Kevin’s Cards about Living Systems Flashcards
Which level of organization of an organism does blood fit it
Blood
Why is cell diversity important
It allows them to perform a variety of functions
What is the organization of an organism from least to most organized
Cells, tissues, organs, then organs systems
Cellular Organization consists of what
Tissues, organs, and organ systems
What are the levels of an Organ Systems
The system, the organs in the system, then the tissues
What happens from tissues to organs as the organization increases
The level becomes more complex meaning it can perform more functions or a more specialized function
The skin is also useful for what
Structure
Although the skin isn’t apart of the locomotive system it also helps with what
It helps maintain the shape of an animal
What do bones store in the skeletal system
The bones in the skeletal system store calcium for the rest of the body. Mineral nutrients like magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium are also stored in bones
For many animals the skeleton forms where
Inside the body
The larger the animal the thicker their bones must be for what
To support the animal’s weight
How many bones does an adult skeleton consist of
206
How many bones does a baby skeleton consist of
270 bones
What are tree’s internal structures like
Trees and other plants have an internal framework of stiff tubes similar to skeletons. Instead of being made of bone, the tubes in plants are made of a rigid substance called cellulose that provides support
How are bones of birds like
Light and hollow
Do earthworms have skeletons
No
Joint Definition
A point where two bones meet, and that generally makes movement possible
Ligament Definition
A sheet or band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones at a joint or supporting an organ
What help bones attach together at joints
Ligaments and cartilage
Cartilage Definition
A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue
What covers the ends of many bones to help joints move smoothly
Cartilage
In joints, such as the knee, what acts as a shock absorber when you move
Cartilage
What type of joint is the knee
Hinge Joint
How many types of muscles are there
Three
What is the muscle that attaches to bones called
A Skeletal Muscle
What are the 3 types of muscles
Voluntary, involuntary, and a cardiac muscle
What is a Voluntary Muscle
Muscles that you can control on your own
What is a Involuntary Muscle
Muscles that you can’t control on your own
What is a Cardiac Muscle
A muscle only found in the walls of the heart that beat until death
Where are Involuntary muscles found
In the walls of internal organs
What happens when a muscle contracts
A rope-like band of tissues, called a tendon, pulls on the bone it’s connected to
Tendon Definition
A band of tough tissue that connects a muscle with a bone
What is the function of the muscular system
To help the organism move
What is the function of the skeletal system
It provides function and support
How long can a cell in organism survive without oxygen
A few minutes
What does the respiratory system do
The respiratory system removes CO2 directly from the vicinity of the cells or from the circulatory system and exchanges gasses
Which organisms use lungs to breathe
Reptiles, mammals, and some amphibians
What are the ways to get oxygen
Lungs, gills, through skin and tracheae
How do plants “breathe”
Plants “breathe” through the surfaces of their leaves, roots, and stems through small holes or pores
Gills Definition
The respiratory organ found in aquatic vertebrates, used to obtain oxygen from water
Alveoli Definition
Small sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place between the air in the lungs and the blood in the circulatory system
What is the sequence of the respiratory system
Air comes through the mouth or nose. Air then enters the pharynx. From there, air goes to the trachea. The air enters two bronchi, which enter the two lungs. In the lungs, bronchi divide into many bronchioles. Bronchiole end in little sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange with the blood occurs
What is the diaphragm
The diaphragm is a thin, curved sheet muscle diving the heart and lungs from the digestive system. When the diaphragm contracts, the lungs expand and draw air in. When the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs contract to expel air
The walls of an alveolus are about how thick
About thickness of a cell
What were wrapped around alveolus
Tiny blood vessels called capillaries
What passes through the walls of alveoli
Molecules of O2 pass through the walls of the alveoli and enter the bloodstream through the capillaries
What happens when O2 reaches the cell
The O2 is exchanged for CO2
About how many alveolus are there per lung
500 million
What happens when you exhale
CO2 travels in the same steps of an inhale but in reverse
What is the windpipe
Trachea
When you inhale you create what
A vacuum
What happens as someone smokes
The alveolus are damaged
What are gills composed of
Gills have filaments- structures like the pages of a book- to give them more surface area for oxygen exchange
How do gills obtain oxygen
As water flows through the gills, O2 is taken up by by capillaries, and CO2 is removed
How is the respiratory system in insects
Insects exchange O2 and CO2 using a system of tubes call tracheae, which are located in their abdomens
