Kevin’s Cards about Living Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Which level of organization of an organism does blood fit it
A
Blood
2
Q
Why is cell diversity important
A
It allows them to perform a variety of functions
3
Q
What is the organization of an organism from least to most organized
A
Cells, tissues, organs, then organs systems
4
Q
Cellular Organization consists of what
A
Tissues, organs, and organ systems
5
Q
What are the levels of an Organ Systems
A
The system, the organs in the system, then the tissues
6
Q
What happens from tissues to organs as the organization increases
A
The level becomes more complex meaning it can perform more functions or a more specialized function
7
Q
The skin is also useful for what
A
Structure
8
Q
Although the skin isn’t apart of the locomotive system it also helps with what
A
It helps maintain the shape of an animal
9
Q
What do bones store in the skeletal system
A
The bones in the skeletal system store calcium for the rest of the body. Mineral nutrients like magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium are also stored in bones
10
Q
For many animals the skeleton forms where
A
Inside the body
11
Q
The larger the animal the thicker their bones must be for what
A
To support the animal’s weight
12
Q
How many bones does an adult skeleton consist of
A
206
13
Q
How many bones does a baby skeleton consist of
A
270 bones
14
Q
What are tree’s internal structures like
A
Trees and other plants have an internal framework of stiff tubes similar to skeletons. Instead of being made of bone, the tubes in plants are made of a rigid substance called cellulose that provides support
15
Q
How are bones of birds like
A
Light and hollow
16
Q
Do earthworms have skeletons
A
No
17
Q
Joint Definition
A
A point where two bones meet, and that generally makes movement possible
18
Q
Ligament Definition
A
A sheet or band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones at a joint or supporting an organ
19
Q
What help bones attach together at joints
A
Ligaments and cartilage
20
Q
Cartilage Definition
A
A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue
21
Q
What covers the ends of many bones to help joints move smoothly
A
Cartilage
22
Q
In joints, such as the knee, what acts as a shock absorber when you move
A
Cartilage
23
Q
What type of joint is the knee
A
Hinge Joint
24
Q
How many types of muscles are there
A
Three
25
What is the muscle that attaches to bones called
A Skeletal Muscle
26
What are the 3 types of muscles
Voluntary, involuntary, and a cardiac muscle
27
What is a Voluntary Muscle
Muscles that you can control on your own
28
What is a Involuntary Muscle
Muscles that you can’t control on your own
29
What is a Cardiac Muscle
A muscle only found in the walls of the heart that beat until death
30
Where are Involuntary muscles found
In the walls of internal organs
31
What happens when a muscle contracts
A rope-like band of tissues, called a tendon, pulls on the bone it’s connected to
32
Tendon Definition
A band of tough tissue that connects a muscle with a bone
33
What is the function of the muscular system
To help the organism move
34
What is the function of the skeletal system
It provides function and support
35
How long can a cell in organism survive without oxygen
A few minutes
36
What does the respiratory system do
The respiratory system removes CO2 directly from the vicinity of the cells or from the circulatory system and exchanges gasses
37
Which organisms use lungs to breathe
Reptiles, mammals, and some amphibians
38
What are the ways to get oxygen
Lungs, gills, through skin and tracheae
39
How do plants “breathe”
Plants “breathe” through the surfaces of their leaves, roots, and stems through small holes or pores
40
Gills Definition
The respiratory organ found in aquatic vertebrates, used to obtain oxygen from water
41
Alveoli Definition
Small sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place between the air in the lungs and the blood in the circulatory system
42
What is the sequence of the respiratory system
Air comes through the mouth or nose. Air then enters the pharynx. From there, air goes to the trachea. The air enters two bronchi, which enter the two lungs. In the lungs, bronchi divide into many bronchioles. Bronchiole end in little sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange with the blood occurs
43
What is the diaphragm
The diaphragm is a thin, curved sheet muscle diving the heart and lungs from the digestive system. When the diaphragm contracts, the lungs expand and draw air in. When the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs contract to expel air
44
The walls of an alveolus are about how thick
About thickness of a cell
45
What were wrapped around alveolus
Tiny blood vessels called capillaries
46
What passes through the walls of alveoli
Molecules of O2 pass through the walls of the alveoli and enter the bloodstream through the capillaries
47
What happens when O2 reaches the cell
The O2 is exchanged for CO2
48
About how many alveolus are there per lung
500 million
49
What happens when you exhale
CO2 travels in the same steps of an inhale but in reverse
50
What is the windpipe
Trachea
51
When you inhale you create what
A vacuum
52
What happens as someone smokes
The alveolus are damaged
53
What are gills composed of
Gills have filaments- structures like the pages of a book- to give them more surface area for oxygen exchange
54
How do gills obtain oxygen
As water flows through the gills, O2 is taken up by by capillaries, and CO2 is removed
55
How is the respiratory system in insects
