Kevin’s Cards about Animals and Species Flashcards
What are thought to be the most ancient life-forms on earth
Archaea
What are thought to have evolved before oxygen gas was substantial in earth’s atmosphere
Archaea
All kingdoms get energy from what
Organic and inorganic substances
Which phylum are sponges in
Phylum Porifera
How many species of sponges are there in the world and where do they live
There are about 9,000 species of sponges living in both freshwater and marine around the world
How many sponges live in freshwater
100
How are is the sponges movement
Sponges are sessile; they are anchored in one spot
How do sponges feed
Sponges feed by taking in water through the holes in the sides of their bodies and forcing it to flow out the top. By doing so, they strain out plankton and other small organisms, such as bacteria
How simple are sponges
Sponges are the simplest of animals and have no nerves or muscles
Osculum Definition
The opening at the top of the sponge through which water exits
Collar Cells Definition
The site of water movement and food capture
Epidermis Definition
The outer layer of cells and sponge
Pores Definition
Cells that are modified to allow water to pass into a sponge
Spongocoel Definition
The inside cavity of a sponge
What is a sponges gender
Most sponges are male and female at the same time
What reproductive substances do sponges produce
Sperm and eggs
How is sperm in sponges carried
By water currents
Where do eggs stay in a sponge
In the body of a sponge
What type of reproduction describes the union of sperm and eggs
Sexual Reproduction
How do sponges reproduce asexually
By budding
Where are flatworms found
Flatworms are thin, small, flat animals found on the bottom of lakes or in wet soil
How many species of flatworms are there
More than 18,000
Planarians are a type of what
Flatworm
Can a Planarian regenerate it parts
Yes
What reproduction substances does a Planarian produce
Eggs and sperm
What is the most important flatworm to humans
The tapeworm
What are tapeworms
Tapeworms are parasites that mostly live inside the bodies of vertebrates
Where do tapeworms attach themselves
Tapeworms attach themselves to the inside of an animal’s intestine and absorb nutrients
How do tapeworms spread
Tapeworms spread when someone when someone eats raw foods
Which animals are in the Cnidarians group
Cnidarians include jellyfish, anemones, and coral
Which animals are in the Mollusks group
Mollusks include squid, octopus, clams, and scallops
How ,any phyla do invertebrates consist of
15
What type of body structure does a starfish have
Radial Symmetry
What kind of symmetry does a centipede demonstrate
Bilateral Symmetry
What kind of symmetry does coral demonstrate
Asymmetrical
Where do Cnidarians live
In both freshwater and saltwater
Cnidarians are mainly what type of animal
Marine animals
How many phases does a Cnidarians’ life cycle contain
Two distinct phases
What animal is sometimes mistaken as an underwater flower
Anemones
What is unique about Cnidarians
They have sting cells
How do Cnidarians’ sting cells operate
Cnidarians have a unique type of sting cell. They are consumers, and these stingers are useful for predation, as well as defense
What is one unique characteristic about Cnidarians
Obtaining food by the use of stingers is one characteristic of most Cnidarians
How do sting cells work
When the trigger is touched, a long filament whips out of the cell. This filament may be pointed, barbed, or poisonous. A small animal, such as paramecium, might be immediately killed. However, some poisons are so deadly they can kill a person
How do jellyfish reproduce
Jellyfish can reproduce asexually by budding or sexually
Polyp Definition
The sessile stage in the life cycle of a cnidarian
Medusa Definition
The free-living in the life cycle of a cnidarian
Jellyfish spend most of their lives as what
As a Medusa
Roundworms are also called what
Nematodes
How do roundworms reproduce
Sexually
Where are roundworms found
Roundworms are widespread and are found in aquatic habitats, wet soil, and plant and animal tissue
What percent of roundworms are parasitic
A small percent of roundworms are parasitic
Roundworms in tropical areas cause a disease called what
Elephantiasis
What does Elephantiasis cause
It causes lymph in the body, which causes swelling in tissues
Roundworms can form what
Cysts
Trichinosis Definition
A disease caused by eating undercooked pork and other meats, caused by the organism Trininella
What are cnidocytes
A unique type of stinging cell
How do mollusks reproduce
Sexually
Where do mollusks live
Mollusks live in fresh and marine waters and on land
Annelids include which animals
Segmented Worms
Arthropods include which animals
Insects and their relatives
Echinoderms include which animals
Sea stars and other relatives
The word “annelid” is Ancient Greek for what
“Little Ring”
