - oesophagus
laterally - lobes of thyroid
describe the tissue structure of the pharynx
- outermost layer of pharynx = constrictor muscles
- middle layers = fibrous tissue attaching pharynx to base of skull (thickens posteriorly)
- innermost layer = epithelial cell/ mucous membrane (upper pharynx is layered with ciliated cells)
(ciliated cells have goblet cells which secret mucous to trap dust etc and sweep it externally)
(lower 2 3rd of pharynx has stratified cells)
which vein does the vascular structure of the pharynx drain into
- internal jugular vein
what is found on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
phalangeal tonsils
which tonsils are found in the oropharynx
palatine tonsils
what forms the Adams apple
the midline prominence of the thyroid cartilage
what structure produced the voice box
- the signet shaped cricoid cartilage
- thin part facing anteriorly thick part posteriorly
- epiglottis acts as the lid
what cartilage keeps the vocal cords in place
the paired arytenoid cartilage
what are 5 things to look out for on soft tissue neck xray
- cervical spine
- foreign bodies
- swelling
- masses
- fractures of larynx and hyoid bone
what similar xray is used for a soft tissue neck xray
- same positioning as for lateral cervical spine
the valsasalva manoeuvre is used for soft tissue neck xray, what is this
blowing out but not exhaling (to puff your cheeks)
why is the valsalva manoeuvre sued for soft tissue neck xray
- demonstrates all soft tissue to a maximum
what is the only complete cartilaginous ring of the trachea
cricoid cartilage
what is subcutaneous emphysema
- abnormal air in the soft tissue of the neck
