Kevin’s Cards about Civilization Ideas Flashcards
1
Q
The Great Wall of China was one of the world’s what
A
Most massive building projects
2
Q
When did the Great Wall of China begin
A
The wall was begun in ancient times, but most of it was constructed during later centuries
3
Q
Even as people in different lands and civilizations set their sights on new goals, they seem to chose paths surprisingly consistent with what
A
Their past
4
Q
Different people at different times and places have cherished different things. They’ve had different what
A
Ideas about what’s important
5
Q
What happened during the period between 1800 and 400 B.C.
A
The rise of ideas with long-lasting effects, ideas still with us today
6
Q
What ideas did they have in China
A
The scholar Confucius, through his writing and teachings, influenced Chinese civilization for centuries to come
7
Q
What ideas did they have in India
A
The great religions of Hinduism and Buddhism emerged. These faiths are followed by more than a billion people today
8
Q
What ideas did the Hebrews have
A
They broke tradition and started to follow not many gods but one god. They left the world of unpredictable nature gods behind. (Middle East)
9
Q
What ideas did they have in Greece
A
People developed a new appreciation for the human person, human reason, and human dignity
10
Q
What was the environment in China like when Confucius first began to teach
A
China was in trouble. Peace and unity had given way to warring among small provinces. Government was corrupt. The rich lived in great houses while the poor lacked even the basic of life, like food
11
Q
How was Confucius like
A
Confucius was honest honest, fair, and loved learning. He gave China a philosophy that eventually transformed society
12
Q
Shang Dynasty: China’s first dynasty, the Shang Dynasty, ruled more than how many years
A
600 years
13
Q
Shang Dynasty: The ambitious Shang rulers did what
A
United the Chinese people
14
Q
Shang Dynasty: They kept thousands of workers busy doing what
A
Building cities with huge stamped- earth walls
15
Q
Shang Dynasty: In the cities, 100s of skilled craftsmen casted what
A
Bronze goblets, cups, and bowls. Meanwhile, scribes perfected a beautiful system of writing
16
Q
Shang Dynasty: Under the Shang Dynasty, Chinese civilization did what
A
Flourished and spread
17
Q
Zhou Dynasty: A 2nd family of rulers, called the Zhou (djoh) dynasty, came to power when
A
Around the year 1050 B.C.
18
Q
Zhou Dynasty: How did the Zhou dynasty fall and rise
A
For a while China remained unified and peaceful , but then the Zhou empire began to break down as rival lords vied for power
19
Q
Zhou Dynasty: What did the country break into
A
The country broke into multiple independent, unwary states
20
Q
Zhou Dynasty: How was the power for kings
A
A king still ruled the country, but had very little power and most power was in the states
21
Q
Zhou Dynasty: How was the environment in States
A
States fought all the time
22
Q
Zhou Dynasty: What was the countryside of China like
A
The countryside of China was filled with rich lords who kept their own armies and acted like tyrants. They attacked each other and taxed the people to pay for their wars and fine houses
23
Q
Zhou Dynasty: What were rulers actions and characteristics during the break up of the states
A
Rulers at this time were cruel and indifferent , and Rulers cared little about the common people, and justice was almost nowhere to be found
24
Q
Confucius: When and Where was Confucius born
A
Confucius was born in the time of turmoil around the year 551 B.C and his home state is in Lu
25
Confucius: What is Confucius’ stories
According to tradition, Confucius’ father was a soldier and his mother was a young peasant woman. When he was just 3yrs old his father died. So Confucius started life in humble conditions. Nevertheless, at an early age Confucius made up his mind to become a scholar. “At 15, I set my heart on learning,” he said. He studied all the ancient writings he could get his hands on. He spent his time absorbing the history of China’s glorious past, and traveled state to state. In time, he gained a reputation as a learned man, and a group of young men began gathering around him discuss ideas and listen to what he had to say
26
Confucius: How was Confucius’ behavior to teaching
Confucius welcomed all students who came to learn, even those so poor they had nothing to offer as payment except a package of dried meat
27
Confucius: What was Confucius’ one requirement to teach
A pupil had to show eagerness to learn
28
Confucius: What was Confucius’ real name
Confucius’ real name was Kong Qiu (KWANG choo). In China he came to be known as Kongfuzi (KWANG FOO-dzuh), which meant “Great Master Kong”. Most people,in the west know him as Confucius, which is Latin for Kongfuzi
29
Confucius: What were the conditions Confucius lived in
He lived in a time of chaos
30
What was happening in Rome in the 6th century B.C
Rome is declared a republic
31
What was happening in Maya in the 6th century B.C
Maya civilization is flourishing in Mexico
32
What were the Hebrews doing in the 6th century B.C
Many books of the Old Testament are first written down in Hebrew
33
What was Pythagoras doing in the 6th century B.C
Pythagoras influences mathematics and philosophy in Greece
34
What was Siddhartha Gautama doing in the 6th century B.C
Siddhartha founds Buddhism in India
35
Confucius Teachings: What did Confucius say about living a good life
“The secret to a peaceful land and a good life was good character”
36
Confucius Teachings: What did Confucius say about living well
“To live well, a person must be a gentleman”
37
Confucius Teaching: What did Confucius say a gentleman was
“The gentleman was not one who was born rich or high position. The gentleman was one who fulfilled his duties and thought of others. He was loyal to friends. He brought rest and comfort to old people, and was kind and loving toward the young”
38
Confucius Teaching: What did Confucius say about good behavior
“Right behavior led to a good life, and every person must try to lead a good life, for only then would all people be happy”
39
Confucius Teaching: What did he say about family
Families, the countries’ littlest communities, could be an example for the larger community of China
40
What did Confucius urged his students to do what
To disagree with him if they thought he was wrong, and he was never afraid to make a mistake
41
What were Confucius’ standards for his behavior
Confucius set high standards for his behavior and said he often failed but never stopped trying
42
What did Confucius long to about the injustice
Confucius longed to do something about the injustice and warfare in China and wanted to bring back the days of the early Zhou Kings
43
What did Confucius call the golden age of government
When kings acted with virtue and respect
44
What did Corrupt Officials fear about Confucius
Corrupt officials feared that if Confucius’ ideas of virtuous leaders took hold, they would soon be out of their jobs
45
Why did Nobles ignore Confucius’s ideas
Nobles didn’t want to be bothered with having to live up to high standards, so they can usually ignored Confucius’ ideas
46
Why did Confucius mainly focus on young boys
Confucius focused on young boys since his students were male and men served in the government
47
What did Confucius say about the “Five Relationships”
Confucius said there are five different kinds of relationships between people. In each of these relationships, he said, there is a proper way to behave. His plan for an orderly society with a good environment was based on these relationships
48
The 5 Relationships: What is the first and most important relationship
The relationship between parent and child is the most important of all, Confucius said. That’s because during childhood, children learn the proper way to live from their parents. According to Confucius, a person becomes a good man by first learning to be a good son, and then remaining good as he grows up
49
What did Confucius say as a response to one of his students asking how to show respect
“Let your parents’ only worry be that you may fall sick.”