Setae Definition
The paired bristles of earthworms and other annelids that emerge from each segment and aid in movement
What characteristics do some marine annelids have
Some marine annelids have fleshy, paddle-like protrusions
Clitellum Definition
The enlarged section of the earthworm body that is modified for reproduction
What are the characteristics of Annelids
Segmentation, Setae, Mouth and Anus, Clitellum
What is the digestive system in Annelids like
The digestive system is a straight tube
Annelids: Muscular System
Muscular— Contracts and expands to aid movement
Annelids: Digestive System
Digestive— Mouth and Anus; feed on decaying plants
Annelids: Nervous System
Nervous— Small brain in the front of the worm
Annelids: Circulatory System
Circulatory— large blood vessels run the length of the body and smaller ones arch around it
Annelids: Digestive System
Digestive— has an esophagus, gizzard, and intestine
Gizzard Definition
Where food is physically broken down
What does an Annelids Nervous System consist of
The Cerebral Ganglion and nerves
Cerebral Ganglion Definition
The major nerve center of the earthworm
Annelids: Respiratory System
Respiratory— oxygen comes through skin
Who are the most widespread and diverse groups of invertebrates
Arthropods
Insects, spiders, centipedes, lobsters, ticks, shrimp, and horseshoe crabs are apart of which invertebrate group
Arthropods
How many species of Arthropods are there
900,000
What does arthropod mean
“Jointed Foot”
Arthropod: Jointed Legs
Jointed legs— allow for a range of movement; a key factor in their success on Earth
Arthropod: Segmented Bodies
Segmented Bodies— bodies divided into 2 or more segments
Arthropod: Exoskeleton
Exoskeleton— a hard skeleton formed outside the body; made of a protein substance called chitin
Arthropod: Head
Head— in many arthropods, this includes well developed eyes
What are the characteristics of Arthropods
Jointed legs, segmented bodies, exoskeleton, head
What animal are the most numerous of Arthropods
Insects
Insects have jaw-like structures called what
Mandibles
How are insects circulatory and nervous systems
They have an open circulatory system and a complex nervous system
What does the abdomen of an insect house
Many of the organs
True of False: Insects do not have brains
False
What does Echinoderm mean
“Spiny skin”
Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, crinoids, and sea cucumbers are in which group in the Kingdom Animalia
Echinoderms
What type of symmetry do most Echinoderms have
Radial Symmetry
Where is the mouth of a starfish located
Under the center of its body
Starfish: Digestive
Digestive— have two stomachs and digestive glands that run down the arms of the starfish
Starfish: Reproductive
Reproductive— Reproductive organs extend down their arms
How are starfish’s skin
Sea stars have skin that lies under an endoskeleton of hard plates
What is an unique system in Echinoderms
Echinoderms have a unique system called a water vascular system which is like a hydraulic system
Water Vascular System Definition
The hydraulic system of Echinoderms that aids in movement and promotes turgidity
Starfish: Tubular Feet
Tubular Feet— all the starfish to move
What is a ring canal
A ring canal is a ring structure that circles the central body and distributes water for the water vascular system (in starfish)
Vertebrates belong to which group
Chordates
Characteristics of Chordates: Notochord
Notochord— a stiff rod that develops down the back of the embryo
Characteristics of Chordates: Dorsal Nerve Cord
Dorsal Nerve Cord— a thick grouping of nerves that runs down the back, or dorsal, side of the embryo
Characteristics of Chordates: Pharyngeal Gill Slits
Pharyngeal Gill Slits— slits that develop in the throat area during embryonic development
What does the dorsal cord in humans develop into
The spinal cord
What does the notochord in humans develop into
The backbone
When do humans have Gill slits
Early in their development
Scientists believe vertebrates evolved from what
Scientists think vertebrates evolved form small invertebrates, similar to a sea squirt
How many classes do fish belong in
Fish belong to a number of different classes of vertebrates
What are gills
Gills are flaps of tissue that strain dissolved oxygen out of the water the circulatory system delivers the oxygen to cells
How is the endoskeleton of sharks and rays
Sharks and Rays have no bones and their endoskeleton is made of cartilage, a strong but flexible substance
True of False: Sharks and Rays have jaws
True
Shark Characteristics: Dorsal Fin
Dorsal Fin— Provides side- to- side balance in the water
Shark Characteristics: Eyes
Eyes— Two eyes
Shark Characteristics: Nostril
Nostril— for a well developed sense of smell
Shark Characteristics: Mouth
Mouth— used for eating
Shark Characteristics: Pectoral Fins
Pectoral Fins— allow control of movement in the water
