Kevin’s Cards about Cells and Energy Flashcards
What are the 3 basic challenges of life
- Obtaining and using energy
- Reproducing
- Maintaining structure
Your cells need energy to do what
To perform chemical reactions
Who’s job is it to break down food
That’s a job for your teeth and digestive system
What does the digestive help to do for the cell
It helps break down food into smaller particles - the molecules that your cells can take in and use for energy
What do cells take in
Glucose
What is glucose
A sugar molecule that cells get from food you ingest
Can cells use glucose
They can’t use the energy in that form
What is the process of breaking down glucose
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm, and products of that process are transported into the mitochondria where they are converted into a form of chemical energy that cells can use in chemical reactions
What is the chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
How do cells produce ATP
Mitochondria use oxygen (O2) to convert broken down glucose into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). This process is called cellular respiration
What is the relationship between glucose and ATP
The energy from the chemical bonds in glucose can be stored in a simpler form in the chemical bonds of an energy molecule called ATP. Cells can more readily use the energy in ATP to fuel chemical reactions that take place within cells
What is ATP
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. It’s a universal form of energy that is useful for many different chemical reactions needed inside the cell
What do the healthiest people have in common
In the healthiest people, the catabolic and anabolic reactions are balanced
What does having a high metabolism mean
A high metabolism means more energy is required just to stay alive
What is BMR
BMR is the basal metabolic rate or a measure of the amount of energy that a person needs at rest without doing any other tasks or digesting food
What is a calorie
A unit of energy found on nutrition labels
What kind of reaction allows muscles to contract
Anabolic reactions are those that use ATP to form bonds in cells
Where is chemical energy contained
Chemical energy is the energy contained in the bond that bind one atom to another in a molecule. The energy stored in the bonds can be converted to other forms and ultimately used to make other chemical reactions happen in the cell
In a glucose diagram what are the letters and lines
The letters are elements and the lines and bonds
Almost all the chemical energy comes from a process called what
Photosynthesis
What happens in the process of photosynthesis
In this process cells use the energy of sunlight to make a sugar called glucose. The plant takes in carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and creates the glucose molecule
What does the word photosynthesis mean
To make with light
Where does photosynthesis occur
In plant leaves, unicellular algae, prokaryotic bacteria, giant kelps, and seaweed
The lower part of the leaf have openings called what
Stomata
What does the stomata allow
These allow gases to enter and exit the leaf
The gases from the stomata move through a group of net-like cells called what
The spongy layer
In what part of the leaf does photosynthesis take place
Photosynthesis takes place in a group of columnar cells that are found at the top of the leaf where the sunlight strikes most directly
What is the palisade layer filled with
It is crammed with chloroplasts
Plant leaves are specialized for what
For getting hit with sunlight. They are flat organs that turn their upper sides to the sunlight
What is the highest layer of a leave called
Upper Epidermis
What is the second highest layers of a leave called
Palisade Layer
What is the 2nd lowest layer of a leave called
Spongy Layer
What is the lowest layer of a leave called
Lower Epidermis
What are Chloroplasts
These are tiny sacs filled with stomata
What occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
The reactions that result In the creation of starches (sugar) occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. These reactions utilize a solution of enzymes useful for photosynthesis
How is the outer membrane of a chloroplast like
The outer membrane of the chloroplast is smooth and allows some molecules to pass through freely
How is the inner membrane of a chloroplast like
The inner membrane has proteins that regulate the passage of protein, sugars, and other small molecules into and out of the chloroplast
Why is a leaf green
Plants have 2 kinds of chlorophyll. When light shines on a plant, the chlorophyll molecules absorb wavelengths in the red and blue range. The only light not absorbed by either type of chlorophyll is green
What molecule created during photosynthesis is stored by the plant as energy for later use
Glucose
What does carbon dioxide have to do with photosynthesis
It comes from the air and is used to make glucose
What does water have to do with photosynthesis
It comes from the ground and is used to make glucose
What does glucose have to do with photosynthesis
It is formed during the process of photosynthesis