50
The 5 Relationships: What is the second relationship
Elder Brother and younger brother
51
The 5 Relationships: What is the third relationship
Husband and Wife
52
The 5 Relationships: What is the fourth relationship
Ruler and Subject
53
The 5 Relationships: What is the fifth relationship
Between friends
54
What are all the relationships in order
Parent and child, elder brother and a younger brother, husband and wife, ruler and subject, and between friends
55
What was “The Golden Rule” Confucius said
“Do not do to others what you do not want them to do to you”
56
What was most important to Confucius
Learning how to live with others
57
What did Confucius say was a wise man and a good man
“A wise man is one who understands others. A good man is someone who loves others”
58
What did Confucius talk addressing religion
Confucius didn’t talk about any gods but talked about heaven, but didn’t explain it for he thought it couldn’t be put in words
59
Confucius spent much of his career talking about what
Government
60
What did Confucius believe about bad government
He believed if government was bad, people would find it hard to live good lives
61
Confucius died believing what
He had failed
62
What was the book that Confucius’ followers write about his teachings
Analects of Confucius
63
Who was the first emperor of China
Qin Shi Huangdi
64
What was Qin Shi Huangdi known as
The “Tiger of China”
65
What did Qin Shi Huangdi want for the government
He wanted direct control of a centralized government
66
What are 2 of Qin Shi Huangdi’s most famous monuments
The Great Wall of China and his tomb filled with clay warriors
67
Confucius passed away without seeing what in the government
The upright ruler he sought
68
How was life for China when Confucius was alive and when he died
Confucius lived during troubled times, and he died just as China was entering a time of even greater turmoil
69
What was the era of China with feuding between rival kingdoms called
“The Period of Warring States”
70
How did Qin Shi Huangdi come to power
By the year 221 B.C., a powerful warrior prince emerged in the western state of Qin. Ambitious and ruthless, he defeated neighboring warlords and seized control or all the warring Chinese states. The man took the title Qin Shi Huangdi, meaning “First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty”. The old title king, wasn’t grand enough for him
71
Qin Shi Huangdi: What was something he did that was successful in his rule
He succeeded in uniting China and bringing order to the land
72
How did Qin Shi Huangdi rule
Qin Shi Huangdi had very little regards to the teachings of Confucius and ruled harshly and had mighty feats earning him the title “Tiger of China”
73
Qin Shi Huangdi: How much land did the emperor rule
The 1st emperor ruled a land that stretched from the East China Sea to the foothills of the Himalaya, north to the edges of Mongolia, and south to present-day Vietnam
74
What did Qin Shi Huangdi do about the nobles who still had power
Even though Huangdi wanted all the power, nobles remained powerful which Huangdi knew was a threat to his supreme rule. So he forced them to leave their states and move to the imperial capital, where he could keep a close watch on them
75
Qin Shi Huangdi: What did he succeed with government
Qin succeeded in setting up a centralized government in China, that is, a government which most of the power lay in the hands of the emperor and his court
76
What was the saying that the Chinese used to describe the rule of the first emperor
“Strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches”
77
What were problems Qin Shi Huangdi identified
The emperor liked nothing better than touring his realm. As he did so, he discovered other problems. He saw his subjects used many different units to weigh and measure things. He saw that people in different places used different forms of writing. The emperor realized how confusing this all was. A bag of rice weighed in one village might be given a different weight in another. Currencies were different, too. The coins of the old sates were still in use- and they were all different. Cast in bronze, they had various shapes. One was a spade and another looked like a knife, and another a cowrie shell. Money in one region couldn’t be spent in another
78
How did Qin Shi Huangdi solve all the problems he saw in his empire
Qin Shi Huangdi ordered that everyone in the empire should use the same weights, measures, and writing. To motivate people to change from their old habits, he declared that anyone who clung on to the old ways would be guilty of treason. He also imposed a unified currency. The new imperial coins were round with a hole in the middle so they could be strung together and suspended from belts. The emperor even made a standard width for carts
79
Qin Shi Huangdi: What were the origins of the first emperor
The first Emperor was born Prince Zheng in the state of Qin in 259 B.C. His name meant “upright” which people disagreed with
80
Qin Shi Huangdi: What did the first emperor think building would do for his empire
The first emperor was a great builder and constructed roads and canals all across China. These, he believed, would knit together the distant corners of his realm and bring all under his control. China was looking like an empire
81
Qin Shi Huangdi: What was a problem that the emperor say outside the empire
Another problem the emperor saw was that for centuries, nomadic northern invaders had attacked the Chinese. Riding swift horses, these fierce raiders from the area we know as Mongolia today
82
In which dynasty was calligraphy created
The Han Dynasty
83
What does calligraphy mean
“Beautiful Writing”
84
Why has the Great Wall of China been called the “longest cemetery in the world”
They worked high in the mountains through 7 bitter winters and as many blistering summers. Hunger, exhaustion, and overwork killed many. For these reasons, the wall has been called “the longest cemetery in the world”
85
What is the longest man made structure
The Great Wall of China
86
What was the natural boundary of the Qin empire to the south? To the north
To the south was the South China Sea and to the north the Gobi
87
Approximately how many miles did the Qin empire extend from north to south? From East to west
About 1,400 miles from north to south; about 1,200 miles East to west
88
What is the latitude and longitude of the westernmost point of the Great Wall? Of the easternmost point
40 degrees north and 94 degrees east for the westernmost point; 40 degrees north and 125 degrees east for the easternmost
89
How does the location of the Great Wall reflect the function of the wall
The wall is up north since it was used to protect China from the Mongolians in the north
90
What do historians look in societies
Historians look for changes over time in societies. But, they also look for continuity - - things that stay the same
91
What did the Han do when they came to the government
In China, people welcomed the change from the Qin to the Han dynasty. The Han kept the good features of the Qin dynasty - - such as a unified central government - - but they instituted many needed reforms. The 400 years of Han rule heralded great advances in technology, commerce, and education. Even today, most Chinese refer t9 themselves as “the people of the Han”
92
How long did Qin Shi Huangdi think his dynasty would last
Qin Shi Huangdi thought he had founded a dynasty that would last for 10,000 generations, but less than 5 years after his death, it was replaced by the Han dynasty
93
How did the Han dynasty come to power
Only 4 years after the 1st emperor’s death in 210 B.C., his dynasty fell in a bloody civil war. The victors in that war founded a dynasty called Han. This dynasty lasted more than 400 years
94
For guidance, what did the Han dynasty ruler’s use for guidance of how to rule
The teachings of Confucius
95
What did Confucius teach for rulers to follow
The role of rulers is to bring happiness to their subjects - a lesson that the Tiger of China, Qin Shi Huangdi, didn’t care to learn
96
During the Han Dynasty what was the tone for public life
The Analects of Confucius and the great teacher’s ideas
97
Han Dynasty: What lives did the emperors live
Some emperors lived relatively simple lives
98
Han Dynasty: Rulers sought advice from who
They sought the advice of scholars as they governed their empire
99
What did the Han dynasty do with the first emperor’s achievements
They built on what the first Emperor achieved and made it better
100
Han Dynasty: Who became the elite of China
The officials of the civil service became the elite of China. These were the men who ran the empire, some in the imperial capital, some in the outlying districts
101
Han Dynasty: What were their major break from the past
The Han made one important break from the past. They thought the conduct of powerful officials should be guided by the ideas of Confucius
102
Who were allowed to be in the government
The Han emperors sought smart, virtuous men to help administer the government. No longer would family ties be qualification enough. A rich uncle wouldn’t be able to get a nephew a job in the government. Those who served the state should do so on merit- on the basis of their intelligence and skills. To find these gifted men, the Han emperors established a system of recommendations. All over China, local officials nominated promising young men of virtue and talent
103
How were young men selected
Young men went to the central government to be interviewed. To be selected, they had to show the Confucian virtues of honesty, sincerity, and respect for their elders. They also had to know how to read and write
104
Who sought out Confucian teachers in hope that they would gain reputation for the Confucian virtues
Ambitious Young men
105
Han Dynasty: What did Han rulers do in 124 B.C.