Shark Characteristics: Caudal Fin
Caudal Fin— acts like a rudder to stabilize the shark
What is the size of most sharks
Many sharks are small and docile
Docile Definition
Ready to accept control or instruction; submissive
What type of feeders are Basking Sharks
Basking Sharks are Filter feeders
How many species of bony fish are there
24,000
Bony fish include what
Bony fish include game fish such as trout, perch, blue gills, bass, grouper, and marlin
In which water can you find bony fish
Both fresh and saltwater
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Brain
Brain— indicates a highly developed nervous system
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Dorsal Fin
Dorsal Fin— stabilizer, prevents rolling as fish swims
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Gills
Gills— lined with blood vessels, they absorb oxygen from water
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Kidney
Kidney— maintains water balance
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord— from which lateral nerves diverge to the body
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Swim Bladder
Swim Bladder— helps maintain the fish’s depth in the water
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Stomach
Stomach— for digesting food
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Liver
Liver— for storage of food reserves and for processing foods
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Heart
Heart— pumps blood through a closed circulatory system
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Pelvic Fin
Pelvic Fin— useful for vertical movement, sudden stops and turns
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Anus
Anus— Exit from the body for solid wastes
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Anal Fin
Anal Fin— prevents fish from veering sideways as it swims
Internal Anatomy of a Bony Fish: Lateral Line
Lateral Line— sensory organ that detects sound
What is something that bony fish have that most vertebrates do not
A swim bladder
What are the gender of fish
Fish are either male or female
How long do fish mate
Most fish do not mate for life
What do scientists think happened with fish 370 million years ago
About 370 million years ago, scientists think some kinds of ancient fish made the transition from water to land
What is the predominant scientific theory explaining the 1st land animals
The predominant scientific theory explaining the 1st land animals states they were amphibians that evolved from fish
What is a placoderm
A placoderm is an extinct fish whose bodies were covered in large bony plates (went extinct 360 million years ago)
What are hagfish
Hagfish are bottom feeders without jaws; eat decaying fish (name means “ugly fish”)
What are lamprey
Lampreys are parasites that use a toothed, circular mouth to latch onto fish, drill into it, and suck out blood (like a leech)
What are Caecilians
Caecilians are amphibians that look like worms and are modified for the burrowing life (found in tropical areas)
How many sexes do frogs and amphibians have
2 sexes
What is the Frogs anatomy
Stomach, spinal cord, kidney, jumping legs, lungs, and heart
How are reptiles characterized
Reptiles are characterized by skin with scales that are hardened by a protein called keratin
What type of egg do reptiles possess
Reptiles possess a unique kind of egg called the amniotic egg
How many species of reptiles are there
7,000
What are Iguanas
Iguanas are dark-colored, live in tropical areas, and are herbivores
What are crocodiles
Crocodiles have thick skin and live in tropical and subtropical waters
In common usage, what is an egg
I common usage, the word “egg” refers to a fertilized egg, one that contains an embryo inside
What is an egg in biology
In biology, eggs come from females and are not fertilized
Once an egg joins a sperm, it becomes what
A zygote
Amniotic Definition
A shelled egg in which an embryo develops
What is an advantage of amniotic eggs
A female can lay eggs out of the water
Characteristics of Amniotic Eggs: Amnion
Amnion— encloses and protects the developing embryo
Characteristics of Amniotic Eggs: Shell
Shell— either leathery or hardened, prevents drying out while allowing the exchange of gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
Characteristics of Amniotic Eggs: Yolk Sac
Yolk Sac— surround the yolk, a substance that provides food, in the form of yolk, for the developing embryo
How are birds characterized
By the presence of feathers
How are birds skeletons
Birds have very light skeletons, aided by bones that are thin and hollow or honeycomb for strength and lightness
How are birds lungs
Flying birds have lungs with air sacs to ensure that the maximum amount of oxygen is extracted from the air
What type of eggs do birds lay
All birds lay amniotic eggs with well developed shells