What does sunlight have to do with photosynthesis
Energy from the sun is stored in bonds of glucose
What are the key compounds of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide, Water, Glucose, and Sunlight
Where does photosynthesis occur
In the chloroplast
How is energy converted during photosynthesis
Energy from the sun is stored in bonds of glucose
Cellular Respiration Definition
The process of breaking down glucose for the production of ATP
Palisade Layer Definition
The layer of columnar cells usually present in the upper side of the mesophyll of a leaf
Sponge Layer Definition
The layer of netlike cells usually present in the lower side of the mesophyll of a leaf
Stomata Definition
(stoma: sing.) the openings in leaves through which gas flows
Mesophyll Definition
The internal ground tissue located between the two epidermal cell layers of the leaf; and is composed of two kinds of tissues: the palisade parenchyma, an upper layer of elongated chlorenchyma cells containing large amounts of chloroplasts; and the spongy parenchyma, a lower layer of spherical or ovoid
Any cell in an organism perform how many chemical reactions
Thousands of chemical reactions
What do some reactions in cells do
Some break down molecules and others build up molecules
Why do cells need to break down molecules
To get energy to perform the functions of the cell
Is glucose broken down in one reaction
Glucose isn’t broken down in one reaction but is broken down in a series of reactions. Some of these reactions depend on the presence on the presence of oxygen. The net result of these reactions is the conversion of ADP to ATP
What is the fist step of breaking down glucose
In the first stage, molecules such as glucose are split in a process called glycolysis. This produces a small amount of ATP
If oxygen is present what happens in the break down of glucose
A series of aerobic reactions take place to make ATP. These reactions describe cellular respiration
If oxygen isn’t present what happened in the break down of glucose
In the absence of oxygen, a series of anaerobic reactions describing fermentation takes place
Where does glycolysis take place
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm
What does the word glycolysis mean
“To split the sugar”
What happens to the molecule glucose during glycolysis
The glucose molecule is split into other molecules, including 2 ATP molecules
What happens after glycolysis
After glycolysis, the broken glucose molecules react to produce more ATP. If oxygen is present in the cell, a set of aerobic reactions called cellular respiration occur. In cellular respiration, the glucose molecule s broken down to form many ATP molecules. Water and carbon dioxide are also made in the process. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria
What are the two types of fermentation
Latic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
Why is it important to eat healthy foods
Your cells need certain nutrients to function properly. Eating food that are rich in nutrients provide your cells, and your body, the necessary materials to perform these functions
Why is exercise important to the health of your cells
Exercise increases the amount of oxygen in the blood. The oxygen is needed for cellular respiration to occur
Why are proper digestion and respiration important to good health
Digestion and respiration provide the materials necessary for your cells to properly function. Healthy foods provide nutrients, and exercise provides more oxygen needed for the cells to carry out their functions
The act of breaking down glucose is one of the most what
Fundamental reactions of the cell
Where do both latic acid and alcoholic fermentation take place
In the cell’s cytoplasm
What is latic acid fermentation
Latic acid fermentation is one kind of an anaerobic process. This is what happens in your muscles when they are forced to make ATP without oxygen. The molecules from glycolysis is turned into a substance called latic acid. In the process, another molecule, NAD+, is formed. NAD+ is used in glycolysis where a small amount of ATP can be made
What is alcoholic fermentation
In alcoholic fermentation, the molecule from glycolysis is converted, not to latic acid, but instead to ethyl alcohol. This process is used to produce alcohols for drinking. As with latic acid fermentation, NAD+ is formed, which goes back into glycolysis so ATP can be made
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related
Photosynthesis creates glucose molecules to store energy. Cellular respiration breaks down the glucose molecules to release the stored energy
What is ATP composed of
ATP is a complex molecule with useable energy stored in its “tail”. The tail is made of three phosphate groups, each of which consists of an atom of phosphorus and some oxygen atoms. ADP, adenosine diphosphate, is a molecule closely related to ATP
What is ADP composed of
In ADP, there are only two phosphate groups attached to the ribose of the molecule. The prefix di- means “two”, indicating that there are two phosphate groups on the ribose
What the only difference between ATP and ADP
The addition of one phosphate group
Adenine Definition
