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Kevin Jimbi K12 Homeschool > Kevin’s Cards about Living Systems > Flashcards

Kevin’s Cards about Living Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Which level of organization of an organism does blood fit it

A

Blood

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2
Q

Why is cell diversity important

A

It allows them to perform a variety of functions

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3
Q

What is the organization of an organism from least to most organized

A

Cells, tissues, organs, then organs systems

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4
Q

Cellular Organization consists of what

A

Tissues, organs, and organ systems

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5
Q

What are the levels of an Organ Systems

A

The system, the organs in the system, then the tissues

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6
Q

What happens from tissues to organs as the organization increases

A

The level becomes more complex meaning it can perform more functions or a more specialized function

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7
Q

The skin is also useful for what

A

Structure

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8
Q

Although the skin isn’t apart of the locomotive system it also helps with what

A

It helps maintain the shape of an animal

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9
Q

What do bones store in the skeletal system

A

The bones in the skeletal system store calcium for the rest of the body. Mineral nutrients like magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium are also stored in bones

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10
Q

For many animals the skeleton forms where

A

Inside the body

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11
Q

The larger the animal the thicker their bones must be for what

A

To support the animal’s weight

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12
Q

How many bones does an adult skeleton consist of

A

206

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13
Q

How many bones does a baby skeleton consist of

A

270 bones

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14
Q

What are tree’s internal structures like

A

Trees and other plants have an internal framework of stiff tubes similar to skeletons. Instead of being made of bone, the tubes in plants are made of a rigid substance called cellulose that provides support

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15
Q

How are bones of birds like

A

Light and hollow

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16
Q

Do earthworms have skeletons

A

No

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17
Q

Joint Definition

A

A point where two bones meet, and that generally makes movement possible

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18
Q

Ligament Definition

A

A sheet or band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones at a joint or supporting an organ

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19
Q

What help bones attach together at joints

A

Ligaments and cartilage

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20
Q

Cartilage Definition

A

A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue

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21
Q

What covers the ends of many bones to help joints move smoothly

A

Cartilage

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22
Q

In joints, such as the knee, what acts as a shock absorber when you move

A

Cartilage

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23
Q

What type of joint is the knee

A

Hinge Joint

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24
Q

How many types of muscles are there

A

Three

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25
Q

What is the muscle that attaches to bones called

A

A Skeletal Muscle

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles

A

Voluntary, involuntary, and a cardiac muscle

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27
Q

What is a Voluntary Muscle

A

Muscles that you can control on your own

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28
Q

What is a Involuntary Muscle

A

Muscles that you can’t control on your own

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29
Q

What is a Cardiac Muscle

A

A muscle only found in the walls of the heart that beat until death

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30
Q

Where are Involuntary muscles found

A

In the walls of internal organs

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31
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts

A

A rope-like band of tissues, called a tendon, pulls on the bone it’s connected to

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32
Q

Tendon Definition

A

A band of tough tissue that connects a muscle with a bone

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33
Q

What is the function of the muscular system

A

To help the organism move

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34
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system

A

It provides function and support

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35
Q

How long can a cell in organism survive without oxygen

A

A few minutes

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36
Q

What does the respiratory system do

A

The respiratory system removes CO2 directly from the vicinity of the cells or from the circulatory system and exchanges gasses

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37
Q

Which organisms use lungs to breathe

A

Reptiles, mammals, and some amphibians

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38
Q

What are the ways to get oxygen

A

Lungs, gills, through skin and tracheae

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39
Q

How do plants “breathe”

A

Plants “breathe” through the surfaces of their leaves, roots, and stems through small holes or pores

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40
Q

Gills Definition

A

The respiratory organ found in aquatic vertebrates, used to obtain oxygen from water

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41
Q

Alveoli Definition

A

Small sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place between the air in the lungs and the blood in the circulatory system

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42
Q

What is the sequence of the respiratory system

A

Air comes through the mouth or nose. Air then enters the pharynx. From there, air goes to the trachea. The air enters two bronchi, which enter the two lungs. In the lungs, bronchi divide into many bronchioles. Bronchiole end in little sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange with the blood occurs

