Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RAD 411 > chest and abdomen > Flashcards

chest and abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what does CXR, ACS, MI, SOB AND SOBOE stand for

A
  • chest xray
  • acute coronary syndrom
  • myocardial infarction
  • shortness of breath
  • shortness of breath on exertion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does SATS, AE, AF, LVF, PPM, TAVI stand for

A
  • oxygen saturation
  • air entry
  • air fibrillation
  • left ventricular failure
  • permanent pace maker
  • transcatheter aortic valve implantation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does CABG, PTX, (P)TB, PE, CAD, CAP/HAP, COPD stand for

A
  • coronary artery bypass graft
  • pneumothorax
  • pulmonary tuberculosis
  • pulmonary embolism
  • coronary artery disease
  • community/hospital acquired pneumonia
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what structures are part of the respiratory thoracic content

A
  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi/bronchioles
  • lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what structures are part of the mediastinum thoracic content

A
  • heart
  • great vessels
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • thymus
  • lymphatics
  • nerves
  • fibrous tissue
  • fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what structures are part of the bony thoracic content

A
  • ribs
  • thoracic spine
  • sternum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is a PA CXR preferred over AP

A

PA = heart is closer to the detector so there is less magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how can you check for rotation in a chest xray

A
  • medial ends of clavicle equidistant from spinous process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the main way in which rotation will affect a chest xray

A
  • it will make the costaphrenic angle appear blunt due to additional overlying breast tissue which can mimic pathology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is the heart affected if the patient is rotated to the left or right on a chest xray

A
  • if left side is rotated AWAY from IR, heart size is EXAGGERATED
  • if right side is rotated away from IR, heart size is UNDERESTIMATED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can you tell if there is adequate respiration on a chest xray

A
  • you can see 6-7 anterior ribs OR
  • 9-10 posterior ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how can poor inspiration affect a chest xray

A
  • inaccurate projection of heart size (cardiac outline) and increase radio-density of lung fields
  • can cause misdiagnosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how can you tell if you have applied the correct exposure for a chest xray

A
  • you should see the mid thoracic vertebral bodies through/behind the heart
  • the dome of diaphragm should be clearly seen to the spine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

should a chest xray be taken on full inspiration or expiration

A

inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what should be seen on a chest xray

A
  • apices of lung
  • costaphrenic angles
  • lung margins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the ABCDE method for analysing chest xrays

A
  • airways
  • breathing (lungs and pleural space)
  • circulation (cardiomediastinal contour)
  • disability (bones/fractures)
  • everything else e.g pneumoperitoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is pneumoperitoneum

A

the presence of air or gas in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define consolidation

A

infections resulting in lobar, diffuse or multifocal ill-defined opacities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define interstitial shadowing

A

involvement of supporting tissue of the lung parenchyma resulting in fine or coarse reticular opacities or small nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define nodule/mass

A

any space occupying lesion ether solitary or multiple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define atelectasis

A

collapse of part of lung due to decrease in amount of air in alveoli resulting in volume loss and increased density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

to which side of the aorta should the trachea sit

A
  • central or slightly off right passing the aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what might it mean if the trachea is not seen sitting central/right to the aorta

A

rotation or pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do you check that there is adequate breathing

A
  • both lungs expanded and similar in volume
  • apices, upper, middle and lower zones symmetrical
  • normal lateral margins
  • normal costaphrenic and cardiaphrenic angles
  • normal hemidiaphragms
  • normal cardiac borders
  • normal lung behind heart
25
Q

how may lobes should be seen on a lateral chest on either side

A

right side = 3 lobes, RUL, RML, RLL
left side = 2 lobes, LUL, LLL

26
Q

How do you assess circulation on chest xray

A
  • asses position of heart (is heart on left and apex pointing left)
  • heart size ( for PA it should be less then 50% of chest diameter )
  • aortic knuckle should be on left
27
Q

how do you check for disability (bones) on chest xray

A
  • check rib to rib
  • clavicles
  • proximal humerus
  • scapula
  • vertebral body
    for fractures of pathology e.g metastasis
28
Q

what is everything else checked on a chest xray

A
  • apices (above clavicles)
  • behind heart, altered density in retro-cardiac region
  • diaphragmatic contour is dome of diaphragm (lungs extend posteriorly below diaphragms)
  • surrounding soft tissue
29
Q

why must the diaphragmatic contour / dome of diagram be checked

A
  • as the lung extend posteriorly below the diaphragms, there can be mass lesions below the diaphragm
30
Q

what is a pleural effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

31
Q

what are some radiographic features of a pleural effusion

A
  • blunting of costophrenic angles
  • blunting of cardio-phrenic angles
  • fluid within horizontal/oblique fissures
  • eventually meniscus seen on frontal films seen laterally and gently sloping medially
32
Q

what is pneumonia

A

infection within the lung due to infectious material filling the alveoli

33
Q

what are radiographic features of pneumonia

A
  • airspace consolidation (cloudy)
34
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

air gets into space between chest wall and lung (pleural space)