A double ringed structure containing both nitrogen and carbon and is an amino acid
Ribose Definition
This is a 5-carbon sugar that attaches to adenine and to the first phosphate group
Phosphate Definition
Each group of phosphorus and oxygen is a phosphate group
What are the order of groups in ATP, ADP, and AMP
Adenine, Ribose, and Phosphate
How does ADP turn into ATP
With the proper combination of an available phosphate group, enzymes, and some energy, ADP can combine with the phosphate group to form ATP. The energy stored in the bond is the last bond. When ATP is converted back to ADP, energy is released when this same bond is broken
Why is one bond between phosphorus and oxygen made and broken over and over again
The reason is that it breaks easily and releases just the right amount of energy to make chemical reactions happen in the cell
What is the last phosphate in ATP used for
It can be used to drive many of the chemical reactions in a cell. As ATP converted, the energy released supplies energy for other reactions in the cell to occur. Consider the number of cells in your body. It takes many ATP molecules to provide enough energy for all of the process in your body
How much ATP does a person use a day
ATP is used and then reformed and used and reformed. But if you could fix all the ATP the body uses in one place and weigh it, the weight of ATP would equal the person’s body weight
ATP stands for what
Adenosine triphosphate
ADP stands for what
Adenosine diphosphate
AMP stands for what
Adenosine monophosphate
What does tri- mean
Three
What does di- mean
Two
What does mono- mean
One
How thick is the plasma membrane
8 nm thick
What is the currently accepted model of a membrane
The fluid mosaic model in which proteins of various types are embedded and floating around in a fluid double layer
What is concentration
The amount of a specific type of molecule (also known as solute) dissolved within a specific amount of solution is called the concentration of the molecule
What is the simplest way molecules move through membranes
By diffusion
How does diffusion work
If a membrane is in the molecule’s path, and they can pass freely through the membrane, the molecules will tend to move from the side on which the substance is at higher concentration to the side on which it is in lower concentration
The region of where diffusion or the changes in concentration is called what
A concentration gradient
H2O and CO2 are molecules that can do what
They can pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion
What do molecules need to have to pass through the plasma membrane
To diffuse through a plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer, a molecule must be small enough and must be able to get through the hydrophobic lipid environment in the middle of the bilayer
What molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion
O2, CO2, and H2O
What is an Osmosis concept
Solute molecules take up space in solution where water molecules would otherwise be. Thus, there are less water molecules relative to the number of solute molecules when the solute concentration is greater
What is Osmosis
When water moves from the area of lower solute concentration (higher water concentration) to an area of higher solute concentration (lower water concentration in the sugar solution)
High concentration
More molecules
Low concentration
Less molecules
What is bloating and shriveling
As water moves in and out of cells by osmosis, the size of the cell (also the organism) can change. If to much moves into the cell, the organism may bloat. If to much goes out, the organism may shrivel. This is why it is important for many organisms to regulate the concentration of molecules that surround their cell
What is facilitated diffusion
Diffusion across a membrane that is aided by transport proteins. This makes diffusion faster than it would otherwise be
Channel proteins do what
Channel proteins can let some molecules get across the membrane. Channel protein’s sizes, electrical charges, and structures make some of them selective to particular ions
What is a parent cell and daughter cells
A cell that divides is called a parent cell. The two new cells that result from this division are called daughter cells
Where is the genetic material found in the cell
The genetic material of a cell is found in the nucleus. This genetic material consists of DNA and special proteins that form structures called chromosomes
Chromosomes Definition
Threadlike structures made of protein and DNA that contain the instructions for building, maintaining, and operating the cell
What must be divided between the daughter cells
The chromosomes contain all the instructions a cell needs to survive, so each daughter cell that results from cell division must have a full set chromosomes. The remaining cell material, the cytoplasm, also needs to be divided between the two daughter cells
What composes the cell cycle
The repeating stages a cell experiences, including cell division, compose the cell cycle
Cell Cycle Definition
The repeating series of stages a dividing cell goes through
What is the mitotic phase