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43
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

The diaphragm is a thin, curved sheet muscle diving the heart and lungs from the digestive system. When the diaphragm contracts, the lungs expand and draw air in. When the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs contract to expel air

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44
Q

The walls of an alveolus are about how thick

A

About thickness of a cell

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45
Q

What were wrapped around alveolus

A

Tiny blood vessels called capillaries

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46
Q

What passes through the walls of alveoli

A

Molecules of O2 pass through the walls of the alveoli and enter the bloodstream through the capillaries

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47
Q

What happens when O2 reaches the cell

A

The O2 is exchanged for CO2

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48
Q

About how many alveolus are there per lung

A

500 million

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49
Q

What happens when you exhale

A

CO2 travels in the same steps of an inhale but in reverse

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50
Q

What is the windpipe

A

Trachea

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51
Q

When you inhale you create what

A

A vacuum

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52
Q

What happens as someone smokes

A

The alveolus are damaged

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53
Q

What are gills composed of

A

Gills have filaments- structures like the pages of a book- to give them more surface area for oxygen exchange

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54
Q

How do gills obtain oxygen

A

As water flows through the gills, O2 is taken up by by capillaries, and CO2 is removed

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55
Q

How is the respiratory system in insects

A

Insects exchange O2 and CO2 using a system of tubes call tracheae, which are located in their abdomens

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56
Q

How many main components does the circulatory system have

A

3 main components

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57
Q

What are blood vessels

A

Blood vessels form a system of channels of tubes through which the fluid blood travels, carrying materials the body needs to function

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58
Q

Some animals have how many hearts

A

Some have more than one heart

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59
Q

Circulatory System: What are the purpose of valves

A

Hearts and vessels often contain valves to control the direction of the blood’s flow. They allow blood to flow in particular direction and prevent it from flowing in the opposite direction

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60
Q

Blood Definition

A

The fluid portion of the circulatory system

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61
Q

Heart Definition

A

The main organ of the circulatory system

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62
Q

What are the building blocks of the circulatory system

A

Heart, blood, and vessels

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63
Q

What is an open circulatory system like

A

In an open circulatory system, the cells are in constant with a blood-like fluid that bathes them in nutrients and carries waste away. This system is common in invertebrates of small animals

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64
Q

What is does an open circulatory do

A

Open circulatory system circulate fluid within a hemocoel, a body cavity filled with blood-like hemolymph that freely surrounds the internal tissues. Cells all have access to circulating blood

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65
Q

Which animals have closed circulatory systems

A

Many animals have closed circulatory system, including earthworms, the more active mollusks (squid and mollusks), and vertebrates

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66
Q

What happens in a closed circulatory system

A

In a closed circulatory system, the blood stays enclosed in blood vessels. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries

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67
Q

What is an Earthworm’s circulatory system like

A

Earthworms have a dorsal vessel (main heart), a pair of ventral vessels, and 5 pairs of vessels

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68
Q

Arteries Definition

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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69
Q

Veins Definition

A

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart

70
Q

Capillaries Definition

A

The smallest, thinnest vessels in a closed circulatory system

71
Q

How do the size of arteries change as the move further from the heart

A

Large to smaller

72
Q

The smallest arteries connect to what

A

Blood vessels that are only one cell wide called capillaries

73
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Capillaries deliver blood to individual cells throughout the body

74
Q

Where are nutrients transported to by the circulatory system

A

Nutrients transported by the circulatory system move across the thin walls of capillaries to the fluid surrounding cells. From there, materials can move through the cell membrane in a variety of ways

75
Q

How do the size of veins change as they get closer to the heart

A

Small to Large

76
Q

Ventricle Definition

A

A chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the arteries

77
Q

Atrium Definition

A

A chamber of the heart that receives blood coming from the veins

78
Q

How are plants circulatory systems like

A

Plants have a series of tubes within their stems, stalks, or trunks that carry water and nutrients from the roots to each leaf of the plant and carry sugars back down to the roots

