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Kevin Jimbi K12 Homeschool > Kevin’s Cards about Cells and Energy > Flashcards

Kevin’s Cards about Cells and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic challenges of life

A
  1. Obtaining and using energy
  2. Reproducing
  3. Maintaining structure
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2
Q

Your cells need energy to do what

A

To perform chemical reactions

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3
Q

Who’s job is it to break down food

A

That’s a job for your teeth and digestive system

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4
Q

What does the digestive help to do for the cell

A

It helps break down food into smaller particles - the molecules that your cells can take in and use for energy

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5
Q

What do cells take in

A

Glucose

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6
Q

What is glucose

A

A sugar molecule that cells get from food you ingest

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7
Q

Can cells use glucose

A

They can’t use the energy in that form

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8
Q

What is the process of breaking down glucose

A

Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm, and products of that process are transported into the mitochondria where they are converted into a form of chemical energy that cells can use in chemical reactions

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9
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

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10
Q

How do cells produce ATP

A

Mitochondria use oxygen (O2) to convert broken down glucose into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). This process is called cellular respiration

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11
Q

What is the relationship between glucose and ATP

A

The energy from the chemical bonds in glucose can be stored in a simpler form in the chemical bonds of an energy molecule called ATP. Cells can more readily use the energy in ATP to fuel chemical reactions that take place within cells

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12
Q

What is ATP

A

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. It’s a universal form of energy that is useful for many different chemical reactions needed inside the cell

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13
Q

What do the healthiest people have in common

A

In the healthiest people, the catabolic and anabolic reactions are balanced

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14
Q

What does having a high metabolism mean

A

A high metabolism means more energy is required just to stay alive

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15
Q

What is BMR

A

BMR is the basal metabolic rate or a measure of the amount of energy that a person needs at rest without doing any other tasks or digesting food

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16
Q

What is a calorie

A

A unit of energy found on nutrition labels

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17
Q

What kind of reaction allows muscles to contract

A

Anabolic reactions are those that use ATP to form bonds in cells

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18
Q

Where is chemical energy contained

A

Chemical energy is the energy contained in the bond that bind one atom to another in a molecule. The energy stored in the bonds can be converted to other forms and ultimately used to make other chemical reactions happen in the cell

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19
Q

In a glucose diagram what are the letters and lines

A

The letters are elements and the lines and bonds

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20
Q

Almost all the chemical energy comes from a process called what

A

Photosynthesis

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21
Q

What happens in the process of photosynthesis

A

In this process cells use the energy of sunlight to make a sugar called glucose. The plant takes in carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and creates the glucose molecule

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22
Q

What does the word photosynthesis mean

A

To make with light

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23
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur

A

In plant leaves, unicellular algae, prokaryotic bacteria, giant kelps, and seaweed

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24
Q

The lower part of the leaf have openings called what

A

Stomata

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25
Q

What does the stomata allow

A

These allow gases to enter and exit the leaf

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26
Q

The gases from the stomata move through a group of net-like cells called what

A

The spongy layer

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27
Q

In what part of the leaf does photosynthesis take place

A

Photosynthesis takes place in a group of columnar cells that are found at the top of the leaf where the sunlight strikes most directly

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28
Q

What is the palisade layer filled with

A

It is crammed with chloroplasts

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29
Q

Plant leaves are specialized for what

A

For getting hit with sunlight. They are flat organs that turn their upper sides to the sunlight

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30
Q

What is the highest layer of a leave called

A

Upper Epidermis

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31
Q

What is the second highest layers of a leave called

A

Palisade Layer

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32
Q

What is the 2nd lowest layer of a leave called

A

Spongy Layer

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33
Q

What is the lowest layer of a leave called

A

Lower Epidermis

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34
Q

What are Chloroplasts

A

These are tiny sacs filled with stomata

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35
Q

What occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

A

The reactions that result In the creation of starches (sugar) occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. These reactions utilize a solution of enzymes useful for photosynthesis

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36
Q

How is the outer membrane of a chloroplast like

A

The outer membrane of the chloroplast is smooth and allows some molecules to pass through freely

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37
Q

How is the inner membrane of a chloroplast like

A

The inner membrane has proteins that regulate the passage of protein, sugars, and other small molecules into and out of the chloroplast

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38
Q

Why is a leaf green

A

Plants have 2 kinds of chlorophyll. When light shines on a plant, the chlorophyll molecules absorb wavelengths in the red and blue range. The only light not absorbed by either type of chlorophyll is green

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39
Q

What molecule created during photosynthesis is stored by the plant as energy for later use

A

Glucose

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40
Q

What does carbon dioxide have to do with photosynthesis

A

It comes from the air and is used to make glucose

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41
Q

What does water have to do with photosynthesis

A

It comes from the ground and is used to make glucose

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42
Q

What does glucose have to do with photosynthesis

A

It is formed during the process of photosynthesis

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43
Q

What does sunlight have to do with photosynthesis

A

Energy from the sun is stored in bonds of glucose

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44
Q

What are the key compounds of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide, Water, Glucose, and Sunlight

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45
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur

A

In the chloroplast

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46
Q

How is energy converted during photosynthesis

A

Energy from the sun is stored in bonds of glucose

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47
Q

Cellular Respiration Definition

A

The process of breaking down glucose for the production of ATP

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48
Q

Palisade Layer Definition

A

The layer of columnar cells usually present in the upper side of the mesophyll of a leaf

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49
Q

Sponge Layer Definition

A

The layer of netlike cells usually present in the lower side of the mesophyll of a leaf

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50
Q

Stomata Definition

A

(stoma: sing.) the openings in leaves through which gas flows

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51
Q

Mesophyll Definition

A

The internal ground tissue located between the two epidermal cell layers of the leaf; and is composed of two kinds of tissues: the palisade parenchyma, an upper layer of elongated chlorenchyma cells containing large amounts of chloroplasts; and the spongy parenchyma, a lower layer of spherical or ovoid

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52
Q

Any cell in an organism perform how many chemical reactions

A

Thousands of chemical reactions

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53
Q

What do some reactions in cells do

A

Some break down molecules and others build up molecules

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54
Q

Why do cells need to break down molecules

A

To get energy to perform the functions of the cell

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55
Q

Is glucose broken down in one reaction

A

Glucose isn’t broken down in one reaction but is broken down in a series of reactions. Some of these reactions depend on the presence on the presence of oxygen. The net result of these reactions is the conversion of ADP to ATP

56
Q

What is the fist step of breaking down glucose

A

In the first stage, molecules such as glucose are split in a process called glycolysis. This produces a small amount of ATP

57
Q

If oxygen is present what happens in the break down of glucose

A

A series of aerobic reactions take place to make ATP. These reactions describe cellular respiration

58
Q

If oxygen isn’t present what happened in the break down of glucose

A

In the absence of oxygen, a series of anaerobic reactions describing fermentation takes place

59
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm

60
Q

What does the word glycolysis mean

A

“To split the sugar”

61
Q

What happens to the molecule glucose during glycolysis

A

The glucose molecule is split into other molecules, including 2 ATP molecules

62
Q

What happens after glycolysis

A

After glycolysis, the broken glucose molecules react to produce more ATP. If oxygen is present in the cell, a set of aerobic reactions called cellular respiration occur. In cellular respiration, the glucose molecule s broken down to form many ATP molecules. Water and carbon dioxide are also made in the process. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria

63
Q

What are the two types of fermentation

A

Latic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

64
Q

Why is it important to eat healthy foods

A

Your cells need certain nutrients to function properly. Eating food that are rich in nutrients provide your cells, and your body, the necessary materials to perform these functions

65
Q

Why is exercise important to the health of your cells

A

Exercise increases the amount of oxygen in the blood. The oxygen is needed for cellular respiration to occur

66
Q

Why are proper digestion and respiration important to good health

A

Digestion and respiration provide the materials necessary for your cells to properly function. Healthy foods provide nutrients, and exercise provides more oxygen needed for the cells to carry out their functions

67
Q

The act of breaking down glucose is one of the most what

A

Fundamental reactions of the cell

68
Q

Where do both latic acid and alcoholic fermentation take place

A

In the cell’s cytoplasm

69
Q

What is latic acid fermentation

A

Latic acid fermentation is one kind of an anaerobic process. This is what happens in your muscles when they are forced to make ATP without oxygen. The molecules from glycolysis is turned into a substance called latic acid. In the process, another molecule, NAD+, is formed. NAD+ is used in glycolysis where a small amount of ATP can be made

70
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation

A

In alcoholic fermentation, the molecule from glycolysis is converted, not to latic acid, but instead to ethyl alcohol. This process is used to produce alcohols for drinking. As with latic acid fermentation, NAD+ is formed, which goes back into glycolysis so ATP can be made

71
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related

A

Photosynthesis creates glucose molecules to store energy. Cellular respiration breaks down the glucose molecules to release the stored energy

72
Q

What is ATP composed of

A

ATP is a complex molecule with useable energy stored in its “tail”. The tail is made of three phosphate groups, each of which consists of an atom of phosphorus and some oxygen atoms. ADP, adenosine diphosphate, is a molecule closely related to ATP

73
Q

What is ADP composed of

A

In ADP, there are only two phosphate groups attached to the ribose of the molecule. The prefix di- means “two”, indicating that there are two phosphate groups on the ribose