Insects exchange O2 and CO2 using a system of tubes call tracheae, which are located in their abdomens
56
How many main components does the circulatory system have
3 main components
57
What are blood vessels
Blood vessels form a system of channels of tubes through which the fluid blood travels, carrying materials the body needs to function
58
Some animals have how many hearts
Some have more than one heart
59
Circulatory System: What are the purpose of valves
Hearts and vessels often contain valves to control the direction of the blood’s flow. They allow blood to flow in particular direction and prevent it from flowing in the opposite direction
60
Blood Definition
The fluid portion of the circulatory system
61
Heart Definition
The main organ of the circulatory system
62
What are the building blocks of the circulatory system
Heart, blood, and vessels
63
What is an open circulatory system like
In an open circulatory system, the cells are in constant with a blood-like fluid that bathes them in nutrients and carries waste away. This system is common in invertebrates of small animals
64
What is does an open circulatory do
Open circulatory system circulate fluid within a hemocoel, a body cavity filled with blood-like hemolymph that freely surrounds the internal tissues. Cells all have access to circulating blood
65
Which animals have closed circulatory systems
Many animals have closed circulatory system, including earthworms, the more active mollusks (squid and mollusks), and vertebrates
66
What happens in a closed circulatory system
In a closed circulatory system, the blood stays enclosed in blood vessels. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
67
What is an Earthworm’s circulatory system like
Earthworms have a dorsal vessel (main heart), a pair of ventral vessels, and 5 pairs of vessels
68
Arteries Definition
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
69
Veins Definition
Vessels that carry blood toward the heart
70
Capillaries Definition
The smallest, thinnest vessels in a closed circulatory system
71
How do the size of arteries change as the move further from the heart
Large to smaller
72
The smallest arteries connect to what
Blood vessels that are only one cell wide called capillaries
73
What do capillaries do
Capillaries deliver blood to individual cells throughout the body
74
Where are nutrients transported to by the circulatory system
Nutrients transported by the circulatory system move across the thin walls of capillaries to the fluid surrounding cells. From there, materials can move through the cell membrane in a variety of ways
75
How do the size of veins change as they get closer to the heart
Small to Large
76
Ventricle Definition
A chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the arteries
77
Atrium Definition
A chamber of the heart that receives blood coming from the veins
78
How are plants circulatory systems like
Plants have a series of tubes within their stems, stalks, or trunks that carry water and nutrients from the roots to each leaf of the plant and carry sugars back down to the roots
79
What is the main artery stemming from the heart called
Aorta
80
What is the main vein going into the heart is called
The Vena Cava
81
What are Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Arteries carry blood from the heart to lungs and delivers CO2-rich blood to the alveoli
82
What are Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Veins carry blood from the lungs to the heart and takes O2 rich blood from the alveoli
83
Is the human circulatory system a one-loop or a two-loop system
Two-loop
84
How do carnivorous plants digest food
Venus Flytrap and other carnivores plants secrete enzymes that digest the trapped insect. This adaptation allows the plants to grow in soils that are not very rich in the nutrients needed by plants
85
How do single-called protists digest food
A single-celled protist has a specialized compartments, called a vacuole, for digesting its food. Digestion happens happens inside each cell in a process called intracellular digestion
86
How do sponges digest food
Sponges digest food through intracellular digestion. Small food particles enter with water through pores in the body of the sponge. Collar cells inside each pore have a flagellum that moves water through the cell. Food particles get trapped on the collar of that collar cell. Food is absorbed, and waste products are expelled from the cell and out of the sponge through a mouth-like opening called an osculum
87
What happens in the stomach
In the stomach, food mixes with acid and other enzymes and is further broken down
88
What happens in the small intestine
In the small intestine, food particles are broken down even further and then absorbed into the bloodstream with water
89
What happens in the large intestine
In the large intestine, food remnants are expelled through the anus
90
The one way flow of the digestive system allows for what
For continuous feeding
91
Esophagus Definition
A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
92
Stomach Definition
The pouch-like body part below the esophagus, which stores and processes chewed food
93
Small Intestine Definition
The long muscular tube where most digestion takes place
94
Large Intestine Definition
In the digestive system, the long organ that removes excess water from undigested food
95
How do simpler animals digest food
Simpler animals digest when food enters a sac inside through an opening where it is chemically digested. Undigested food is pushed out the same opening it entered