79
Q

What is the main artery stemming from the heart called

A

Aorta

80
Q

What is the main vein going into the heart is called

A

The Vena Cava

81
Q

What are Pulmonary Arteries

A

Pulmonary Arteries carry blood from the heart to lungs and delivers CO2-rich blood to the alveoli

82
Q

What are Pulmonary Veins

A

Pulmonary Veins carry blood from the lungs to the heart and takes O2 rich blood from the alveoli

83
Q

Is the human circulatory system a one-loop or a two-loop system

A

Two-loop

84
Q

How do carnivorous plants digest food

A

Venus Flytrap and other carnivores plants secrete enzymes that digest the trapped insect. This adaptation allows the plants to grow in soils that are not very rich in the nutrients needed by plants

85
Q

How do single-called protists digest food

A

A single-celled protist has a specialized compartments, called a vacuole, for digesting its food. Digestion happens happens inside each cell in a process called intracellular digestion

86
Q

How do sponges digest food

A

Sponges digest food through intracellular digestion. Small food particles enter with water through pores in the body of the sponge. Collar cells inside each pore have a flagellum that moves water through the cell. Food particles get trapped on the collar of that collar cell. Food is absorbed, and waste products are expelled from the cell and out of the sponge through a mouth-like opening called an osculum

87
Q

What happens in the stomach

A

In the stomach, food mixes with acid and other enzymes and is further broken down

88
Q

What happens in the small intestine

A

In the small intestine, food particles are broken down even further and then absorbed into the bloodstream with water

89
Q

What happens in the large intestine

A

In the large intestine, food remnants are expelled through the anus

90
Q

The one way flow of the digestive system allows for what

A

For continuous feeding

91
Q

Esophagus Definition

A

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

92
Q

Stomach Definition

A

The pouch-like body part below the esophagus, which stores and processes chewed food

93
Q

Small Intestine Definition

A

The long muscular tube where most digestion takes place

94
Q

Large Intestine Definition

A

In the digestive system, the long organ that removes excess water from undigested food

95
Q

How do simpler animals digest food

A

Simpler animals digest when food enters a sac inside through an opening where it is chemically digested. Undigested food is pushed out the same opening it entered

96
Q

Digestive systems vary based on what

A

To the nature of food consumed and the habits of the organism

97
Q

Birds don’t have so what do they have

A

They have gizzards that help grind up food with small tones the bird has swallowed

98
Q

What are the 6 nutrients needed by the human body

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, fats, vitamins, and water

99
Q

Proteins are broken down into what

A

Amino Acids

100
Q

What are nucleic acids are broken down into what

A

Nucleic Acids are broken down into nucleotides and then into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphorus compounds

101
Q

What are fats broken into

A

Fats aren’t polymers, but are broken down into their components, fatty acids are further broken down down

102
Q

What is Ammonia

A

Ammonia is a poisonous substance that results from the breakdown of large molecules containing nitrogen, such as proteins

103
Q

What happens in the livers of vertebrates

A

Ammonia is converted to urea and then excreted with water as urine

104
Q

Livers Definition

A

Organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and removes toxins from the body

105
Q

What are the main organs of the excretory system

A

Kidneys

106
Q

What happens to waste materials in the body

A

Waste materials, such as urea, filters out of the bloodstream into a tubule, which runs alongside capillaries in the kidneys. From the kidneys, waste materials goes through the tubes of the ureter into the urinary bladder. The bladder stores waste until it is excreted as urine through the urethra. Other animals, such as flatworms, earthworms, and insects, have kidney-like structures that operate like vertebrate kidneys

107
Q

What are the functions of your kidney

A

To filter waste materials from liquids

108
Q

Anus Definition

A

opening through which undigested food remnants exit a digestive system

109
Q

Bladder Definition

A

organ that stores liquid waste before it leaves the body; the bladder can stretch to hold about a pint of urine