What is bird egg-laying accompanied by
Nurturing
Nurturing Definition
To care for and encourage the growth and development of an organism
What do Hummingbirds eat
Hummingbirds feed on nectar and beat their wings rapidly to hover in position
What are Red Tailed Hawks
Red Tailed Hawks are hunters in open fields
What do Japanese Cranes do to mate
The Japanese Crane perform a mating dance
Scientists think birds came from what
Reptiles
How did reptiles turn into birds
About 150million years ago a reptile with decidedly bird-like features lived in what is now Germany. This animal was called “Archaeopteryx lithographic-a ”
What does “Archaeopteryx lithographic-a ”
“Ancient Wing”
What does Thermoregulation
“Control of body”
Endothermy Definition
Regulation of body heat by internal metabolic systems
Ectothermy Definition
The lack of regulation of body heat by internal metabolic systems
What are feathers made of
Protein; they are “feather light”, yet strong
What are the bards on feathers
The bards on the feathers are lined with hooks that link together
What are the characteristics of mammals
Mammals have hair and feed their young with milk
What are characteristics of mammals
Mammals are endotherms, give birth to live young, have a 4-chambered heart, and different kinds of teeth
Scientist think that mammals came from what
Reptiles
When did the 1st mammal fossils appear
In 320 million rocks
What was the first mammal
The first mammal was a therapsid
What is a placenta mammal
A mammal with a placenta
What is a placenta
A placenta is a protective and nurturing structure that nourishes the developing embryo and is evolutionarily derived from the membranes of the amniotic egg
What are marsupials
Marsupials are a group of mammals that have an external pouch in which the live offspring are nursed with milk
What is the only marsupial in North America
In North America, an opossum is the only marsupial
What are the only mammals that lay eggs
Monotremes, such as the duck-billed platypus and the echidna, are the only mammals that lay eggs
Trait Definition
A characteristics, such as hair color, plant height, or blood type
Heredity Definition
The ability to pass on genetic traits, such as the color of eyes, from parent to child through DNA
Inherited Trait Definition
Any genetic trait passed from a parent to its offspring
Acquired Traits Definition
A genetic trait an organism develops over life
What are examples of inherited traits
Eye color, hair color, blood type, bone size, etc.
What are examples of plant inherited traits
Flower color, shape of fruit, type of seed, and height
How are inherited traits developed
While some inherited traits are fixed, others can be influenced by environment
How do acquired traits develop
Although some acquired traits are learned, others result from diet, lifestyle, or other environmental factors
Why are flamingos pink
Due to the shrimp they consume
Can humans produce new traits in animals and plants
Yes
Gardeners breed plants to produce what
Gardners breed plants to produce certain traits or combinations of traits
What happens due to breeding
Due to breeding, different varieties of the same species of plants can seem very different
What do animal breeders do
Animal breeders will selectively breed certain animals to produce offspring with desirable traits
The size and shape of cells, tissues, and internal organs __ amount individuals
Vary
Are Internal differences acquired or inherited
They can be inherited or acquired
What is Sickle-cell anemia
A disease in which red blood cells are sickle-shaped. This prevents the blood from flowing properly
Is Sickle-cell anemia inherited or acquired
Inherited
How bad can a heart defect be
A heart defect can be a mere annoyance, or it can be life-threatening
What may a simple heart murmur do
This may cause no harmful side effects
What may a malformed heart valve do
A malformed heart valve can disrupt blood flow and threaten a newborn’s life if it is not corrected surgically
Are heart defects acquired or inherited
Some heart defects are inherited and some are acquired
What is Down Syndrome
An inherited condition that often causes heart defects
Is blood type inherited or acquired
Inherited
Are all red blood cells alike
No
What are on the surfaces of red blood cells
Red blood cells have certain carbohydrates (or sugars) on their surface. Proteins attach these sugars to your red blood
What proteins determine blood types A & B
The proteins that determine blood types A & B fall into two categories: proteins that attach A or B sugars
What are the four blood types
A, B, AB, O
What can help if you lost lots of blood
Blood transfusion
Blood type O doesn’t have what
Any A or B sugars
Why do Hydrangeas change color
Hydrangeas growing in acidic soil will be blue and ones in less acidic soil will be pink
Reproduction Definition