96
Digestive systems vary based on what
To the nature of food consumed and the habits of the organism
97
Birds don’t have so what do they have
They have gizzards that help grind up food with small tones the bird has swallowed
98
What are the 6 nutrients needed by the human body
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, fats, vitamins, and water
99
Proteins are broken down into what
Amino Acids
100
What are nucleic acids are broken down into what
Nucleic Acids are broken down into nucleotides and then into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphorus compounds
101
What are fats broken into
Fats aren’t polymers, but are broken down into their components, fatty acids are further broken down down
102
What is Ammonia
Ammonia is a poisonous substance that results from the breakdown of large molecules containing nitrogen, such as proteins
103
What happens in the livers of vertebrates
Ammonia is converted to urea and then excreted with water as urine
104
Livers Definition
Organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and removes toxins from the body
105
What are the main organs of the excretory system
Kidneys
106
What happens to waste materials in the body
Waste materials, such as urea, filters out of the bloodstream into a tubule, which runs alongside capillaries in the kidneys. From the kidneys, waste materials goes through the tubes of the ureter into the urinary bladder. The bladder stores waste until it is excreted as urine through the urethra. Other animals, such as flatworms, earthworms, and insects, have kidney-like structures that operate like vertebrate kidneys
107
What are the functions of your kidney
To filter waste materials from liquids
108
Anus Definition
opening through which undigested food remnants exit a digestive system
109
Bladder Definition
organ that stores liquid waste before it leaves the body; the bladder can stretch to hold about a pint of urine
110
Excretory System Definition
the system that removes metabolic wastes from the body
111
Kidneys Definition
paired organs that clean the blood, producing urine from waste
112
What does digestion result in
Digestion results in large organic molecules being broken down into smaller ones. The organic molecules that are polymers are broken down into simpler monomers
113
Enzymes could pose a danger in which type of system
In a system made of organic molecules
114
Quick responses to the environment are due to excitable cells called what
Nerve Cells or Neurons
115
What are the extensions of Neurons called and what do they do
Neurons have extensions called axons and dendrites over which messages travel
116
The nerve signal, or impulse, is what
An electrical signal
117
How do signals travel through nerves
The signal is in the form of a change in charge through the nerve cell. The change in charge travels as a wave. Once the wave has passed a spot in the cell, the original charge returns. The wave of changing charge travels down the axon. When a nerve impulse gets to the end of an axon, it stimulates a release of a chemical that diffuses across a tiny space to the next nerve cell. When enough chemical signals reach that cell, a nerve impulse starts there
118
What is the comparison of positive ions and negative ions win and out a nerve cell’s membrane
More positive ions are outside a nerve cell’s membrane and more negative ions are inside
119
What happens when a nerve impulse travels down an axon
When a nerve impulse travels down an axon, positive ions go through small openings in the cell membrane. The charge across the membrane changes/reverses temporarily
120
After a nerve impulse passes a place in the cell what happens
The cell quickly restores the original charge
121
What do Sponge cells respond to
Touch
122
How do the Sponge cells compare to neurons
Sponge cells don’t have the quick transmission that neurons provide of information over a distance
123
How is the Hydra’s nervous system
A Hydra has a nerve net concentrated around the mouth and then stretching net-like over the whole organism. This allows it to respond in a more widespread, coordinated way to a stimulus
124
The simplest, smallest aggregations of nerve cells are called what
Ganglia
125
Larger aggregations of nerve cells form the what
Brain
126
The neurons interact especially in the ganglia and the brain to form organized patterns of behavior, a process called what
Integration
127
Ganglion Definition
Similar nerve sell bodies grouped together in a nervous system, with relatively simple connections and relationships that allow integration of information passing through them; in a vertebrate nervous system ganglia are only in the peripheral system
128
Brain Definition
An aggregation of diverse types of nerve cells within complex connections and separate functional regions that is the main information processing center of the nervous system in an animal; allows greater complexity of integration than ganglia in processing information
129
Integration Definition
Interaction of the information passing through neurons so that organized patterns of input can lead to organized behavior of the animal
130
What is the brain composed of
The forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain
131
What is behind the hindbrain
The spinal cord
132
Together the spinal cord and brain make up which system
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
133
Central Nervous System Definition
The brain and associated main connected parts of the nervous system of an animal, not including the nerves leading to the body and their connections there; in vertebrates the brain and spinal cord