110
Q

Excretory System Definition

A

the system that removes metabolic wastes from the body

111
Q

Kidneys Definition

A

paired organs that clean the blood, producing urine from waste

112
Q

What does digestion result in

A

Digestion results in large organic molecules being broken down into smaller ones. The organic molecules that are polymers are broken down into simpler monomers

113
Q

Enzymes could pose a danger in which type of system

A

In a system made of organic molecules

114
Q

Quick responses to the environment are due to excitable cells called what

A

Nerve Cells or Neurons

115
Q

What are the extensions of Neurons called and what do they do

A

Neurons have extensions called axons and dendrites over which messages travel

116
Q

The nerve signal, or impulse, is what

A

An electrical signal

117
Q

How do signals travel through nerves

A

The signal is in the form of a change in charge through the nerve cell. The change in charge travels as a wave. Once the wave has passed a spot in the cell, the original charge returns. The wave of changing charge travels down the axon. When a nerve impulse gets to the end of an axon, it stimulates a release of a chemical that diffuses across a tiny space to the next nerve cell. When enough chemical signals reach that cell, a nerve impulse starts there

118
Q

What is the comparison of positive ions and negative ions win and out a nerve cell’s membrane

A

More positive ions are outside a nerve cell’s membrane and more negative ions are inside

119
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse travels down an axon

A

When a nerve impulse travels down an axon, positive ions go through small openings in the cell membrane. The charge across the membrane changes/reverses temporarily

120
Q

After a nerve impulse passes a place in the cell what happens

A

The cell quickly restores the original charge

121
Q

What do Sponge cells respond to

A

Touch

122
Q

How do the Sponge cells compare to neurons

A

Sponge cells don’t have the quick transmission that neurons provide of information over a distance

123
Q

How is the Hydra’s nervous system

A

A Hydra has a nerve net concentrated around the mouth and then stretching net-like over the whole organism. This allows it to respond in a more widespread, coordinated way to a stimulus

124
Q

The simplest, smallest aggregations of nerve cells are called what

A

Ganglia

125
Q

Larger aggregations of nerve cells form the what

A

Brain

126
Q

The neurons interact especially in the ganglia and the brain to form organized patterns of behavior, a process called what

A

Integration

127
Q

Ganglion Definition

A

Similar nerve sell bodies grouped together in a nervous system, with relatively simple connections and relationships that allow integration of information passing through them; in a vertebrate nervous system ganglia are only in the peripheral system

128
Q

Brain Definition

A

An aggregation of diverse types of nerve cells within complex connections and separate functional regions that is the main information processing center of the nervous system in an animal; allows greater complexity of integration than ganglia in processing information

129
Q

Integration Definition

A

Interaction of the information passing through neurons so that organized patterns of input can lead to organized behavior of the animal

130
Q

What is the brain composed of

A

The forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain

131
Q

What is behind the hindbrain

A

The spinal cord

132
Q

Together the spinal cord and brain make up which system

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

133
Q

Central Nervous System Definition

A

The brain and associated main connected parts of the nervous system of an animal, not including the nerves leading to the body and their connections there; in vertebrates the brain and spinal cord

134
Q

What compose the two parts of the Peripheral System

A

Nerves and their connections in the body compose the two parts of the peripheral nervous system

135
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Definition

A

The part of the Nervous system outside the central nervous system, including nerves leading to the body and their connections in the body

136
Q

What are 2 parts of the Peripheral System (PNS)

A

Somatic Nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

137
Q

Somatic Nervous System Definition

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to muscles that the animal uses to control its outward behavior and to sensory receptors in muscle and skin

138
Q

Autonomic Nervous System Definition

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to internal organs and affects their function

139
Q

Where do the “highest” (most complex) intellectual functions are fulfilled

A

The forebrain

140
Q

Reflex Definition

A

Behavior that does not involve the higher centers of animal’s brain, and that is stimulated through a simple input-output system in which an input directly causes a behavioral output