In 124 B.C., they set up the Imperial University to teach the Confucian classics to future government officials. Later, the Confucian classics were carved in stone in the capital city. Scholars journeyed from the empire’s distant provinces to make copies of them
106
What is China’s largest ethnic group
The Han
107
What did the Han Dynasty do with territory
The Han dynasty didn’t wish to give up any territory gained by the Tiger. They extended the empire west toward Central Asia
108
The Han Dynasty’s influences traveled farther west do to what
The Silk Road
109
What was the Silk Road
The Silk Road was the most famous overland trade route of ancient times stretching across western China and Central Asia, it linked for the first time the land of Confucius with the west
110
When did silk start begin to clutter along the Silk Road toward Persia
By 100 B.C.
111
What did the Aryans do to the Indus people
The Aryans conquered the Indus River Valley people and introduced their own ideas on how society should be organized
112
What was most likely founded in the ancient Indus River Valley
The Indus River peoples left thousands of soapstone seals that showed not just zebus and elephants, but a cross-legged man apparently meditating. No one knows exactly what happened to the people of the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, but the modern religion of Hinduism may have been born there
113
How many followers does Hinduism have
800 to 900 million followers
114
What are Hindu beliefs like
Hinduism incorporates a vast range of beliefs- a belief in many gods, as well as in one universal essence. Hindus have written great works of literature and built ornately covered temples
115
How did the tradition of Hinduism emerge
The tradition of Hinduism emerged out of the mixing of peoples and cultures of the Indus Valley with those of Aryan- language speakers who gradually migrated into India from Central Asia and settled on the Ganges plain
116
What happened after the Indus Valley River Civilization declined
In about 1500 B.C., the ancient civilization of the Indus Valley declined. After this, many groups of nomadic horse men and herders crossed the banks of the Indus into northern India. These tribesmen from Central Asia had no fear of war. They called themselves “Aryas”
117
Where did the Aryas’ language come from
The Aryas’ language came from an old language at the root of many modern languages, including Persian, most European languages, and English
118
Who were the Aryans
The Aryans were cattlemen and the lush green pastures seemed to guarantee to future for their herds, which was worth fighting for
119
How were the Aryans on the battle field
Aryans were skilled with the bow and arrow and masters of the horse drawn chariot. On light spoke- wheeled chariots, they charged into battle
120
Aryans: What happened by 1200 B.C.
Aryan- dominated cultures had over spread the top of the diamond that is the Indian subcontinent. They brought a new language, Sanskrit. They also brought ideas about society and religion that would last a very long time
121
How did power change between the Aryan communities
Led by warrior chiefs, these wandering people settled in villages and established Sanskrit as the dominant tongue. Once settled in their new land, they turned for leadership less and less to the warrior chieftains who had led them in combat and more and more to their priest called Brahmans
122
What does the name Arya say tell about the Central Asians
The name Arya (which means “of noble birth”) tell us, these Central Asians looked down on the other peoples and cultures of northern India
123
What does the Sanskrit word for Caste say about the Aryans
The Sanskrit word for caste, varna, actually meant “color”. It’s possible that the faired-skinned Aryans believed themselves superior to the darker skinned aboriginal people of the Indus
124
What were Castes
Castes were religious and social groupings, and over time, each caste kept more and more separate from the others
125
What is the highest Hindu Caste
Brahmans, which are priests
126
What is the second highest Hindu Caste
Kshatriyas, which are warriors or nobility
127
What is the third highest Hindu Caste
Vaishyas, which are merchants and farmers
128
What is the fourth highest Hindu Caste
Shudras, which are servants and ordinary workers
129
Which class were most of the original Indus people
The lowest caste
130
What is the lowest Hindu Caste
The Untouchables or Outcastes
131
How was life for Untouchables
Untouchables had the lowliest jobs, such as sweeping the streets, and were excluded by Brahmans from the rest of society. They couldn’t drink from the same wells or live in the same neighborhoods of higher castes
132
What were subcastes known as
Jatis
133
What is the Hindu Nature God Indra
The thunder-armed god of storms and war
134
What is the Hindu Nature God Agni
The hungry fire god and god of the hearth
135
What is the Hindu Nature God Varuna
The four headed god of the skies and controller of rivers and seas
136
More than 30 Hindu deities are honored where
In early Sanskrit hymns
137
How did gods behave in Hinduism
Some gods were stern and vengeful while others were good-natured
138
Early Aryans poets wrote hymns to their gods where
In the bulk of the Vedas, the oldest Hindu texts, were composed between 1400 and 800 B.C. They sing the praises of these gods and are the first sacred writings of Hinduism
139
Where did Aryan settlers add ideas about caste and how to reach spiritual perfection
In new sacred writings, such as the Upanishads
140
Hindu Teachings: What did they say about the essential self
The essential self of a living being, called Atman, never dies
141
Hindu Teachings: What did they say about reincarnation
Reincarnation- the idea that when the body dies, the self is reborn, either as human or an animal
142
Hindu Teachings: What did they say about the connection between life now and the next life
What one did in this determined one’s caste or position in the next life. If people weren’t faithful to their duty and failed to live nobly, they would be reborn in a lower caste or as an animal
143
What mountain range forced the Aryans to migrate in a southeasterly direction
The Himalaya
144
On what plain did the Aryans settle
The Ganges Plain
145
In what direction did the Indus River Valley people flee from the Aryan conquers
South
146
Give both the absolute and relative location of the easternmost point of the Aryan migration
26 degrees north and 83 degrees east; South of the Himalaya
147
Hinduism blended the beliefs of what
Hinduism blended the beliefs of the Aryans with those of the people of the Indus Valley
148
Many Hindu beliefs are spelled out in which Hindu epic poem
The Ramayana
149
What are the three main gods of the Hindu religion
Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
150
What religions do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Hinduism
82%
151
What religions do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Islam
12.12%
152
What religions do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Christianity
2.34%
153
What religions do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Sikhism
1.94%
154
What religion do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Buddhism
0.76%
155
What religion do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Jain
0.40%
156
Brahma is the Hindu god of what
He is a four-headed creator god
157
Vishnu is the Hindu god of what
The blue-skinned preserver of the world
158
Shiva is the Hindu god of what
The god of destruction, is often shown dancing in a fire ring
159
How far did the Ganges River flow from the Himalaya to the Bay of Bengal
1,500 miles
160
According to Hindu tradition, what is the divine source of the Ganges River
The god Shiva’s hair
161
Hindus believe worshippers can be purified by doing what
Worshippers can be purified by bathing in the waters of the Ganges
162
Who is the Hindu monkey god
Hanuman
163
Who is the Hindu god with an elephant head
Ganesha
164
What does the Hindu god Ganesha do
Ganesha is the remover of obstacles, who helps people get started in new enterprises
165
What does Ganesha’s fat belly resemble
Ganesha’s fat belly symbolizes the prosperity he brings to those who worship him
166
What is the legend of how Ganesha came to have an elephant head
Ganesha was created by Parvati, wife of Shiva. One day, while her husband was away from home, the goddess made a baby boy out of clay and named it Ganesha. She dried it in the sun, and Ganesha came to life. When Shiva returned, he found a boy guarding the house, refusing to let him in. Shiva grew angry. In a rage he chopped off Ganesha’s head. Parvati was very upset. She made Shiva promise to replace the head with the head of the first creature he could find. This was an elephant so Ganesha had an elephant head for life
167
Hinduism: The lessons of the Gods nearly always stress what
The virtue of adherence to duty
168
Hinduism: What is the most famous example of gods in human form to teach
The epic poem Ramayana
169
Hinduism: What is the Ramayana epic about
The Ramayana tells the story of virtuous Prince Rama. He is said to be a form of the preserver god, Vishnu, so Rama is often pictured as having blue blue skin like Vishnu. The prince’s heroic adventures illustrate the triumph of good over evil. They also show human beings how to live a life faithful to duty by caste and gender. Around the 3rd century B.C., Hindus in ancient India were listening to the Ramayana
170
Hinduism: Who is Ravana
Ruler of demons
171
Name the 3 gods that became very important to Hindus during the first millennium B.C.
Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
172
When did the Ganges become sacred
When more and more Aryans settled on plains near the river
173
Siddhartha Gautama was born as what
A prince
174
What did Siddhartha Gautama do at the age 29
He abandoned his privileged life to practice asceticism, or self denial, with other holy men
175
What did Siddhartha Gautama do at the age 35
He got tired of practicing self denial with holy men and began a search for another way to find the truth. During this time, he cleared his mind with meditating and thought he finally understood the truth about life
176
What does Buddha mean
“The Enlightened One”
177
Asceticism Definition
The practice of self denial for spiritual understanding
178
When and where did Buddhism appear
Buddhism began in India at about the same time most people there practiced early forms of Hinduism
179
What is a believe that both Hindus and Buddhist believe in
The on going chain of reincarnation
180
How many people practice Buddhism
360 million
181
Where is Buddhism mainly practiced
Asia
182
Where did the story of Buddhism begin
In the foothills of the Himalaya in about 500 B.C.
183
Which religion did the Buddha grow up with
He was born a Hindu in a tiny kingdom, near the sacred Ganges, in northern India
184
What kind of lifestyle did the young prince Siddhartha Gautama have
He had a comfortable life style in the palace of his father, the king, and was often spoiled
185
What did Siddhartha Gautama learn as a young prince
He studied languages, poetry, science, and math, and excelled at anything he undertook. He learned to ride, drive a chariot, and use a bow. He also learned how to rule a kingdom
186
Most Indians followed what religion in the time of the Buddha
Most Indians were Hindus
187
What Caste was prince Siddhartha Gautama in
The Caste Kshatriyas
188
Did Siddhartha know how people suffered
No
189
What happened when Siddhartha got married and had a son
He still had and enjoyed an easy life
190
What did the Buddha explain caused suffering
He said suffering is caused by desire so we must overcome desire
191
What did Buddha say how to free one from desire
Through meditation and compassion
192
Where have the Buddha’s simple stories that emphasized self-restraint and compassion have been collected and called what
Jataka Tales
193
What does Jataka tales
“Accounts of the Buddha’s past births”
194
What does Nirvana
“Blowing out the flame”, or putting out what the Buddha said were inner fires of greed, hatred, and ignorance
195
Nirvana depends on what
How someone behaves not caste
196
What does the Buddha mean by saying, “By deeds a person is a Brahman; by deeds a person is an outcaste”
Good deeds and thoughts help a person reach Nirvana, and each must reach Nirvana through his own efforts
197
Could priests help someone get into Nirvana
No priest could help someone get into Nirvana. In fact, the Buddha said, people didn’t need the Brahman priests. They could find the truth themselves
198
How does the Buddha describe life
Life is a great wheel of suffering but there is an escape
199
What are the 4 noble truths
- The Truth of Suffering
- The Truth of Cause of Suffering
- The Truth of the End of Suffering
- The Truth of the Path that Leads to the End of Suffering
200
In Buddhism can you kill an animal for meat
No
201
How did people remover the Buddha’s teachings after his death
After the Buddha’s death, his followers wanted to remember his teachings. For a long time they passed what they learned by mouth. Finally, 4 centuries after the Buddha’s death, his talks and stories were collected in a book of writing
202
In Buddhism, what did people differ in beliefs of who the Buddha was and what he thought he was
Some people began to think of the Buddha as a deity but he thought of himself as only a teacher
203
In Buddhism, what did people differ in beliefs of who the Buddha
Some think he was a teachers and some think he was a god
204
How do people celebrate the Buddha in Thailand
Kids celebrate the Buddha’s birthday by decorating little boats with candles and flowers and at sunset, they set them afloat
205
How do people celebrate the Buddha in Tibet
Men chant Buddhist prayers in a temple built in their own National style
206
How do people celebrate the Buddha in Japan
Housewives offer bowls of rice before a statue of the Buddha
207
What is the Buddhist symbol and what does it symbolize
The Buddhist symbol is the wheel of Dharma. Dharma is the teaching that Buddhist believe turns the self onto the path of Nirvana
208
How did Buddhism travel to different lands
In the third century B.C, eager monks set out from India to spread the teachings of the Buddha
209
The monks that spread Buddhism got help from who
From a warrior king
210
Asoka was an unlikely person to do what
To receive the peaceful teachings of the Buddha
211
Asoka was a member of which dynasty
Maurya dynasty, the family that ruled most of northern India
212
What were the Maurya like
Ruthless and Successful warriors
213
How did Asoka come to power
Asoka was one of eight brothers who fought a four-year civil war among themselves after their father died. Around 269 B.C., Asoka emerged as the victor, slaying his brothers in the struggle
214
What did Asoka do in his early rule
During Asoka’s reign, he used the same brutality to expand the Maurya empire. Shortly after becoming emperors, he conquered the independent kingdom of Kalinga on India’s east coast. The conquest was bloody and merciless. About 100,000 soldiers died and 150,000 were kept as prisoners or as slaves
215
What happened to Asoka’s heart when he changed
Asoka’s heart filled with remorse after all the violence and vowed to rule with righteousness. He preached goodness, compassion, and mercy to all living creatures
216
What did the changed Asoka say to his people now
Asoka now spoke of all Indians as “my children”, and he wanted for them “every kind of welfare and happiness, both in this world and the next
217
What did Asoka build: How were the hospital
Asoka built hospitals for people and animals, which can be used with no charge
218
What did Asoka build: Why did he build roads
Asoka made fine roads to improve communications and trade and to spread Buddhism
219
What did Asoka build: What did he do for the comfort of travelers
For comforts of the travelers, shade trees flanked the roads
220
What did Asoka build: Who did he send down his streets
He sent monks on the roads to teach Buddhism
221
What did Asoka build: What place of worship did he build