35
Q

what is a radiographic feature of pneumothorax

A
  • pressure of air causes lung collapse
  • lung may fully collapse but most often only part of it collapses
36
Q

what organs are in the abdominal cavity

A
  • stomach
  • small/large intestine
  • gallbladder
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • kidneys
37
Q

what organs are in the pelvic cavity

A
  • rectum
  • sigmoid
  • urinary bladder
  • reproductive organs
38
Q

name and label the 9 regions of the abdoment

A

going from left to right, top to bottom
- right hypochondriac
- epigastric
- left hypochondriac
- right lumbar
- umbilical region
- left lumbar
- right illiac
- hypogastric region
- left iliac

39
Q

what organs are found in each of the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

RH = liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small intestine

EG = stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands

LH = spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas

RL = gallbladder, liver, right colon

UR = navel, part of small intestine, dudenum

LL = descending colon, left kidney

RL = appendix, cecum

HR= bladder, sigmoid, female reproductive organs

LL = descending colon, sigmoid

40
Q

what is the area of interest on abdomen xray

A
  • symphysis pubis
  • diaphragms
  • abdominal margins
41
Q

how can you tell if the abdomen xray is rotated

A
  • symmetry in ribs and pelvis (obturator foramen and iliac crest)
  • pedicles equidistant from spinous process
  • sacroiliac joints equidistant from midline
42
Q

what are some regular gas patterns found in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine

A

stomach = always gas in stomach (gastric bubble)

SI = usually small amount of air in 2/3 loops

LI = almost always air in sigmoid and rectum, varying amounts of gas in rest of large bowel

43
Q

what are radiographic features of small bowel obstruction

A
  • ’ valvulae conniventes ‘
  • piles of pennies are visible confirming small bowel
  • centrally located multiple dilated lops of mass filed bowel
44
Q

what are radiographic features of large bowel obstruction

A
  • colonic distension (> 6cm)
  • sigmoid distension (>9cm)
  • small bowel dilation depending on duration and location of obstruction
  • incompetence of illeocaecal valve
45
Q

what are radiographic features of pneumoperitoneum

A
  • riglers sign (double-wall sign, air on both sides of intestines)
  • football sign (cases of massive peritoneum, abdominal cavity is outlined by gas from perforated viscus)
46
Q

free-air can be seen beneath the diaphragm during pneumoperitoneum

A
47
Q

what should be done before taking an xray for a patient with suspected pneumoperitoneum

A

sat erect for at least 10 min so gas travels up beneath diaphragm

48
Q

when would a cross-kidney view be needed

A
  • used as additional view when diaphragm isnt included in initial AP view
49
Q

when would an ap axial bladder xray be taken

A
  • if the pubic symphysis is missing from initial AP image
50
Q

where do u centre for an ap cross kidney and ap bladder view

A

kidney = lower costal margins L1/2

bladder = centre of ASIS

51
Q

how is contrast affected if there is high kVP and low mAs. What pro is there to this

A
  • low contrast (flat grey image)
  • useful for lines and tubes but difficult to differentiate soft tissue
  • low patient dose
52
Q

how is the contrast affected if theres low KVP but high mAs. what con is ther

A
  • high contrast
  • better definition between tissue and densities on image
  • high patient dose
53
Q
A
54
Q

where is the centering point for a cross-kidney view

A
  • lower costal margin

L1/2/3

55
Q

why would an ap axial bladder view be needed

A
  • if the pubis symphysis is missing from initial AP image
56
Q

where is the centering point for an AP axial bladder

A
  • midway between ASIS
57
Q

in special circumstance where lateral decubitus (patient lying on side for an AP abdomen view), which side is it best to lie on and why

A
  • left lateral decubitus is preferred as any free intraperitoneal gas will be contrasted by the liver
58
Q

how can you tell if an pelvic or abdominal xray has (retrograde) ureteric stents?

A
  • you can see 2 j shaped stands (curled at the end), one anchored in renal pelvis and the other inside the bladder
59
Q

what is the difference between retrograde and antegrade

A
  • retrograde = directed or moving backwards
  • antegrade = in normal order or sequence

RAD 411 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions