Introduction to the Nervous System

Question 1

Somatic Nerve Fibers Conduct impulses from

Answer 1

CNS to skeletal (conscious control of muscles) as opposed to involuntary

Question 2

autonomic system consists of

Answer 2

visceral nerve fibers

Question 3

autonomic system regulates

Answer 3

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Question 4

autonomic system is _______ voluntary

Answer 4

involuntary

Question 5

2 systems of autonomic

Answer 5

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 6

cells of nervous system

Answer 6

neurons and neuroglia

Question 7

neurons are _______

Answer 7

amitotic, long living, high metabolic rate,

Question 8

2 names of neuron body

Answer 8

soma or perikaryon

Question 9

nuclei of neurons are found in the

Answer 9

CNS

Question 10

ganglia have clusters of neuron cell bodies

Answer 10

in the PNS

Question 11

CNS contains _____ while PNS contains ______

Answer 11

processes and cell bodies; primarily processes

Question 12

Tracts

Answer 12

Bundle of Neuron processes in CNS

Question 13

2 types of processes

Answer 13

dendrites and axons

Question 14

Cell body in CNS

Answer 14

Nuclei

Question 15

Cell body in PNS

Answer 15

Ganglia

Question 16

Processes in CNS

Answer 16

Tracts

Question 17

Processes in PNS

Answer 17

Nerves

Question 18

Inside the cell body

Answer 18

rough ER Chromatophilic

Question 19

dentrites

Answer 19

Transmit signal as Graded Potential and action potential

Question 20

Graded Potential occurs in

Answer 20

dentrites, cell body, sensory receptor

Question 21

Action potential occurs in

Answer 21

Axon

Question 22

Strength of Graded Potential

Answer 22

relatively weak, dissapates with distance

Question 23

strength of action potential

Answer 23

100 mV all or none

Question 24

strength of graded potential

Answer 24

hyperpolarizing or depolarizing

Question 25

strength of action potential

Answer 25

depolarizing

Question 26

Refractory period of graded potential

Answer 26

none

Question 27

refractory period of action potential

Answer 27

absolute and relative

Question 28

channel type responsible for graded potential

Answer 28

mechanical, ligand gated

Question 29

channel type responsible for action potential

Answer 29

voltage gated

Question 30

ions involved in graded potential

Answer 30

Ca-, K+, Na+

Question 31

ions involved in action potential

Answer 31

K+, Na+

Question 32

Axon starts at the _____

Answer 32

axon hillock

Question 33

axons have occasional branches called

Answer 33

collaterals

Question 34

nerve impulses are generated and transmitted along the _____

Answer 34

axolemma

Question 35

axons rely on cell body to _____

Answer 35

renew proteins and membrane

Question 36

molecules and organelles are moved along the axons by

Answer 36

motor proteins (dynein and kinesin)

Question 37

Anterograde

Answer 37

away from the cell body

Question 38

retrograde

Answer 38

towards the cell body (cells to be degraded, virus, bacteria)

Question 39

Na+/K+ ATPase is responsible for the

Answer 39

concentration gradient

Question 40

Resting potential of Electrochemical gradient

Answer 40

-70mV

Question 41

Passive Channels

Answer 41

Leak Channels (always open)

Question 42

Passive channels change with _______

Answer 42

Concetration

Question 43

Active Channels are usually_______

Answer 43

gated/closed

Question 44

innactivation gate is always except ______

Answer 44

open/depolarized (+30)

Question 45

Chemically Gated Channels are Usually found _____

Answer 45

Cell Bodies and Dendrites

Question 46

One of the most common neurotransmitters that open chemically gated channels ____

Answer 46

ACh

Question 47

Voltage gated channels are most commonly found in ______

Answer 47

neural axons, Sarcolema of muscle cells, skeletal muscle

Question 48

Mechanically Gated channels are found in _____

Answer 48

Sensory receptors

Question 49

Voltage gated channels respond to changes in ______

Answer 49

Transmembrane Potential

Question 50

Graded Potential

Answer 50

Change in transmembrane potential, any stimulus that opens a chemically gated receptor

Question 51

depolarization

Answer 51

Potential is proportional to the stimulus

Question 52

Graded potentials tend to

Answer 52

taper off

Question 53

The effect of graded potential is ________

Answer 53

most affected at site and then decreases, passive, dose-dependent, hyperpolarize, depolarize,

Question 54

how does a graded potential send a signal down the axon?

Answer 54

action potential

Question 55

graded potential has to cause a change of 10 mV at the _______ to cause an action potential

Answer 55

axon hillock

Question 56

three conditions of gated channels

Answer 56

closed but capable of opening (activation gate is closed) but could open; =

Question 57

activation gate is closed, inactivation is up:

Answer 57

polarized (-70mV)

Question 58

at 30+ mV, the _______ gates close

Answer 58

inactivation gates

Question 59

K+ channels open and the

Answer 59

inner membrane becomes less polarized

Question 60

what happens if you have hyperkalemia?

Answer 60

Takes longer for K+ to flow out of cell, and longer to repolarize

Question 61

K+ channels begin to close at

Answer 61

-70mV

Question 62

K+ channels finish closing at

Answer 62

-90mV (hyper polarized)

Question 63

inactivation gate Na+ gate opens at; activation gate at

Answer 63

-70/-60

Question 64

inactivation gate Na+ opens ___closes at

Answer 64

-70/+30

Question 65

activation gate Na+ opens at _____ closes at

Answer 65

-60/-90

Question 66

why is action potential always moving down the axon?

Answer 66

hyperpolarization prohibits moving backwards

Question 67

Absolute refractory period

Answer 67

Na+ channels are open and inactive-60=-90

Question 68

Relative refractory

Answer 68

Almost normal potential -90=-70

Question 69

2 types of propagation of signal

Answer 69

continuous (unmylinated)/saltatory

Question 70

Axon Diameters:

Answer 70

a=big, b=medium, c=small

Question 71

excitatoy/inhibitory depends on the

Answer 71

receptor

Question 72

Somatic cells go from ______ to ______ in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 72

neuron soma to effector muscle, ACh to skeletal muscle

Question 73

ANS nerves in sympathetic travel from

Answer 73

nerve to ganglion, deliver ACh, and then postsynaptic nerve from ganglion to gland and then NE to blood stream

Question 74

ANS nerves in parasympathetic travel from

Answer 74

nerve to ganglion ACh, then to

Question 75

channel linked neurotransmitter receptors include the ions

Answer 75

Ca+ K+ Na+ Direct and Simple

Question 76

G coupled protein receptors:

Answer 76

secondary messenger, indirect, cAMP,

Question 77

Channel Linked receptors

Answer 77

Cholinergic/ligand gated

Question 78

nicotinic receptors

Answer 78

ion channels, cholinergic: ACh

Question 79

muscarinic receptors

Answer 79

G-coupled protein, cholinergic: ACh

Question 80

Adrenergic

Answer 80

NE, alpha and beta

Question 81

2 types of cholinergic:

Answer 81

nicotinic, muscarinic, bind ACh

Question 82

Adrenergic

Answer 82

NE

Question 83

preganglianic neurotransmitter:

Answer 83

ACh

Question 84

Post ganglianic neurotransmitter:

Answer 84

para: ACh. symp: NE