Asoka also built stupas, which are Buddhist places of worship said to contain the reflects of the Buddha or a famous Buddhist teacher
222
How many stupas did Asoka build
84,000 years
223
What did Asoka build: How were the columns like
Asoka made 40 to 50ft columns with carved lions atop the columns that looked toward the four corners of his large empire. Below each lion was a wheel that stood for the Buddha’s teachings. The polished sides of the pillars were inscribed with Buddhist lessons that Asoka had learned
224
What are the significance of the Buddhist wheel and king Asoka’s four lions in India today
The Buddhist wheel appears on the flag of India and the 4 lions have became the official symbol of the modern Republic of India
225
What happened with religion in India after Asoka’s death
Following the death of Asoka, Hinduism -not Buddhism- grew stronger among many of India’s peoples
226
Who carried the Buddhist teachings farther east across the Bay of Bengal to Burma (Myanmar) and Thailand, and onto Sumatra, Cambodia, Vietnam p, and Borneo
Missionary Monks
227
Who was Asoka’s son
Mahonia, became a Buddhist monk and missionary
228
Where did Mahinda take the Buddhist teachings
To the island of Sri Lanka
229
Who was the warrior and emperor of ancient India who converted to Buddhism and helped spread the Buddha’s teachings? Why did they convert
Asoka was the warrior and emperor who converted to Buddhism and did so because of the suffering
230
What were some of his achievements and contributions to Buddhism
He made roads for communication, travel, and for the spread of Buddhism; Stupas; The poles near the roads
231
What happened to Buddhism in India after Asoka’s death? What happened elsewhere
It died out while Hinduism was rising in India. In other places, monks started spreading Buddhism eastward towards China, Burma, and Vietnam
232
What are at least 3 things the story about Mahinda reveals about the central Buddhist attitude toward human behavior and caste of class
People should be kind to others, living a simple life can make one happy, and one should treat all with respect regardless of their caste
233
Western Civilization have been influenced by which groups
Hebrews and Greeks
234
What did Hebrews introduce
Ideas about monotheism, justice, law, and mortality
235
What did the Greeks celebrate
People’s ability to reason and decipher the mysteries of the world
236
The Jewish people were descendants of who
The ancient Hebrews
237
Canaan Definition
The ancient name for the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea; the Promised Land of the Israelites
238
Covenant Definition
A solemn, binding agreement or promise
239
Torah Definition
The entire body of wisdom and law contained in Jewish sacred literature and oral tradition; also, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible
240
What does the Latin root Theos mean
God
241
What are the origins of the ancient Hebrews
The ancients Hebrews began on the banks of the Euphrates River around the year 2000 B.C. in Sumer
242
Where did the Hebrews travel go out of Mesopotamia
The Hebrews left the Euphrates and took a long journey west to a land on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean called Canaan
243
The ideas of the Hebrew’s traveled where
The ideas that came from the Hebrews journey east, would effect civilizations for centuries yet to come
244
Compared to others in the Middle East, how were the Hebrews
They weren’t as wealthy or powerful
245
Followers of Judaism are known as what
Jews
246
Who carried monotheism farther than any other group of peoples
Hebrews
247
What are the first five books of the Bible, also known as the Torah
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy
248
What do Christians say the Torah is
The Torah can also be the whole Hebrew Bible or what Christians say the “Old Testament”
249
What else is the Torah known as
The Torah can also show the entire body of wisdom and teachings contained in Jewish sacred literature, as well as in oral tradition
250
What is Abraham known as
The Father of the Hebrews
251
What was Abraham’s original name
Abraham’s original name was Abram, but god changed it to Abraham for it meant “Father of many nations”
252
The history of Jewish people begins with who
Abraham
253
Who was the first person to believe in one god
Abraham
254
When and where was Abraham born
Abraham was born in the city of Ur in 1800 B.C.
255
What were the religious beliefs of Abraham’s family
Since they were in Sumer, his family believed in many Gods
256
What does the History of the Hebrews tell us about Abraham
Abraham’s father decided to leave southern Mesopotamia and move his family northwest to a place called Heran. Beyond this, the Torah doesn’t mention his early life. This suggest that, to the Hebrews, the details of Abraham’s youth were less important than the central idea of his worship of just one God
257
What did Abraham do when he moved out of Heran
When Abraham left Heran under God’s command, he brought family which was most likely a small tribe of herdsmen and shepherds, and may have numbered several hundred people, including relatives and servants
258
How long did it take for Abraham and his family to reach the land God had chosen for them
Many years
259
What was the land God had chosen for Abraham and his family called
Canaan
260
Canaan was home to which people
Canaanites
261
What happened in the Covenant
God said he would choose Abraham’s family as his special people. If they would worship him and him alone, God would give them the land of Canaan and make them into a mighty nation, and Abraham’s descendants would be more numerous than the stars
262
Who gave birth to Issac
Abraham
263
Who gave birth to Jacob, also known as Israel
Issac
264
What did the story of Joseph and his brothers tell the Hebrews about God
God could see the past, present, and future; it showed that if his people were faithful to him, he would be just and fair to them
265
Joseph and his Brothers: What did Israelites do after the famine was over
After the famine was over, the Israelites did not return to Canaan. They settled down in Egypt and turned to farming or herding
266
In Canaan, many Hebrew farmers converted to what
They took up the Canaanites polytheistic religion
267
What did the Egyptians do when they saw that the Hebrew population was growing
The Hebrew population in Egypt kept growing and the Egyptians feared they would overthrow them. To stop this, they made the Hebrews slaves
268
What did the pharaoh decree when the Hebrews kept growing
The king made this decree, “Every boy born to the Hebrews, you must throw into the Nile.”