How many main components does the circulatory system have
3 main components
What are blood vessels
Blood vessels form a system of channels of tubes through which the fluid blood travels, carrying materials the body needs to function
Some animals have how many hearts
Some have more than one heart
Circulatory System: What are the purpose of valves
Hearts and vessels often contain valves to control the direction of the blood’s flow. They allow blood to flow in particular direction and prevent it from flowing in the opposite direction
Blood Definition
The fluid portion of the circulatory system
Heart Definition
The main organ of the circulatory system
What are the building blocks of the circulatory system
Heart, blood, and vessels
What is an open circulatory system like
In an open circulatory system, the cells are in constant with a blood-like fluid that bathes them in nutrients and carries waste away. This system is common in invertebrates of small animals
What is does an open circulatory do
Open circulatory system circulate fluid within a hemocoel, a body cavity filled with blood-like hemolymph that freely surrounds the internal tissues. Cells all have access to circulating blood
Which animals have closed circulatory systems
Many animals have closed circulatory system, including earthworms, the more active mollusks (squid and mollusks), and vertebrates
What happens in a closed circulatory system
In a closed circulatory system, the blood stays enclosed in blood vessels. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
What is an Earthworm’s circulatory system like
Earthworms have a dorsal vessel (main heart), a pair of ventral vessels, and 5 pairs of vessels
Arteries Definition
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins Definition
Vessels that carry blood toward the heart
Capillaries Definition
The smallest, thinnest vessels in a closed circulatory system
How do the size of arteries change as the move further from the heart
Large to smaller
The smallest arteries connect to what
Blood vessels that are only one cell wide called capillaries
What do capillaries do
Capillaries deliver blood to individual cells throughout the body
Where are nutrients transported to by the circulatory system
Nutrients transported by the circulatory system move across the thin walls of capillaries to the fluid surrounding cells. From there, materials can move through the cell membrane in a variety of ways
How do the size of veins change as they get closer to the heart
Small to Large
Ventricle Definition
A chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the arteries
Atrium Definition
A chamber of the heart that receives blood coming from the veins
How are plants circulatory systems like
Plants have a series of tubes within their stems, stalks, or trunks that carry water and nutrients from the roots to each leaf of the plant and carry sugars back down to the roots
What is the main artery stemming from the heart called
Aorta
What is the main vein going into the heart is called
The Vena Cava
What are Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Arteries carry blood from the heart to lungs and delivers CO2-rich blood to the alveoli
What are Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Veins carry blood from the lungs to the heart and takes O2 rich blood from the alveoli
Is the human circulatory system a one-loop or a two-loop system
Two-loop
How do carnivorous plants digest food
Venus Flytrap and other carnivores plants secrete enzymes that digest the trapped insect. This adaptation allows the plants to grow in soils that are not very rich in the nutrients needed by plants
How do single-called protists digest food
A single-celled protist has a specialized compartments, called a vacuole, for digesting its food. Digestion happens happens inside each cell in a process called intracellular digestion
How do sponges digest food
Sponges digest food through intracellular digestion. Small food particles enter with water through pores in the body of the sponge. Collar cells inside each pore have a flagellum that moves water through the cell. Food particles get trapped on the collar of that collar cell. Food is absorbed, and waste products are expelled from the cell and out of the sponge through a mouth-like opening called an osculum
What happens in the stomach
In the stomach, food mixes with acid and other enzymes and is further broken down
What happens in the small intestine
In the small intestine, food particles are broken down even further and then absorbed into the bloodstream with water
What happens in the large intestine
In the large intestine, food remnants are expelled through the anus
The one way flow of the digestive system allows for what
For continuous feeding
Esophagus Definition
A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
Stomach Definition
The pouch-like body part below the esophagus, which stores and processes chewed food
Small Intestine Definition
The long muscular tube where most digestion takes place
Large Intestine Definition
In the digestive system, the long organ that removes excess water from undigested food
How do simpler animals digest food
Simpler animals digest when food enters a sac inside through an opening where it is chemically digested. Undigested food is pushed out the same opening it entered
Digestive systems vary based on what
To the nature of food consumed and the habits of the organism
Birds don’t have so what do they have
They have gizzards that help grind up food with small tones the bird has swallowed
What are the 6 nutrients needed by the human body
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, fats, vitamins, and water
Proteins are broken down into what
Amino Acids
What are nucleic acids are broken down into what
Nucleic Acids are broken down into nucleotides and then into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphorus compounds
What are fats broken into
Fats aren’t polymers, but are broken down into their components, fatty acids are further broken down down
What is Ammonia
Ammonia is a poisonous substance that results from the breakdown of large molecules containing nitrogen, such as proteins
What happens in the livers of vertebrates
Ammonia is converted to urea and then excreted with water as urine
Livers Definition
Organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and removes toxins from the body
What are the main organs of the excretory system
Kidneys
What happens to waste materials in the body
Waste materials, such as urea, filters out of the bloodstream into a tubule, which runs alongside capillaries in the kidneys. From the kidneys, waste materials goes through the tubes of the ureter into the urinary bladder. The bladder stores waste until it is excreted as urine through the urethra. Other animals, such as flatworms, earthworms, and insects, have kidney-like structures that operate like vertebrate kidneys
What are the functions of your kidney
To filter waste materials from liquids
Anus Definition
opening through which undigested food remnants exit a digestive system
Bladder Definition
organ that stores liquid waste before it leaves the body; the bladder can stretch to hold about a pint of urine
Excretory System Definition
the system that removes metabolic wastes from the body
Kidneys Definition
paired organs that clean the blood, producing urine from waste
What does digestion result in
Digestion results in large organic molecules being broken down into smaller ones. The organic molecules that are polymers are broken down into simpler monomers
Enzymes could pose a danger in which type of system
In a system made of organic molecules
Quick responses to the environment are due to excitable cells called what
Nerve Cells or Neurons
What are the extensions of Neurons called and what do they do
Neurons have extensions called axons and dendrites over which messages travel
The nerve signal, or impulse, is what
An electrical signal
How do signals travel through nerves
The signal is in the form of a change in charge through the nerve cell. The change in charge travels as a wave. Once the wave has passed a spot in the cell, the original charge returns. The wave of changing charge travels down the axon. When a nerve impulse gets to the end of an axon, it stimulates a release of a chemical that diffuses across a tiny space to the next nerve cell. When enough chemical signals reach that cell, a nerve impulse starts there
What is the comparison of positive ions and negative ions win and out a nerve cell’s membrane
More positive ions are outside a nerve cell’s membrane and more negative ions are inside
What happens when a nerve impulse travels down an axon
When a nerve impulse travels down an axon, positive ions go through small openings in the cell membrane. The charge across the membrane changes/reverses temporarily
After a nerve impulse passes a place in the cell what happens
The cell quickly restores the original charge
What do Sponge cells respond to
Touch
How do the Sponge cells compare to neurons
Sponge cells don’t have the quick transmission that neurons provide of information over a distance
How is the Hydra’s nervous system
A Hydra has a nerve net concentrated around the mouth and then stretching net-like over the whole organism. This allows it to respond in a more widespread, coordinated way to a stimulus
The simplest, smallest aggregations of nerve cells are called what
Ganglia
Larger aggregations of nerve cells form the what
Brain
The neurons interact especially in the ganglia and the brain to form organized patterns of behavior, a process called what
Integration
Ganglion Definition
Similar nerve sell bodies grouped together in a nervous system, with relatively simple connections and relationships that allow integration of information passing through them; in a vertebrate nervous system ganglia are only in the peripheral system
Brain Definition
An aggregation of diverse types of nerve cells within complex connections and separate functional regions that is the main information processing center of the nervous system in an animal; allows greater complexity of integration than ganglia in processing information
Integration Definition
Interaction of the information passing through neurons so that organized patterns of input can lead to organized behavior of the animal
What is the brain composed of
The forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain
What is behind the hindbrain
The spinal cord
Together the spinal cord and brain make up which system
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System Definition
The brain and associated main connected parts of the nervous system of an animal, not including the nerves leading to the body and their connections there; in vertebrates the brain and spinal cord