74
Q

What the only difference between ATP and ADP

A

The addition of one phosphate group

75
Q

Adenine Definition

A

A double ringed structure containing both nitrogen and carbon and is an amino acid

76
Q

Ribose Definition

A

This is a 5-carbon sugar that attaches to adenine and to the first phosphate group

77
Q

Phosphate Definition

A

Each group of phosphorus and oxygen is a phosphate group

78
Q

What are the order of groups in ATP, ADP, and AMP

A

Adenine, Ribose, and Phosphate

79
Q

How does ADP turn into ATP

A

With the proper combination of an available phosphate group, enzymes, and some energy, ADP can combine with the phosphate group to form ATP. The energy stored in the bond is the last bond. When ATP is converted back to ADP, energy is released when this same bond is broken

80
Q

Why is one bond between phosphorus and oxygen made and broken over and over again

A

The reason is that it breaks easily and releases just the right amount of energy to make chemical reactions happen in the cell

81
Q

What is the last phosphate in ATP used for

A

It can be used to drive many of the chemical reactions in a cell. As ATP converted, the energy released supplies energy for other reactions in the cell to occur. Consider the number of cells in your body. It takes many ATP molecules to provide enough energy for all of the process in your body

82
Q

How much ATP does a person use a day

A

ATP is used and then reformed and used and reformed. But if you could fix all the ATP the body uses in one place and weigh it, the weight of ATP would equal the person’s body weight

83
Q

ATP stands for what

A

Adenosine triphosphate

84
Q

ADP stands for what

A

Adenosine diphosphate

85
Q

AMP stands for what

A

Adenosine monophosphate

86
Q

What does tri- mean

A

Three

87
Q

What does di- mean

A

Two

88
Q

What does mono- mean

A

One

89
Q

How thick is the plasma membrane

A

8 nm thick

90
Q

What is the currently accepted model of a membrane

A

The fluid mosaic model in which proteins of various types are embedded and floating around in a fluid double layer

91
Q

What is concentration

A

The amount of a specific type of molecule (also known as solute) dissolved within a specific amount of solution is called the concentration of the molecule

92
Q

What is the simplest way molecules move through membranes

A

By diffusion

93
Q

How does diffusion work

A

If a membrane is in the molecule’s path, and they can pass freely through the membrane, the molecules will tend to move from the side on which the substance is at higher concentration to the side on which it is in lower concentration

94
Q

The region of where diffusion or the changes in concentration is called what

A

A concentration gradient

95
Q

H2O and CO2 are molecules that can do what

A

They can pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion

96
Q

What do molecules need to have to pass through the plasma membrane

A

To diffuse through a plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer, a molecule must be small enough and must be able to get through the hydrophobic lipid environment in the middle of the bilayer

97
Q

What molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion

A

O2, CO2, and H2O

98
Q

What is an Osmosis concept

A

Solute molecules take up space in solution where water molecules would otherwise be. Thus, there are less water molecules relative to the number of solute molecules when the solute concentration is greater

99
Q

What is Osmosis

A

When water moves from the area of lower solute concentration (higher water concentration) to an area of higher solute concentration (lower water concentration in the sugar solution)

100
Q

High concentration

A

More molecules

101
Q

Low concentration

A

Less molecules

102
Q

What is bloating and shriveling

A

As water moves in and out of cells by osmosis, the size of the cell (also the organism) can change. If to much moves into the cell, the organism may bloat. If to much goes out, the organism may shrivel. This is why it is important for many organisms to regulate the concentration of molecules that surround their cell

103
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion across a membrane that is aided by transport proteins. This makes diffusion faster than it would otherwise be

104
Q

Channel proteins do what

A

Channel proteins can let some molecules get across the membrane. Channel protein’s sizes, electrical charges, and structures make some of them selective to particular ions

105
Q

What is a parent cell and daughter cells

A

A cell that divides is called a parent cell. The two new cells that result from this division are called daughter cells

106
Q

Where is the genetic material found in the cell

A

The genetic material of a cell is found in the nucleus. This genetic material consists of DNA and special proteins that form structures called chromosomes

107
Q

Chromosomes Definition

A

Threadlike structures made of protein and DNA that contain the instructions for building, maintaining, and operating the cell

108
Q

What must be divided between the daughter cells

A

The chromosomes contain all the instructions a cell needs to survive, so each daughter cell that results from cell division must have a full set chromosomes. The remaining cell material, the cytoplasm, also needs to be divided between the two daughter cells

109
Q

What composes the cell cycle

A

The repeating stages a cell experiences, including cell division, compose the cell cycle

