Hu_Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
layers of the digestive system
A
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis circular layer, myenteric plexus, longitudinal layer) Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
2
Q
why do we need muscularis mucosa?
A
squeeze mucosal glands
3
Q
nerve innervation for GI tract:
A
submucosal (in submucosal) and mesentric plexus
4
Q
submucosal plexus innervates:
A
gland stimulation
5
Q
mesenteric plexus innervates:
A
smooth muscle contraction
6
Q
mucosa muscularis:
A
smooth muscle that causes gland secretion
7
Q
muscularis externa:
A
smooth muscle that causes peristalsis
8
Q
unique characteristic of stomach epithelium
A
gastric pit
9
Q
layers of stomach cells
A
mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa,oblique muscle, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, serosa
10
Q
gastric glands
A
parietal cells, smooth muscle cell, g cell and chief cells
11
Q
gastric pit
A
lamina propria, mucous cells, neck
12
Q
mucous cells produce:
A
HCO3 alkaline
13
Q
Parietal cells secrete:
A
HCL Intrinsic Factor
14
Q
G Cells produce
A
gastrin
15
Q
Chief Cells produce:
A
Proenzyme
16
Q
Gastric Glands:
A
mostly exocrine, at the bottom of pit there are some endocrine
17
Q
The cells that look like fried eggs:
A
Parietal cells
18
Q
intrinsic factor helps to facilitate:
A
absorption of Vit B12
19
Q
Parietal cells help to facillitate:
A
intrinsic factor that helps in absorption of B12
20
Q
H+ and Cl-and transport from ____ to the stomach lumen independently
A
H+ Cl-
21
Q
Deficient Parietal cells may result in:
A
enemia
22
Q
chief cells stain _____
A
stain purple
23
Q
Chief cells stimulate:
A
parietal, chief, smooth muscle cells contraction
24
Q
how does the stomach digest food:
A
acid, enzyme, mechanical force
25
duodenum:
main place of digestive regulation
26
3 functions of duodenum:
receive chyme, neutralize stomach acid, regulate GI tract hormones
27
duodenum has _____ plicae than small intestine?
smaller, fewer
28
brunners glands are located in the _____ of the _______
submucosa duodenum
29
brunners glands secrete:
HCO3
30
```
brunners glands are more abundant in the
_________ region (proximal/distal)
```
distal (proximal is most acidic and so the basic glands work to neutralize the acid)
31
bunners glands are located in the _______ region (mucosa submucosa, muscle, etc)
submucosa
32
liver is made up of _______ that are ______ in shape
lobules, hexagon
33
the lobules of the liver contain a ________ in the middle and have six triad areas:
central vein, portal vein, hepatic artery bile duct
34
ducts are lined with:
simple cuboidal cells
35
each of the triad areas contain a triad of lumen, you can tell the arteries and veins apart by the _______
epithelium tissue (ducts are simple cuboidal, arteries and veins are simple squamous)
36
cells of the liver lobules:
hepatocytes, and kupffer
37
hepatocytes, kupffer
lined like wheels along central vein; immunity cells (antigen presenting)
38
everything you eat gets moved to the liver through _______ except the dietary lipids
portal vein
39
liver processes and digests food, and the oxygen is supplied via:
1/3 hepatic artery, 2/3 portal vein
40
the hepatic artery supplies _______ blood to the liver while the portal vein supplies _______ blood
oxygenated, deoxygenated
41
the blood of the hepatic artery and portal vein meet in the _________
liver sinusoid or sinusoidal blood vessel
42
the _____ of the liver are lined with ______
sinusoid, hepatocytes
43
among the content of the sinusoids of the liver, they are lined with ______ and contain ______
hepatocytes, macrophages
44
the blood flow of the liver:
goes from the triad area, and towards the central vein
45
all the central veins of the lobules merge, and come together, and upon exiting the liver they are called the:
hepatic vein
46
_____ are responsible for making bile
hepatocytes
47
bile is made in the _____ and then is secreted through the _______ before exiting via the bile duct
hepatocytes, bile canaliculi
48
bile away from the ______, moves from the ______ through the _______ to the bile duct, and
central vein, hepatocytes, bile canaliculi
49
blood of the liver flows ______ the portal triad (portal artery and portal vein), ______ the central vein, while bile flows in the opposite direction
from, to
50
if you have drug toxicity (overdose), where in the triad would experience a problem?
the peripheral (would see most of the drug toxicity)
51
heart flow being impaired, where in the lobule would you see the effects?
central vein
52
what cells make up the gallbladder?
