hands, wrist and forearm Flashcards
what are the 8 carpal bones and what 2 rows are they separated into
- proximal row = scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium and pisiform
- distal row = trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
find a diagram and label the carpal bones
name the 7 joints found in the hand+wrist
- distal/proximal interphalangeal joint
- metacarpophalangreal
- carpometacarpal
- intercarpals
- radiocarpal
- distal radioulnar
why type of joint are interphalangeal joints
hinge joins
what type of joint are metacarpophalangeal joints
ball and socket
what type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint
pivot joint
what type of joint is the radoiocarpal joint
condyloid joint (modified ball and socket joint that allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements.)
what is the average distance joints in the hand/wrist should be otherwise indicating form of dissociation/ ligament injury
2mm wide
‘ the rule of 2’
only the radoiocarpal joint goes up to 2.5.
label the parts on the radius and ulnar
what can happen if the fingers are not fully extended during a DP scan
- overlap of PIP joint and loss of symmetry along digit
during lateral finger xray, condyles of phalanges should be superimposed
what is expected from an oblique hand xray
- digits separated with no overlap of soft tissue
- partial superimposition of 3rd, 4th and 5th metacarpal base and head
- clear joints
what must you ensure when taking a lateral wrist
radial and ulnar styloid are superimposed
- forearm is extended out to side to ensure full rotation and not just rotation at wrist
what must you ensure when taking a lateral forearm
humeral epicondyles and radial and ulna styloid processes are superimposed
what are the standard xray projections for forearm and wrist
forearm = AP, lateral
wrist = DP, lateral
what are 5 standard xray projections for scaphoid
- DP with ulna deviation
- DP oblique
- AP oblique
- lateral
- angled banana view
differentiate the direction of ulnar and radial deviation
ulnar = turn laterally
radial = turn medially
what does I, spaceman stand for
ID
Sharpness
Positioning
Area of interest
Collimation
Exposure
Marker
Artefact
Need for repeat
in a lateral wrist xray, what 3 bones should be seen in alignment
- radius
- capitate
- lunate
what is perilunate dislocation and how can you tell if this has occurred on a radiogrpah
- capitate articular surface is dislocated from the lunate (usually dorsally)
- the lunate maintains its normal articulation with the radius
what is lunate dislocation and how can you tell this has occurred on a radiograph
- lunate loses articulation with the radius and is displaced anteriorly with up to 90 degrees rotation
- the capitate remains aligned with the radius but sinks proximally
What does FOOSH stand for
fall onto outstretched hand
How can you tell the difference between colle’s and smiths wrist fracture
colles = radius and ulna displaced anteriorly (hand moves back)
smiths = radius and ulna displaced posteriorly (hand moves forward)
which direction must the hand be deviated to uncover the triquetrium
DP hand turned medially
(right hand turns to left)