110
Q

Cell Cycle Definition

A

The repeating series of stages a dividing cell goes through

111
Q

What is the mitotic phase

A

The time a cell spend actively dividing is called the mitotic phase. There are two steps in the mitotic phase. In mitosis, the genetic material of the nucleus divides after making a copy of itself. Then the cytoplasm divides (usually in half) during a process called cytokinesis

112
Q

How do cells divide

A

Some cells divide frequently and other divide rarely, if at all

113
Q

Mitosis Definition

A

A process of cell division of the genetic material (chromosomes) of a eukaryotic cell in which each of the two resulting nuclei receives a complete set of chromosomes that is the same as in the parent cell

114
Q

Cytokinesis Definition

A

The stage of the cell cycle in which the membrane- enclosed cytoplasm of the cell divides to form two cells

115
Q

What is the percentage of the mitotic process consumes the cell’s life

A

The mitotic phase takes up only about 10% of a cell’s lifetime. During the other 90% of its lifetime, you wouldn’t actually see much if you observed a cell with a microscope. During this time, the parent cell grows larger in preparation for division. There must be enough material for both daughter cells. Also, the genetic material in the nucleus makes a copy itself. This process is called DNA synthesis. After that, there are two sets of genetic material, one for each daughter cell

116
Q

What is cytokinesis in animal cells like

A

Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the pinching of the cell’s cytoplasm until the two newly formed cells separate

117
Q

What is cytokinesis in plant cells like

A

In plant cells, cytokinesis is slightly different. It involves the building of a new cell wall and cell membranes through the middle of the cell in between 2 newly formed nuclei. To accomplish this, certain structures transport materials for the cell wall

118
Q

What happens in meiosis

A

In meiosis, each daughter cell will get 2 of the genetic material from the parent cell. As a result of meiosis, gametes, called egg and sperm cells, are produced

119
Q

Meiosis Definition

A

A type of cell division in which the resulting cells have half the chromosome number of the parent

120
Q

What tasks can cell division help organisms accomplish

A

Cell division helps unicellular organisms reproduce and helps multicellular organisms grow, repair damaged tissues, and replace old cells with new ones

121
Q

What are the repeating stages of the cell cycle

A

The stages are as follows: G1, in which the cell grows, increases size, and makes new proteins and organelles; S, in which DNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus, and all genetic material is duplicated; G2, in which cells continue to grow and to prepare for cell division; and mitosis and cytokinesis, which take place after the G2 stage

122
Q

What happens when a cell copies its DNA

A

When a cell copies its DNA, each chromosome must be copied. The 2 copies of a chromosome are called sister chromatids. At first, the two copies are joined together at the centeromere

123
Q

Chromatids Definition

A

The two copies of a duplicated chromosome that will eventually end up in separate cells

124
Q

Centromere Definition

A

The place where two sister chromatids join in a chromosome before it divides during mitosis or meiosis

125
Q

What is the first phase in the two-phase process of cell division

A

Mitosis is the first phase in the two-phase process of cell division. During mitosis, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. By the end of mitosis, two full sets of chromosomes are grouped together

126
Q

Scientists divide mitosis into 4 stages. What are they in order

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

127
Q

What are the 3 steps in prophase

A
  1. The chromosome coil up tightly. This makes them more compact so that they can move easily and avoid breaking
  2. The membrane surrounding the nucleus breaks down, freeing the chromosomes
  3. A system of fibers, called the spindle, starts to form
128
Q

Prophase Definition

A

The first step of mitosis, in which the chromosomes coil and become more compact

129
Q

Spindle Definition

A

All the spindle fiber considered together

130
Q

Metaphase Definition

A

The second phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes arrange in a plane at the middle of the cell

131
Q

Where does metaphase begin

A

Metaphase begins as the chromosomes spread out across the center line of the cell

132
Q

Anaphase Definition

A

The third phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes split and move apart

133
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

In the third stage of mitosis called anaphase, the spindle fibers start to pull away from the center of the cell. The sister chromatids are pulled apart, and the spindle acts like a conveyor belt, carrying them to opposite ends of the cell

134
Q

Telophase Definition

A

The 4th and final phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes reach two sides of a cell and are incorporated into 2 new nuclei

135
Q

What happens in telophase

A

The telophase, the sister chromatids have moved to opposite ends of the cell. The spindle is no longer needed, and it breaks down. Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes to form two separate nuclei. Even though there are two nuclei, there is still only one cell

136
Q

What does prophase exhibits what

A

Prophase exhibits tightly coiled chromosomes, breakdown of the nuclear membrane

137
Q

What does AMP do

A

AMP is important in cell growth and transport items across membranes

Kevin Jimbi K12 Homeschool (37 decks)

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