What compose the two parts of the Peripheral System
Nerves and their connections in the body compose the two parts of the peripheral nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System Definition
The part of the Nervous system outside the central nervous system, including nerves leading to the body and their connections in the body
What are 2 parts of the Peripheral System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
Somatic Nervous System Definition
The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to muscles that the animal uses to control its outward behavior and to sensory receptors in muscle and skin
Autonomic Nervous System Definition
The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to internal organs and affects their function
Where do the “highest” (most complex) intellectual functions are fulfilled
The forebrain
Reflex Definition
Behavior that does not involve the higher centers of animal’s brain, and that is stimulated through a simple input-output system in which an input directly causes a behavioral output
What is the purpose of the immune system
To recognize and destroy disease causing organisms, called pathogens
Pathogen Definition
Something that caused disease, such as a virus or bacterium
What are organism that can cause disease
Bacteria, viruses, protists, parasites, and fungi
Immune System: What do Nonspecific Defenses do
Nonspecific defenses give an organism general protection against any pathogen
Immune System: What do Specific Defenses do
Specific Defenses, like white blood cells, are the body’s response against a particular invader
What is the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system moves fluids in the body but doesn’t have a heart. Located alongside the lymph vessels are lymph nodes, which act like filters, in which white blood cells concentrated to attack-invaders like viruses and bacteria. The spleen, tonsils, and adenoids all contain lymphoid tissue and participate in the lymphatic system’s filtering of the blood
Immune System: What is the first line of defense in plants
The “first line of defense” in plants is a waxy coating that forms a barrier against invading pathogens
Immune System: What is the first line of defense in Invertebrates
Invertebrates such as hydra and earthworms are covered in mucus that traps and kills pathogens
What is our first line of defense
Our first line defense are our skin, tears, saliva, and mucous membranes
What attracts immune system cells
Pathogens and damaged tissues attract immune system cells, which “eat invaders and damaged tissues. Chemicals released by immune cells increase blood flow to the area, causing swelling, redness, and heat
Fever, swelling, and pain are all examples of what
Nonspecific responses and happen 1st
What goes to the site of an infection or injury to destroy dangerous particles and clean up damaged cells
Some types of white blood cells
Macrophages are a type of what
White blood cells
What happens when white blood cells digest a pathogen
After they ingest and digest a pathogen, they will display bits of the invader on the cell’s surface. These bits of the pathogen are called antigens
Antigens Definition
A molecule that is foreign to an animal’s system and that can serve as a stimulus for forming antibodies that can inactive or destroy it
What do Antigens do
Antigens tell other white blood cells, called T cells, that a harmful invader is present
What do T cells do
The T cell recognizes the antigen on the surface of the macrophage and tells B cells ( a third kind of white blood cells ) to begin making molecules called antibodies that stick to the surface of the invader
Antibodies Definition
Specific proteins that help fight infection; specialized white blood cells manufacture antibodies to help protect the body against disease
What do antibodies do
Antibodies make it easier for other immune cells to identify the invader and destroy it
What are the Specific Immunity Characteristics
- Blood cells respond only after they recognize the antigen
- They respond only to a specific type of invader
- They respond better when they recognize the antigen. This is true even if the invader returns years later
- They normally only attack pathogens they recognize as “non-self” or not apart of your body
When does Active Immunization occur
Active Immunization occurs when your body is stimulated to produce antibodies specific to that pathogen. The B cells that produce these antibodies remain in your body for life, protecting it against that specific disease
When does Passive Immunization occur
Passive Immunization occurs when ready-made antibodies are injected into the body and the effects are temporary but immediate
Colds are caused by what
Rhinoviruses
Allergies are the result of what
Of an oversensitive immune system
What happens in your body when you have a cold
More mucus is produced and blood vessels expand
What do plants do when they are under attack
They produce salicylic acid which turns on the plant’s defenses
What do plants do to protect themselves from insects and pathogens
Plants release harmful chemicals or poisons, or they become more acidic
How do plants communicate
Plants use airborne chemicals to communicate
What happens to infected cells in plants
In plants, infected cells self-destruct
Which system is the lymphatic system apart of
The circulatory system
