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JK Hu A&P > Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Nerve Fibers Conduct impulses from

A

CNS to skeletal (conscious control of muscles) as opposed to involuntary

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2
Q

autonomic system consists of

A

visceral nerve fibers

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3
Q

autonomic system regulates

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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4
Q

autonomic system is _______ voluntary

A

involuntary

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5
Q

2 systems of autonomic

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

cells of nervous system

A

neurons and neuroglia

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7
Q

neurons are _______

A

amitotic, long living, high metabolic rate,

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8
Q

2 names of neuron body

A

soma or perikaryon

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9
Q

nuclei of neurons are found in the

A

CNS

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10
Q

ganglia have clusters of neuron cell bodies

A

in the PNS

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11
Q

CNS contains _____ while PNS contains ______

A

processes and cell bodies; primarily processes

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12
Q

Tracts

A

Bundle of Neuron processes in CNS

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13
Q

2 types of processes

A

dendrites and axons

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14
Q

Cell body in CNS

A

Nuclei

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15
Q

Cell body in PNS

A

Ganglia

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16
Q

Processes in CNS

A

Tracts

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17
Q

Processes in PNS

A

Nerves

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18
Q

Inside the cell body

A

rough ER Chromatophilic

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19
Q

dentrites

A

Transmit signal as Graded Potential and action potential

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20
Q

Graded Potential occurs in

A

dentrites, cell body, sensory receptor

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21
Q

Action potential occurs in

A

Axon

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22
Q

Strength of Graded Potential

A

relatively weak, dissapates with distance

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23
Q

strength of action potential

A

100 mV all or none

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24
Q

strength of graded potential

A

hyperpolarizing or depolarizing

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25
Q

strength of action potential

A

depolarizing

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26
Q

Refractory period of graded potential

A

none

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27
Q

refractory period of action potential

A

absolute and relative

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28
Q

channel type responsible for graded potential

A

mechanical, ligand gated

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29
Q

channel type responsible for action potential

A

voltage gated

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30
Q

ions involved in graded potential

A

Ca-, K+, Na+

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31
Q

ions involved in action potential

A

K+, Na+

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32
Q

Axon starts at the _____

A

axon hillock

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33
Q

axons have occasional branches called

A

collaterals

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34
Q

nerve impulses are generated and transmitted along the _____

35
Q

axons rely on cell body to _____

A

renew proteins and membrane

36
Q

molecules and organelles are moved along the axons by

A

motor proteins (dynein and kinesin)

37
Q

Anterograde

A

away from the cell body

38
Q

retrograde

A

towards the cell body (cells to be degraded, virus, bacteria)

39
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase is responsible for the

A

concentration gradient

40
Q

Resting potential of Electrochemical gradient

41
Q

Passive Channels

A

Leak Channels (always open)

42
Q

Passive channels change with _______

A

Concetration

43
Q

Active Channels are usually_______

A

gated/closed

44
Q

innactivation gate is always except ______

A

open/depolarized (+30)

45
Q

Chemically Gated Channels are Usually found _____

A

Cell Bodies and Dendrites

46
Q

One of the most common neurotransmitters that open chemically gated channels ____

47
Q

Voltage gated channels are most commonly found in ______

A

neural axons, Sarcolema of muscle cells, skeletal muscle

48
Q

Mechanically Gated channels are found in _____

A

Sensory receptors

49
Q

Voltage gated channels respond to changes in ______

A

Transmembrane Potential

50
Q

Graded Potential

A

Change in transmembrane potential, any stimulus that opens a chemically gated receptor

51
Q

depolarization

A

Potential is proportional to the stimulus

52
Q

Graded potentials tend to

53
Q

The effect of graded potential is ________

A

most affected at site and then decreases, passive, dose-dependent, hyperpolarize, depolarize,

54
Q

how does a graded potential send a signal down the axon?

A

action potential

55
Q

graded potential has to cause a change of 10 mV at the _______ to cause an action potential

A

axon hillock

56
Q

three conditions of gated channels

A

closed but capable of opening (activation gate is closed) but could open; =

57
Q

activation gate is closed, inactivation is up:

A

polarized (-70mV)

58
Q

at 30+ mV, the _______ gates close

A

inactivation gates

59
Q

K+ channels open and the

A

inner membrane becomes less polarized

60
Q

what happens if you have hyperkalemia?

A

Takes longer for K+ to flow out of cell, and longer to repolarize

61
Q

K+ channels begin to close at

62
Q

K+ channels finish closing at

A

-90mV (hyper polarized)

63
Q

inactivation gate Na+ gate opens at; activation gate at

64
Q

inactivation gate Na+ opens ___closes at

65
Q

activation gate Na+ opens at _____ closes at

66
Q

why is action potential always moving down the axon?

A

hyperpolarization prohibits moving backwards

67
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Na+ channels are open and inactive-60=-90

68
Q

Relative refractory

A

Almost normal potential -90=-70

69
Q

2 types of propagation of signal

A

continuous (unmylinated)/saltatory

70
Q

Axon Diameters:

A

a=big, b=medium, c=small

71
Q

excitatoy/inhibitory depends on the

72
Q

Somatic cells go from ______ to ______ in the peripheral nervous system

A

neuron soma to effector muscle, ACh to skeletal muscle

73
Q

ANS nerves in sympathetic travel from

A

nerve to ganglion, deliver ACh, and then postsynaptic nerve from ganglion to gland and then NE to blood stream

74
Q

ANS nerves in parasympathetic travel from

A

nerve to ganglion ACh, then to

75
Q

channel linked neurotransmitter receptors include the ions

A

Ca+ K+ Na+ Direct and Simple

76
Q

G coupled protein receptors:

A

secondary messenger, indirect, cAMP,

77
Q

Channel Linked receptors

A

Cholinergic/ligand gated

78
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

ion channels, cholinergic: ACh

79
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

G-coupled protein, cholinergic: ACh

80
Q

Adrenergic

A

NE, alpha and beta

81
Q

2 types of cholinergic:

A

nicotinic, muscarinic, bind ACh

82
Q

Adrenergic

83
Q

preganglianic neurotransmitter:

84
Q

Post ganglianic neurotransmitter:

A

para: ACh. symp: NE

JK Hu A&P (21 decks)

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