134
What compose the two parts of the Peripheral System
Nerves and their connections in the body compose the two parts of the peripheral nervous system
135
Peripheral Nervous System Definition
The part of the Nervous system outside the central nervous system, including nerves leading to the body and their connections in the body
136
What are 2 parts of the Peripheral System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
137
Somatic Nervous System Definition
The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to muscles that the animal uses to control its outward behavior and to sensory receptors in muscle and skin
138
Autonomic Nervous System Definition
The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to internal organs and affects their function
139
Where do the “highest” (most complex) intellectual functions are fulfilled
The forebrain
140
Reflex Definition
Behavior that does not involve the higher centers of animal’s brain, and that is stimulated through a simple input-output system in which an input directly causes a behavioral output
141
What is the purpose of the immune system
To recognize and destroy disease causing organisms, called pathogens
142
Pathogen Definition
Something that caused disease, such as a virus or bacterium
143
What are organism that can cause disease
Bacteria, viruses, protists, parasites, and fungi
144
Immune System: What do Nonspecific Defenses do
Nonspecific defenses give an organism general protection against any pathogen
145
Immune System: What do Specific Defenses do
Specific Defenses, like white blood cells, are the body’s response against a particular invader
146
What is the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system moves fluids in the body but doesn’t have a heart. Located alongside the lymph vessels are lymph nodes, which act like filters, in which white blood cells concentrated to attack-invaders like viruses and bacteria. The spleen, tonsils, and adenoids all contain lymphoid tissue and participate in the lymphatic system’s filtering of the blood
147
Immune System: What is the first line of defense in plants
The “first line of defense” in plants is a waxy coating that forms a barrier against invading pathogens
148
Immune System: What is the first line of defense in Invertebrates
Invertebrates such as hydra and earthworms are covered in mucus that traps and kills pathogens
149
What is our first line of defense
Our first line defense are our skin, tears, saliva, and mucous membranes
150
What attracts immune system cells
Pathogens and damaged tissues attract immune system cells, which “eat invaders and damaged tissues. Chemicals released by immune cells increase blood flow to the area, causing swelling, redness, and heat
151
Fever, swelling, and pain are all examples of what
Nonspecific responses and happen 1st
152
What goes to the site of an infection or injury to destroy dangerous particles and clean up damaged cells
Some types of white blood cells
153
Macrophages are a type of what
White blood cells
154
What happens when white blood cells digest a pathogen
After they ingest and digest a pathogen, they will display bits of the invader on the cell’s surface. These bits of the pathogen are called antigens
155
Antigens Definition
A molecule that is foreign to an animal’s system and that can serve as a stimulus for forming antibodies that can inactive or destroy it
156
What do Antigens do
Antigens tell other white blood cells, called T cells, that a harmful invader is present
157
What do T cells do
The T cell recognizes the antigen on the surface of the macrophage and tells B cells ( a third kind of white blood cells ) to begin making molecules called antibodies that stick to the surface of the invader
158
Antibodies Definition
Specific proteins that help fight infection; specialized white blood cells manufacture antibodies to help protect the body against disease
159
What do antibodies do
Antibodies make it easier for other immune cells to identify the invader and destroy it
160
What are the Specific Immunity Characteristics
1. Blood cells respond only after they recognize the antigen
2. They respond only to a specific type of invader
3. They respond better when they recognize the antigen. This is true even if the invader returns years later
4. They normally only attack pathogens they recognize as “non-self” or not apart of your body
161
When does Active Immunization occur
Active Immunization occurs when your body is stimulated to produce antibodies specific to that pathogen. The B cells that produce these antibodies remain in your body for life, protecting it against that specific disease
162
When does Passive Immunization occur
Passive Immunization occurs when ready-made antibodies are injected into the body and the effects are temporary but immediate
163
Colds are caused by what
Rhinoviruses
164
Allergies are the result of what
Of an oversensitive immune system
165
What happens in your body when you have a cold
More mucus is produced and blood vessels expand
166
What do plants do when they are under attack
They produce salicylic acid which turns on the plant’s defenses
167
What do plants do to protect themselves from insects and pathogens
Plants release harmful chemicals or poisons, or they become more acidic
168
How do plants communicate
Plants use airborne chemicals to communicate
169
What happens to infected cells in plants
In plants, infected cells self-destruct
170
Which system is the lymphatic system apart of
The circulatory system