269
What does the name Moses mean
“Drawn from the Water”
270
How was Moses’s early life
Moses was born into a Hebrew family and his mother sent him own the Nile River in a basket of reeds due to the kings decree. Then, one of the Pharaoh’s daughters found him and named him Moses
271
What did Moses do for the Hebrews
Moses led the Hebrews on the Exodus, or journey out of Egypt
272
What is Passover used to commemorate
Passover is to commemorate the angel of death “passing over” the houses of the Hebrews
273
On Passover, what do the Jewish people eat
They eat roasted lamb and unleavened bread just like in the Exodus
274
How long did the Israelites wander through the desert of Egypt to Canaan
40 years
275
What did Israelites learn about their god from the Exodus
Not only did they serve one god, the God of Abraham and Moses, but their was only one God. And that God cared mot just about how people worshipped him, but how they treated each other. God wasn’t interested only in burnt offerings or sacrifices. As the Hebrews understood, God cared more about people as ethnically beings- about how they behaved, what they thought, and how they treated others
276
What was a new idea in the History of Religion, the Hebrews came upon
The ancient Hebrew idea of God’s ethnical expectations of humanity
277
What did Moses receive from God on Mount Sinai
The Ten Commandments
278
What is Ethical Monotheism
Modern-day philosophers have a name for the ancient Hebrew idea that only one God exists and that God cares about how people treat each other. They called it “ethical monotheism”
279
What are ethics
Ethics is the study of morals in human conduct
280
What did the 10 Commandments mark
The Ten Commandments marked an important change in the relationship between the Hebrew people and God
281
What did the 10 Commandments show
The Ten Commandments showed that God had shared the Covenant with the entire Hebrew people, not just the leaders
282
What was the difference between Egyptian gods and the Hebrew’s god
While the Egyptian gods were always changing their minds, the God of the Hebrews gave his law once and for all
283
What was the difference between Sumerian gods and the Hebrew’s god actions and behavior
God was concerned and loved his people while Sumerian and Egyptian gods were selfish and cared mainly about the burnt offerings
284
Sabbath Definition
The holy day of rest and worship in the Hebrew religion; from Friday at sundown to Saturday at sundown
285
Philistines Definition
A seafaring people who fought against the Hebrews for control of Jerusalem
286
To the Israelites, what is the land of “milk and honey”
Canaan
287
What happened when Moses died
Moses died before the Israelites entered Canaan, and a new leader named Joshua took charge
288
How were Joshua and Moses different
Joshua was very different from Moses. He had a different job to do, for now the Hebrews needed a brave soldier and general to lead them
289
What did Joshua do
Joshua led the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan. They marched to the walled city of Jericho, besieged the city, and prayed
290
What happened when Joshua blew his horn according to the Torah
The Torah says when Joshua blew his horn, the walls of Jericho collapsed, and the Israelites won the city. In the next 2 centuries the Israelites won all of Canaan
291
What did the Philistines do
Powerful, nomadic people called the Philistines came from across the Mediterranean Sea and settled on the coast. Soon they were moving inland and threatening Canaan
292
Why did some Israelites say that they all should join under one king
The Israelites needed protection from the Philistines, the Torah says, and some suggested that the tribes join under 1 king
293
Why did some Israelites agree with having 1 king
A single king, they argued, could organize and govern all the Philistine
294
Why did some Israelites disagree with having 1 king
Some Hebrews thought having a king is wrong saying, “God himself rules us. We do not need a king.”
295
What did the Hebrew army do with the Philistines under King David
The Hebrew army captured the city of Jerusalem, and David made it the capital of his kingdom. The Israelites called Jerusalem “the city of David”
296
What did king David love doing
David loved music and wrote many psalms, hymns and thred to obey God’s laws
297
What did Solomon do and what is he famous for
Famous for his wisdom, Solomon constructed a great temple and palace in Jerusalem
298
What did Solomon write
Solomon wrote many songs and proverbs that eventually found their way into the Torah
299
What did the Israelites decide to do with their government during and after the Philistines attacked
The Israelites decided to unite under one ruler
300
Israelites: Where did they get their ideas about government
They took their ideas of government from their religion. They saw a good government as one that obeyed God’s laws
301
What did a good Is Israelite ruler follow
They believed their king must obey all of God’s laws, for if he didn’t, God would punish him and the whole nation
302
Who was the Israelites’ first king
Saul
303
How was Saul as king
Saul seemed to be a good choice at first but then quarrels broke out
304
What did the Israelites come to believe about the temple Solomon built
The Israelites came to believe that the temple that Solomon built in Jerusalem was the only temple they could have. They had only one God, so they could have only one temple. This temple became the center of Hebrew worship
305
What were bad things in Solomon’s rule
During Solomon’s rule, Hebrew tribes fought and after his death in 930 B.C., the kingdom split in two
306
Israelites: When the kingdom separated what did the tribes in the south form
The Kingdom of Judah
307
Israelites: When the kingdom separated what did the tribes in the north form
The Kingdom of Israel
308
Who was Joshua? Why was he important to the Hebrew people
After Moses died, Joshua became the leader of the Hebrews. He led them in their conquest of Canaan
309
Where was Canaan
On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Israel
310
Why did the Hebrews called Canaan “The Promised Land”
They believed God promised they would have the land of Canaan
311
How was the relationships between Hebrews and other nearby groups
The Hebrew people believed that Canaan was the land God had promised to them. They had to fight and pray to gain control of the land, because many people already lived there. The Hebrew people continued to fight and pray to maintain control of the land when the Philistines threatened to take it away
312
After exile, Hebrews wanted to rebuild Jerusalem in which way
Hebrews wanted to rebuild Jerusalem and their society by keeping the news ideas alive while maintaining the old ones
313
After exile, what was an idea that the Hebrews brought back
Synagogues
314
What is the time the Hebrews spent in Babylon known as
The Babylonian Captivity, and it was a dark period for them
315
How was the Babylonian Captivity for the Hebrews
They would remain in captivity, homesick and sorrowful, for the next 70 years under Babylon
316
Why was the Hebrew being punished during the Babylonian Captivity
The whole nation was being punished, they thought, because so many of them had been faithful to God. If they returned to their faith, perhaps God would forgive them
317
Who were one of the 2 greatest prophets for the Hebrews during the Babylonian Captivity
Two of the greatest prophets were Jeremiah and Ezekiel. Their teachings helped hold the Hebrew together
318
What did Ezekiel remind the Hebrews
Ezekiel reminded them of their responsibility to the law
319
What did Jeremiah remind the Hebrews
Jeremiah told the Hebrews that God had not deserted them
320
What did Ezekiel and Jeremiah teach
They taught that God was pleased when men and women were faithful and just
321
What did Hebrew prophets preached
Prophets preached that God is wherever his people are. This idea allowed Hebrews to no longer believe that God had to be worshipped in the temple in Jerusalem
322
In exile, how was the Hebrew religion modified
In exile the Hebrews began a new form of worship. Wherever a group of the gathered, they would worship God together. These groups formed the first synagogues
323
What is a synagogue
A synagogue was not a temple, but rather simply a place where people gathered to worshipped God
324
Where did people make sacrifices
The Israelites did not offer sacrifices in the synagogues. That ritual was still reserved for a temple
325
Without a temple in exile, Hebrews depended on what
Prayer
326
How did each person talk to God
Hebrew’s believed that everyone can talk to God through prayer and that God can see into the person’s heart to see if they were good or not
327
Was God tricked by rich offerings
No
328
What did Hebrews gain during their Babylonian exile
In exile, Hebrews learned many things from the Babylonians such as written books
329
What made the Greek civilization different than every other civilization
The ancient Greeks had no fertile river valley that helped farmers grow a surplus of grain
330
How was the soil like in Greece
Thin poor soil covers the rugged hills and mountains of the Greek mainland and it’s far-flung islands
331
What is the southern section of Greece known as
The southern section of Greece is known as Peloponnese and is sometimes called the Peloponnesian Peninsula
332
What is the geography of the Peloponnesian Peninsula
Peloponnesian is 1/3 of the size of Italy, this mountainous land is flanked by the Aegean Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the west
333
What is southeast of the Peloponnesian Peninsula
The island of Crete
334
What happened in Crete in 3000 B.C.