The time a cell spend actively dividing is called the mitotic phase. There are two steps in the mitotic phase. In mitosis, the genetic material of the nucleus divides after making a copy of itself. Then the cytoplasm divides (usually in half) during a process called cytokinesis
How do cells divide
Some cells divide frequently and other divide rarely, if at all
Mitosis Definition
A process of cell division of the genetic material (chromosomes) of a eukaryotic cell in which each of the two resulting nuclei receives a complete set of chromosomes that is the same as in the parent cell
Cytokinesis Definition
The stage of the cell cycle in which the membrane- enclosed cytoplasm of the cell divides to form two cells
What is the percentage of the mitotic process consumes the cell’s life
The mitotic phase takes up only about 10% of a cell’s lifetime. During the other 90% of its lifetime, you wouldn’t actually see much if you observed a cell with a microscope. During this time, the parent cell grows larger in preparation for division. There must be enough material for both daughter cells. Also, the genetic material in the nucleus makes a copy itself. This process is called DNA synthesis. After that, there are two sets of genetic material, one for each daughter cell
What is cytokinesis in animal cells like
Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the pinching of the cell’s cytoplasm until the two newly formed cells separate
What is cytokinesis in plant cells like
In plant cells, cytokinesis is slightly different. It involves the building of a new cell wall and cell membranes through the middle of the cell in between 2 newly formed nuclei. To accomplish this, certain structures transport materials for the cell wall
What happens in meiosis
In meiosis, each daughter cell will get 2 of the genetic material from the parent cell. As a result of meiosis, gametes, called egg and sperm cells, are produced
Meiosis Definition
A type of cell division in which the resulting cells have half the chromosome number of the parent
What tasks can cell division help organisms accomplish
Cell division helps unicellular organisms reproduce and helps multicellular organisms grow, repair damaged tissues, and replace old cells with new ones
What are the repeating stages of the cell cycle
The stages are as follows: G1, in which the cell grows, increases size, and makes new proteins and organelles; S, in which DNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus, and all genetic material is duplicated; G2, in which cells continue to grow and to prepare for cell division; and mitosis and cytokinesis, which take place after the G2 stage
What happens when a cell copies its DNA
When a cell copies its DNA, each chromosome must be copied. The 2 copies of a chromosome are called sister chromatids. At first, the two copies are joined together at the centeromere
Chromatids Definition
The two copies of a duplicated chromosome that will eventually end up in separate cells
Centromere Definition
The place where two sister chromatids join in a chromosome before it divides during mitosis or meiosis
What is the first phase in the two-phase process of cell division
Mitosis is the first phase in the two-phase process of cell division. During mitosis, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. By the end of mitosis, two full sets of chromosomes are grouped together
Scientists divide mitosis into 4 stages. What are they in order
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What are the 3 steps in prophase
- The chromosome coil up tightly. This makes them more compact so that they can move easily and avoid breaking
- The membrane surrounding the nucleus breaks down, freeing the chromosomes
- A system of fibers, called the spindle, starts to form
Prophase Definition
The first step of mitosis, in which the chromosomes coil and become more compact
Spindle Definition
All the spindle fiber considered together
Metaphase Definition
The second phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes arrange in a plane at the middle of the cell
Where does metaphase begin
Metaphase begins as the chromosomes spread out across the center line of the cell
Anaphase Definition
The third phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes split and move apart
What happens in anaphase
In the third stage of mitosis called anaphase, the spindle fibers start to pull away from the center of the cell. The sister chromatids are pulled apart, and the spindle acts like a conveyor belt, carrying them to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase Definition
The 4th and final phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes reach two sides of a cell and are incorporated into 2 new nuclei
What happens in telophase
The telophase, the sister chromatids have moved to opposite ends of the cell. The spindle is no longer needed, and it breaks down. Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes to form two separate nuclei. Even though there are two nuclei, there is still only one cell
What does prophase exhibits what
Prophase exhibits tightly coiled chromosomes, breakdown of the nuclear membrane
What does AMP do
AMP is important in cell growth and transport items across membranes
