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RAD 411 > hands, wrist and forearm > Flashcards

hands, wrist and forearm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 8 carpal bones and what 2 rows are they separated into

A
  • proximal row = scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium and pisiform
  • distal row = trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
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2
Q

find a diagram and label the carpal bones

A
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3
Q

name the 7 joints found in the hand+wrist

A
  • distal/proximal interphalangeal joint
  • metacarpophalangreal
  • carpometacarpal
  • intercarpals
  • radiocarpal
  • distal radioulnar
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4
Q

why type of joint are interphalangeal joints

A

hinge joins

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5
Q

what type of joint are metacarpophalangeal joints

A

ball and socket

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6
Q

what type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint

A

pivot joint

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7
Q

what type of joint is the radoiocarpal joint

A

condyloid joint (modified ball and socket joint that allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements.)

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8
Q

what is the average distance joints in the hand/wrist should be otherwise indicating form of dissociation/ ligament injury

A

2mm wide
‘ the rule of 2’
only the radoiocarpal joint goes up to 2.5.

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9
Q

label the parts on the radius and ulnar

A
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10
Q

what can happen if the fingers are not fully extended during a DP scan

A
  • overlap of PIP joint and loss of symmetry along digit
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11
Q

during lateral finger xray, condyles of phalanges should be superimposed

A
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12
Q

what is expected from an oblique hand xray

A
  • digits separated with no overlap of soft tissue
  • partial superimposition of 3rd, 4th and 5th metacarpal base and head
  • clear joints
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13
Q

what must you ensure when taking a lateral wrist

A

radial and ulnar styloid are superimposed

  • forearm is extended out to side to ensure full rotation and not just rotation at wrist
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14
Q

what must you ensure when taking a lateral forearm

A

humeral epicondyles and radial and ulna styloid processes are superimposed

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15
Q

what are the standard xray projections for forearm and wrist

A

forearm = AP, lateral

wrist = DP, lateral

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16
Q

what are 5 standard xray projections for scaphoid

A
  • DP with ulna deviation
  • DP oblique
  • AP oblique
  • lateral
  • angled banana view
17
Q

differentiate the direction of ulnar and radial deviation

A

ulnar = turn laterally
radial = turn medially

18
Q

what does I, spaceman stand for

A

ID
Sharpness
Positioning
Area of interest
Collimation
Exposure
Marker
Artefact
Need for repeat

19
Q

in a lateral wrist xray, what 3 bones should be seen in alignment

A
  • radius
  • capitate
  • lunate
20
Q

what is perilunate dislocation and how can you tell if this has occurred on a radiogrpah

A
  • capitate articular surface is dislocated from the lunate (usually dorsally)
  • the lunate maintains its normal articulation with the radius
21
Q

what is lunate dislocation and how can you tell this has occurred on a radiograph

A
  • lunate loses articulation with the radius and is displaced anteriorly with up to 90 degrees rotation
  • the capitate remains aligned with the radius but sinks proximally
22
Q

What does FOOSH stand for

A

fall onto outstretched hand

23
Q

How can you tell the difference between colle’s and smiths wrist fracture

A

colles = radius and ulna displaced anteriorly (hand moves back)

smiths = radius and ulna displaced posteriorly (hand moves forward)

24
Q

which direction must the hand be deviated to uncover the triquetrium

A

DP hand turned medially

(right hand turns to left)

25
Q

what are the 2 types of fractures that can happen to the triquetrium

A

chip fracture

body fracture

26
Q

how can you tell there is a triquetral fracture on a lateral radiograph

A
  • looks like a pooping duck
  • theres duck outline with a chip
27
Q

what is the most common carpal fracture

28
Q

how can a wrist fracture affect the scaphoid

A
  • scaphoid has blood supply in one direction (doing from top t bottom/ distally to proximally)
  • fracture in bone near wrist (proximal pole) leaves the small fragment at bottom with no bloody supply
29
Q

what is meant by a non-union fracture

A

the body’s inability to heal a fracture.

30
Q

what are some soft tissue abnormalities too look out for on radiographs

A
  • swelling
  • joint effusion/fat pads
  • fluid levels
  • foreign bodies
  • calcifications
31
Q

scaphoid is most prevalent carpal bone fracture, it is accountable for what percentage of carpal bone fractures

32
Q

how is the banana / elongated view of the scaphoid achieved

A
  • 30 degree cranial angulation of xray tube on a regular DP scaphoid positioning (ulnar deviation)
33
Q

be aware that scaphoid carries high risk of delayed avascular necrosis of the distal pole so if not seen on initial scan, re examine 10 days later

34
Q

what is the anatomical name for the thumb

RAD 411 (28 decks)

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