The process by which living things make other living things identical or similar to themselves
Asexual Reproduction Definition
The process in which a single organism produces a new, identical organism
How do worms reproduce asexually
By dividing into two pieces
Sexual Reproduction Definition
The process in which two sex cells join together to form a new organism
What combine during fertilization
A sex cell from a male and one from a female combine during fertilization
In some species, where does fertilization take place
Outside the body
Why do plants not usually fertilize their own eggs
Plants usually do not fertilize their own eggs since it usually produces weaker offspring
Where does fertilization in aquatic and amphibians take place
Outside the body
What are sex cells
Sex cells are highly specialized cells that allow the genetic information from two organisms to combine into one
Sperm Definition
A reproductive cell supplied by a male
Egg Definition
The reproductive cell supplied by a female
Gametes Definition
Cells for sexual reproduction, both male and female
What does sperm consist of
Sperm cells consist of a round head containing the genetic information (DNA), a middle section containing mitochondria for energy, and a whip-like tail called a flagellum
How big is the sperm of flies in Drosophila
20x bigger than them
Where does fertilization take place
Fertilization takes place in some type of liquid environment, and the tail of the sperm cell allows sperm to swim towards the egg
How are sperm produced
Sperm is produced in vast numbers and are small
What is larger: Eggs or sperm
Eggs
What are characteristics of eggs
They are round and sessile
True or false: A female is born with a complete set of eggs
True
True or False: A male is born is born with a complete supply of eggs
False; male produce sperm all life long
How are gametes formed
By a kind of cell division called meiosis
What does meiosis do
The meiosis process makes daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
What is the result of meiosis in fertilization
When sperm fertilizes the egg, the offspring has the right amount of chromosomes
The cell division of gametes result in what
The type of cell division of the gametes results in either 4 sperm cells or 4 egg cells, each with a different combination of chromosomes from each other and their parents
Why does sexual reproduction take longer
Since meiosis take longer than mitosis
What are the plants’ 2 methods of sexual reproduction
Spores and seeds
True or False: Some plants have both seeds & spores but some only have one or the other
True
What type of reproduction are seeds in
In sexual
What type of reproduction are spores in
Both
Seed Definition
Structure formed when a sperm form a pollen grain fertilizes an egg; contains embryo
When is a seed made
A seed is made when a plant sperm fertilizes and egg, in the ovary of a plant, making an embryo
What is the embryo of a seed surrounded by
The embryo is surrounded by a nourishing supply of starch and a protective coat
When are new plants healthier
When their gametes came from two different parents
If a plant fertilizes its own egg , it’s offspring is less likely to
Survive
To avoid a plant’s self fertilization, what happens
To avoid this from happening, sperm is contained in the pollen of the plant
What is the inner dark part of a kernel of corn called
The germ, which is the embryo of the plant
What is the endosperm of a kernel
The other part of the corn kernel is the larger scratchy endosperm. This provides nourishment for the corn embryo until it can grow roots and leaves to make its own food
What conditions must a seed be in for it to germinate
A seed must be in a good environment
Spore Definition
A specialized cell for a plant or fungus that can grow into a new organism
What is a spore
A spore is a single cell that can be scattered
What does a solitary spore do
A solitary spore can find a suitable place to grow and can develop into a new plant
What does a spore do in asexual reproduction
It creates a replica of itself
What is alternation of generations
Some plants produce spores that grow into new plants with only half the regular amount of DNA. These plants then produce sperm and eggs that come together to reproduce sexually, forming a plant with a new combination of genes that produces more spores. This back and forth is called alternation of generation
True or False: Spores are produced from sperm and eggs
False (No seed)
Do spores have stored food
No
Metamorphosis Definition
The type of life cycle in which an insect changes its looks as it progresses through different stages
Incomplete Metamorphosis Definition
A type of life cycle in which an insect hatches from an egg and the newly hatched insect looks like a miniature version of the adult insect
Which animals go through incomplete metamorphosis
Grasshoppers, termites, and praying mantises