141
Q

What is the purpose of the immune system

A

To recognize and destroy disease causing organisms, called pathogens

142
Q

Pathogen Definition

A

Something that caused disease, such as a virus or bacterium

143
Q

What are organism that can cause disease

A

Bacteria, viruses, protists, parasites, and fungi

144
Q

Immune System: What do Nonspecific Defenses do

A

Nonspecific defenses give an organism general protection against any pathogen

145
Q

Immune System: What do Specific Defenses do

A

Specific Defenses, like white blood cells, are the body’s response against a particular invader

146
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

The lymphatic system moves fluids in the body but doesn’t have a heart. Located alongside the lymph vessels are lymph nodes, which act like filters, in which white blood cells concentrated to attack-invaders like viruses and bacteria. The spleen, tonsils, and adenoids all contain lymphoid tissue and participate in the lymphatic system’s filtering of the blood

147
Q

Immune System: What is the first line of defense in plants

A

The “first line of defense” in plants is a waxy coating that forms a barrier against invading pathogens

148
Q

Immune System: What is the first line of defense in Invertebrates

A

Invertebrates such as hydra and earthworms are covered in mucus that traps and kills pathogens

149
Q

What is our first line of defense

A

Our first line defense are our skin, tears, saliva, and mucous membranes

150
Q

What attracts immune system cells

A

Pathogens and damaged tissues attract immune system cells, which “eat invaders and damaged tissues. Chemicals released by immune cells increase blood flow to the area, causing swelling, redness, and heat

151
Q

Fever, swelling, and pain are all examples of what

A

Nonspecific responses and happen 1st

152
Q

What goes to the site of an infection or injury to destroy dangerous particles and clean up damaged cells

A

Some types of white blood cells

153
Q

Macrophages are a type of what

A

White blood cells

154
Q

What happens when white blood cells digest a pathogen

A

After they ingest and digest a pathogen, they will display bits of the invader on the cell’s surface. These bits of the pathogen are called antigens

155
Q

Antigens Definition

A

A molecule that is foreign to an animal’s system and that can serve as a stimulus for forming antibodies that can inactive or destroy it

156
Q

What do Antigens do

A

Antigens tell other white blood cells, called T cells, that a harmful invader is present

157
Q

What do T cells do

A

The T cell recognizes the antigen on the surface of the macrophage and tells B cells ( a third kind of white blood cells ) to begin making molecules called antibodies that stick to the surface of the invader

158
Q

Antibodies Definition

A

Specific proteins that help fight infection; specialized white blood cells manufacture antibodies to help protect the body against disease

159
Q

What do antibodies do

A

Antibodies make it easier for other immune cells to identify the invader and destroy it

160
Q

What are the Specific Immunity Characteristics

A
  1. Blood cells respond only after they recognize the antigen
  2. They respond only to a specific type of invader
  3. They respond better when they recognize the antigen. This is true even if the invader returns years later
  4. They normally only attack pathogens they recognize as “non-self” or not apart of your body
161
Q

When does Active Immunization occur

A

Active Immunization occurs when your body is stimulated to produce antibodies specific to that pathogen. The B cells that produce these antibodies remain in your body for life, protecting it against that specific disease

162
Q

When does Passive Immunization occur

A

Passive Immunization occurs when ready-made antibodies are injected into the body and the effects are temporary but immediate

163
Q

Colds are caused by what

A

Rhinoviruses

164
Q

Allergies are the result of what

A

Of an oversensitive immune system

165
Q

What happens in your body when you have a cold

A

More mucus is produced and blood vessels expand

166
Q

What do plants do when they are under attack

A

They produce salicylic acid which turns on the plant’s defenses

167
Q

What do plants do to protect themselves from insects and pathogens

A

Plants release harmful chemicals or poisons, or they become more acidic

168
Q

How do plants communicate

A

Plants use airborne chemicals to communicate

169
Q

What happens to infected cells in plants

A

In plants, infected cells self-destruct

170
Q

Which system is the lymphatic system apart of

A

The circulatory system

Kevin Jimbi K12 Homeschool (37 decks)

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