As early as 3000 B.C., civilization was flourishing on the island of Crete. Historians call it the Minoan civilization after the legendary King Minos
335
What did King Minos do
According to ancient myths, he built a labyrinth-a complicated maze- Crete to house a monster called the Minotaur
336
What did the Minoans do
The Minoans constructed beautiful palaces with grand courtyards, pottery and jewelry, sailed the Mediterranean, and developed a writing system
337
Why was civilization in Peloponnesian slower
Since it was hard to farm the rocky land
338
Why did the people in the Peloponnesian Peninsula farm in spring-fed valleys
Since people didn’t have rivers for farming
339
How did Greek Farmers do on Fertile Coast
Fertile coastal areas also caught the eye of determined settlers and Greek Farmers began sowing wheat and barley on their meager plots
340
What was the first Greek civilization to develop on the main land of Greece
Mycenaean
341
What did the Mycenaeans do by 1600 B.C.
By 1600 B.C., the Mycenaeans built fortified towns around central palaces. They had kings and priests. They dominated the region and traded with the Hitties and Egyptians. They buried their rulers in long shaft-graves, along with treasures of bronze, silver, and gold. They had a form of writing as well
342
What did the Mycenaeans do by 1200 B.C.
In 1200 B.C., the Mycenaeans won a war against the city of Troy in Asia Minor. This conflict is known as the Trojan War
343
Who was the Trojan War named after
After the inhabitants of the city of Troy, who were called Trojans
344
What poem by Homer tells tales about the Trojan War
A long poem called the Iliad
345
How did the Mycenaean civilization end
The Mycenaean civilization passed away due to war, invasion, and internal strife and their system of writing was lost
346
What did Mycenaeans do when the civilization ended
When the civilization ended, some Mycenaeans fled to Asia Minor and some returned to life in isolated villages
347
What was happening in Greece by 750 B.C.
Small city-states were flourishing with names such as Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Ithaca
348
How was the government in Greek city-states
Each city state was individually ruled
349
In Greek, over time what did Greek city-states do
Over time, the people in separate city states (Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Ithaca) came to think of themselves as one people called the Hellenes. We call them the Greeks
350
Why I’d the Greek city-states decide to unite under one people
Since they shared the same language, beliefs, worshipped the same gods, and had the same stories and heroes
351
In Greece, what became important highways for trade
In Greece the Aegean, Ionian, and Mediterranean Seas became important highways for trade, for they had no rivers
352
What are one of the 1st Greek tales told by Homer
The Iliad and the Odyssey
353
What do the poems of Homer show
The poems of Homer show the Greeks in the heat of battle, and then finding their way home
354
Did Greeks think that men were as great as gods
No
355
The Greeks believed that if humans presumed that they were as great as gods then they would be guilty of what
Hubris, or unacceptable pride
356
What did the Greeks believe was the man’s special gift was
Their minds
357
What did a Greeks reject about religion
Greeks rejected that people are slaves to the gods
358
What were the 3 important things Greeks could understand with their mind
The workings of nature, human nature itself, and best ways for human beings to live together in communities
359
What defied the Greeks
The land itself
360
What features on the land made living hard
The land’s rugged mountains and steep slopes made it hard to eke out a living
361
What happens in Greece in winter
In winter, harsh rains was the soil from the hillsides, which makes those slopes poor places for growing crops
362
What were two plants that the Greeks could grow in the rugged terrain
The Greeks discovered that two plants could grow in the rugged environment -grapevines and olive trees
363
Olive trees and grape vines didn’t mind what about the Greek terrain
The higher slopes and thin, stony soil
364
What did the Greeks harvest in September and October
They harvested grapes, and then pressed them to make wine
365
When was the growing season for grain
May to June
366
When did the Greeks harvest olives
They picked olives from December through February and pressed them for oil
367
What is a common idea in Greek stories
In Greek stories, human beings are often tested by willful gods and pitted against each other
368
Where did the Greeks believe their gods lived
My. Olympus in Northern Greece
369
What did Greek Gods do on Mt. Olympus
The Greek Gods feasted on ambrosia and nectar, quarreled, laughed, and got involved in the affairs of men
370
What did Ancient Greeks call humans
“The only animal who asks questions”
371
What did fire resemble in the myth of Prometheus
The Greeks’ minds, like fire, lit the way
372
What did other civilizations do
The Egyptians practiced medicine, the Sumerians worked out a system of mathematics, and the Babylonians learned something about astronomy
373
How did Greeks act toward asking questions
The Greeks were certain that by using their minds and carefully observing the universe, they could figure out the “why” and “how”
374
As the Greeks asked question, did their belief in their gods change
As the Greeks asked questions, they still believed in their gods, yet they didn’t expect their gods to answer them
375
What type of explanations did the Greeks look for
The Greeks looked for natural explanations of what happened in nature, or nature laws
376
How was the Greek’s approach to learning different
The Greeks had a whole new approach to learning. It assumed the world was not chaotic and uncontrollable, but orderly in a way humans could understand
377
What was the Greek word for nature
The Greek word for nature was physis, which is where we get our modern-day word physics
378
Many scientific studies are from which ancient civilization
Greece
379
How do modern day scientists and the Greeks compare
Modern scientists follow the Greek example but take it one step further
380
How do modern day scientists and the Greeks differ
Modern scientists try to use their findings to change nature and control it while Greeks didn’t find it important to apply their thoughts to everyday problems and were satisfied if they found laws of nature and that made sense
381
Instead of science, what word did the Greeks use
Instead of science, the Greeks used the word philosophy meaning, “love of wisdom”, to describe the study of the universe and nature laws
382
The Greeks were among history’s 1st what
Scientists and philosophers
383
The ancient Greeks considered the human body a thing of what
The ancient Greeks considered the human body a thing of beauty
384
What did the Greeks think of their athletes
The ancient Greeks considered their athletes as noble as their philosophers
385
When did Homer live
Around 750 B.C.
386
Is theirs a lot of information about Homer
No
387
What makes Historians believe Homer was blind
A passage in the Odyssey describes a blind poet reciting verses that bring the hero, Odysseus, to cry. This passage gave the popular believe that Homer himself was blind
388
Is the Trojan War real
Historians do not know for sure if the Trojan Wars were mythical, but Homer told the stories better than all who have come since
389
What story does the Iliad tell
The Iliad tells the story of the last year of the Trojan War. The title Iliad, comes from the word Ilium, which is Greek for the name “Troy”
390
How did the Trojan War begin
The Trojan War began when Helen, the beautiful wife of Sparta, was kidnapped by Paris, son of the king of Troy
391
How long did the Trojan War span
The Trojan War spanned for 10 years, all to get Queen Helen back
392
What happened in the 10th year of the Trojan War
In the 10th year of the Trojan War, the Greeks, led by Odysseus, succeed by hiding many soldiers in a large wooden horse they offered as a gift to Priam, the Trojan King. Once the Trojans dragged the horse into the city, the Greek soldiers emerged and sacked Troy
393
Who were the two greatest warriors in the Iliad
In the Iliad, there were two great warriors at the center of the epic- Achilles, bravest and strongest of the Greeks, and Hector, the bravest of Troy’s defenders, who fell at last by the hand of his heroic foe
394
The Odyssey is a celebration of what
The Odyssey is a celebration of human ability in face of grave dangers
395
When did the Trojan War take place
The Trojan War took place during the Mycenaean Civilization around the year 1200 B.C.