simple columnar
53
the cells lining the gallbladder have:
microvilli (concentrate stuff, you need to absorb as much as possible), mitochondria
54
pancreatic islets are associated with:
endocrine function
55
pancreatic acini cells are associated with
exocrine function
56
the secretory cells that produce the pancreatic enzymes are called:
acini
57
acinar cells have an apical side that is ______ because it contains ______
stippled appearance, zymogen granules
58
zymogen granules are found:
in the apical cytoplasm of the acinar cells,
59
the zymogen granules are:
precursors to enzymes
60
_______ are precursors to enzymes
proenzymes
61
the enzymes found in the appical cyoplasm of acinar cells include:
amylase, lipase, protease
62
acinar cells are full of:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
63
if you want a cell to absorb, they must have a great deal of ______
mitochondria
64
the acinar cells have dark purple areas of stain because of the ______
Rough ER
65
while the secretory cells of Acini contain proenzyme cells that stain _______, the outer edges stain ________ due to the presence of RER
pink, dark purple
66
acinar cells in the pancrease secrete;
bicarbonate
67
acinar cells are granulated, simple columnar cells on the basal side of the pancrease with ____
centroasinar cells in the middle
68
in a typical exocrine gland, there is a secretory vesicle made up of the ____ portion and the ______
acinus (secretory portion) and the duct (conducting portion)
69
________ has a lumen with precipitated secretory material (pink glob) with cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells lining the duct
interlobular duct
70
_______ ducts have zymogen granule-enriched areas of acinar cells (eosinophilic)
intralobular
71
the duct system in the pancrease has increasingly large cells starting with the _____ then the ____ and the ______
intercalated duct, intralobular duct, and interlobular duct
72
intercalated ducts have ______
simple squamous, simple cuboidal
73
intralobular ducts contain:
simple cuboidal/simple columnar, less connective tissue
74
interlobular ducts contain:
simple columnar, more connective tissue
75
interlobular ducts contain:
simple columnar, more connective tissue
76
absorption takes place in:
jejunum and illeum
77
jejunum vs illeum
illeum is next to large intestine, full of bacteria, so illeum has more immunity cells than jejunum; jejunum has more villi
78
the basal cells of the duodenum lumen are:
muscularis mucosa
79
cells on apical side of lumen in SI are:
columnar epithelium
80
dietary fat goes where the first round of absorption?
through lacteal, into lymphatic system, not to hepatic portal system
81
the lymphatic vessel of the small intestine is called:
lacteal
82
the lymphatic vessels of the SI are designed to absorb:
dietary fats
83
the lymphocyte areas of the illeum are:
peyer's pathes
84
M cells are located in the ______
mucosa layer of the ileum, over the peyer's patch
85
the m cells stand for:
microfold
86
the basal side of m cells have an intracellular pocket that have a nodule full of ______
lymphocytes
87
m cells have_____ that:
specialized epithelial cells, endocytose antigens and transport to underlying cells
88
most important enteroendocrine cell:
G cells
89
the basal portion of the intestinal crypts contain:
paneth cells
90
paneth cells:
stain red because of lysosomes
91
paneth cells are of importance in the _____
illeum
92
paneth cells play a role in:
innate immunity
93
paneth cells contain:
large eosinophilic secretory granules containing lysosomes
94
large intestine does not: and does:
include extensive villi, contain extensive goblet cells
95
one misconception about large intestine:
it does not absorb as much h2o as everyone thinks because water follows stuff, and there isn't much stuff left
96
in the rectal-anal area, the epithelial cells change from _____ to ______
simple columnar to stratified squamous
97
the difference between internal and external sphincters
internal is under smooth muscle control, external is skeletal muscle
98
the large intestine has:
a thick longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
99
taenia coli:
layer of incomplete longitutinal muscles found in the large intestine
100
villi of the large intestine?
no
101
large intestine contains extensive:
goblet cells (mucousa)
102
large circular muscle forms pockets known as:
haustra
103
serous acina
lumen leading to intercalated duct,
104
_______ is the initial duct leading the secretion out of the acina
intercalated duct
105
folded basal portion of the _____ ducts are called ______, filled with ______
salivary, striated mitochondria (if you want the cell to absorb more sodium, you need more mitochondria)
106
Parotid glands contain:
serous acinar, connective tissue, striated ducts
107
myoepithelial cells act as secretion cells in:
parotid glands
108
the three types of glands in the mouth area are:
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
109
of the three types of glands, the ____ is the darkest and contains the most protein
parotid
110
of the three types of glands the ______ contains patches of mucosal cells or myoepithelial cells
submandibular
111
of the three types of glands, the ______ look mostly white and are full of mucos secreting cells
sublingual
112
myoepithelial cells surround:
acina
113
myoepithelial cells are found in:
salivary gland, mammary gland, sweat gland
114
survive without stomach? what's the down side?
no parietal cells, no IF, no B12, no Hg synthesis
115
illeum is necessary for absorption of
b12
116
first part of liver lobule effected by tylonol overdose:
1 peripheral going into central vein