396
What did Heinrich Schliemann do in 1870
In 1870, German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, excavated in northwestern Turkey for the ancient city of Troy. Here, he and his team found ruins of 9 cities on top of each other in which 1 of those cities can possibly be Troy
397
What were a young boy’s education in Greece
Running, jumping, wrestling, and boxing were all parts of a young boy’s education
398
In Ancient Greece, athletic games were first used for what
In Ancient Greece, athletic games became a way of honoring the gods
399
Where did the Greeks host the Olympics
At the foot of Mt. Olympus, believed to be the home of the gods, the Greeks started hosting athletic games to honor mighty Zeus, king of the gods
400
When were the earliest records of these Greek games
The earliest records of these Greek games date back to 776 B.C. but most likely started hundreds of years before
401
How often were the Greek games held
The Greek games were held every 4 years for thousands of years
402
What is Greeks do for the olympics (Shows how much this was important to them)
Greeks stopped city-state wars for the Olympics
403
Due to the Olympics what new unit of measuring time did the Greeks created
Olympiads
404
What did victors of the Olympics have
Victors of the Olympics were crowned with wreaths made of olive branches and their images were sculpted in marble
405
Where do we see the Greek admiration of humanity
We see the Greek admiration for humanity not just in their games but also in the works of art they left behind
406
What did early Greek artists do
Early Greek artists chose to picture animals or abstract designs, but as time went on, Greek artists turned their attention to humanity
407
How were Greek pots that we found like
Thousands of colorfully painted pots and vases remain from Ancient Greece
408
What were Greek jars used for
Jar were used to store grain, wine, and oil
409
What aesthetic improvements did the Greeks want
The Greeks wanted their jars to be more beautiful and useful so the Greeks made vessels both strong and graceful, and artists adorned them with human figures that seemed to leap to life
410
What scenes did Greek artists paint
Artists painted any scene that focused on the lives of human beings and their doings such as: hero’s battling, runners racing, ordinary people picking olives, or making friends
411
What material did the Greeks use to make vases
There was a lot of red clay for potters to make vases
412
What material did early Greek sculptors use
With white marble, sculptors made statues
413
Where did the Greeks find white marble
White marble laid in the Earth of Greece
414
What does the “Kritios Boy” show
The “Kritios Boy” shows how well Greek sculptors understood the structure of the Human body by the 5th century B.C.
415
What material did Greek sculptors use now (not marble)
Bronze
416
Why is bronze a better sculpture material than marble
Bronze resisted rain and wind better than marble; helped sculptors fully capture the human body in action
417
What happened to most of the Greeks bronze statues
Most bronze sculptures were melted and used for other purposes
418
Which statue was found in the Aegean Sea (Greeks)
In a shipwreck 140ft beneath the surface of the Aegean Sea, a famous, majestic statue of the god Poseidon or Zeus lays. This statue is 7ft tall and is casted as a powerful athlete. The god is show as a perfect human being
419
Which civilization was the first to study history in an organized manner
The Greeks
420
How did Herodotus learn about history
Herodotus learned about history by walking place to place asking the people there about their costumes and manners, religion and beliefs, and their past for he had no written records to refer to
421
Why did Herodotus decide to write his own “histories”
Herodotus had no written records to consult, so he decided to write his own
422
What do Herodotus’ notes about history become
Herodotus wrote down what he learned in a book- the world’s earliest surviving volume of history
423
Since Herodotus read his findings to the public what did he do
Herodotus read his “histories” to the public, so he filled his writings with lively tales. Some were true and some were not
424
In the 5th century B.C., who built upon Herodotus’ findings
In the 5th century B.C., another Greek historian built on the works of Herodotus. His name was Thucydides
425
How were Thucydides and Herodotus similar
Like Herodotus, he believed people could learn from history
426
How were Thucydides and Herodotus different
Unlike Herodotus, he chronicled the events of his own day, especially wars between city-states (Peloponnesian Wars)
427
How were Thucydides’ and Herodotus’ writings different
Thucydides spent no time on fanciful stories or fantastic tales
428
What did the written history in Greece support
The beginnings of written in Ancient Greece provide yet further testimony to the Greeks’ great interest in humanity
429
Where does the word history come from
The english word “history” comes from the Ancient Greek word “historeo”, meaning “learn by inquiry”
430
What were some materials Greek artists used
Clay, marble, and bronze
431
Who is known as “the father of history”
Herodotus
432
Polis Definition
A city-state of Ancient Greece
433
Why were Thucydides and Herodotus interested in stories of past times
Since they were very attached to the city-states in which they lived
434
Did the Greeks unite under one king ruling the entire mainland and island
No
435
How did Greece’s geography help at a political standpoint
Geography helped determine Greeks political landscape
436
What land forms divided the land of Greece
The mountains and the sea divided the land, forming natural boundaries between city-states
437
Why did Greeks like the idea of separate city states than uniting under one king
They believed the individual state, the polis, gave them a better way of life
438
Why did the Greeks like the city-states
The Greeks believed the city-states gave them a better way to exercise the freedom that, as the myth told it, had been so hard for them by Prometheus
439
What is the best translation for the Greek word polis
“Polis” is often translated to “city state” but a better translation is “citizen state”
440
How was a polis run
Each Polis was a small state run by citizens who often wrote constitutions and used some form of elected government
441
What did the Greeks believe about single ruler rule
Greeks did not believe any mortal ruler could be a god or should act as a god. They believed this was no better than slavery
442
Since a city state knows its own needs, what did Greeks believe
Since a city-state knows it’s own needs, Greeks believed they should have their own rules, government, worship, and armies
443
Where do the words politics, political, and metropolis come from
The word “polis”. They remind us that the ancient Greeks have deeply influenced our ideas about how to govern ourselves
444
What did a polis represent
Everything good about Greek life
445
A polis wasn’t only a type of government but also what
A school
446
What lessons did the polis teach
The polis teaches how to be just, brave, unselfish, to behave properly, to honor gods, lead a good life
447
How did the polis get the name “citizen state”
A polis wasn’t just a place, but also the people
448
What did young men (17 to 19) in a Greek polis do
They took an oath that shows the affection and sense of responsibility the Greeks held for the Polis
449
How many people were citizens in city-states in Greece
The vast majority of people in a city state weren’t citizens
450
Why weren’t women citizens in Greece
Women were not citizens. This is because they did not participate in politics or attend school
451
In some city-states, women were important in what
Women were very important at the numerous religious events
452
What were women’s responsibilities in Greece
Women had a great responsibility for managing the household, raising children, and keeping accounts of the home’s goods and expenses in all city states
453
In some city states, women could own what
Property
454
Were foreigners given citizenship
No
455
Who was at the bottom level of a polis
Slaves
456
What does Democracy mean
“Rule of the people”
457
What word could best describe the Greeks
Trailblazers
458
How did the Greeks separate themselves from other civilizations at a government standpoint
Greeks set themselves apart by trying to understand government in a more scientific way
459
What do citizens do in a polis
Citizens would serve on juries, fight to defend the polis, and make laws to protect the polis
460
Who wasn’t granted citizenship in a polis
Women, foreigners, and slaves
461
What was the job and requirements of citizens
- Attention to justice and the responsibility to serve on juries
- Responsibility to be brave and defend the polis
- Obedience to the laws
- Honoring their gods
- Direct involvement of citizens in the government
