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JK Hu A&P > Hu_Digestive System > Flashcards

Hu_Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the digestive system

A

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis circular layer, myenteric plexus, longitudinal layer) Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

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2
Q

why do we need muscularis mucosa?

A

squeeze mucosal glands

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3
Q

nerve innervation for GI tract:

A

submucosal (in submucosal) and mesentric plexus

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4
Q

submucosal plexus innervates:

A

gland stimulation

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5
Q

mesenteric plexus innervates:

A

smooth muscle contraction

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6
Q

mucosa muscularis:

A

smooth muscle that causes gland secretion

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7
Q

muscularis externa:

A

smooth muscle that causes peristalsis

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8
Q

unique characteristic of stomach epithelium

A

gastric pit

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9
Q

layers of stomach cells

A

mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa,oblique muscle, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, serosa

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10
Q

gastric glands

A

parietal cells, smooth muscle cell, g cell and chief cells

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11
Q

gastric pit

A

lamina propria, mucous cells, neck

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12
Q

mucous cells produce:

A

HCO3 alkaline

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13
Q

Parietal cells secrete:

A

HCL Intrinsic Factor

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14
Q

G Cells produce

A

gastrin

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15
Q

Chief Cells produce:

A

Proenzyme

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16
Q

Gastric Glands:

A

mostly exocrine, at the bottom of pit there are some endocrine

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17
Q

The cells that look like fried eggs:

A

Parietal cells

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18
Q

intrinsic factor helps to facilitate:

A

absorption of Vit B12

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19
Q

Parietal cells help to facillitate:

A

intrinsic factor that helps in absorption of B12

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20
Q

H+ and Cl-and transport from ____ to the stomach lumen independently

A

H+ Cl-

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21
Q

Deficient Parietal cells may result in:

A

enemia

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22
Q

chief cells stain _____

A

stain purple

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23
Q

Chief cells stimulate:

A

parietal, chief, smooth muscle cells contraction

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24
Q

how does the stomach digest food:

A

acid, enzyme, mechanical force

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25
Q

duodenum:

A

main place of digestive regulation

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26
Q

3 functions of duodenum:

A

receive chyme, neutralize stomach acid, regulate GI tract hormones

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27
Q

duodenum has _____ plicae than small intestine?

A

smaller, fewer

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28
Q

brunners glands are located in the _____ of the _______

A

submucosa duodenum

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29
Q

brunners glands secrete:

A

HCO3

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30
Q 
brunners glands are more abundant in the 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ region (proximal/distal)
A

distal (proximal is most acidic and so the basic glands work to neutralize the acid)

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31
Q

bunners glands are located in the _______ region (mucosa submucosa, muscle, etc)

A

submucosa

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32
Q

liver is made up of _______ that are ______ in shape

A

lobules, hexagon

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33
Q

the lobules of the liver contain a ________ in the middle and have six triad areas:

A

central vein, portal vein, hepatic artery bile duct

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34
Q

ducts are lined with:

A

simple cuboidal cells

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35
Q

each of the triad areas contain a triad of lumen, you can tell the arteries and veins apart by the _______

A

epithelium tissue (ducts are simple cuboidal, arteries and veins are simple squamous)

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36
Q

cells of the liver lobules:

A

hepatocytes, and kupffer

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37
Q

hepatocytes, kupffer

A

lined like wheels along central vein; immunity cells (antigen presenting)

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38
Q

everything you eat gets moved to the liver through _______ except the dietary lipids

A

portal vein

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39
Q

liver processes and digests food, and the oxygen is supplied via:

A

1/3 hepatic artery, 2/3 portal vein

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40
Q

the hepatic artery supplies _______ blood to the liver while the portal vein supplies _______ blood

A

oxygenated, deoxygenated

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41
Q

the blood of the hepatic artery and portal vein meet in the _________

A

liver sinusoid or sinusoidal blood vessel

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42
Q

the _____ of the liver are lined with ______

A

sinusoid, hepatocytes

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43
Q

among the content of the sinusoids of the liver, they are lined with ______ and contain ______

A

hepatocytes, macrophages

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44
Q

the blood flow of the liver:

A

goes from the triad area, and towards the central vein

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45
Q

all the central veins of the lobules merge, and come together, and upon exiting the liver they are called the:

A

hepatic vein

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46
Q

_____ are responsible for making bile

A

hepatocytes

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47
Q

bile is made in the _____ and then is secreted through the _______ before exiting via the bile duct

A

hepatocytes, bile canaliculi

48
Q

bile away from the ______, moves from the ______ through the _______ to the bile duct, and

A

central vein, hepatocytes, bile canaliculi

49
Q

blood of the liver flows ______ the portal triad (portal artery and portal vein), ______ the central vein, while bile flows in the opposite direction

A

from, to

50
Q

if you have drug toxicity (overdose), where in the triad would experience a problem?

A

the peripheral (would see most of the drug toxicity)

51
Q

heart flow being impaired, where in the lobule would you see the effects?

A

central vein

52
Q

what cells make up the gallbladder?

A

simple columnar

53
Q

the cells lining the gallbladder have:

A

microvilli (concentrate stuff, you need to absorb as much as possible), mitochondria

54
Q

pancreatic islets are associated with:

A

endocrine function

55
Q

pancreatic acini cells are associated with

A

exocrine function

56
Q

the secretory cells that produce the pancreatic enzymes are called:

A

acini

57
Q

acinar cells have an apical side that is ______ because it contains ______

A

stippled appearance, zymogen granules

58
Q

zymogen granules are found:

A

in the apical cytoplasm of the acinar cells,

59
Q

the zymogen granules are:

A

precursors to enzymes

60
Q

_______ are precursors to enzymes

A

proenzymes

61
Q

the enzymes found in the appical cyoplasm of acinar cells include:

A

amylase, lipase, protease

62
Q

acinar cells are full of:

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

63
Q

if you want a cell to absorb, they must have a great deal of ______

A

mitochondria

64
Q

the acinar cells have dark purple areas of stain because of the ______

A

Rough ER

65
Q

while the secretory cells of Acini contain proenzyme cells that stain _______, the outer edges stain ________ due to the presence of RER

A

pink, dark purple

66
Q

acinar cells in the pancrease secrete;

A

bicarbonate

67
Q

acinar cells are granulated, simple columnar cells on the basal side of the pancrease with ____

A

centroasinar cells in the middle

68
Q

in a typical exocrine gland, there is a secretory vesicle made up of the ____ portion and the ______

A

acinus (secretory portion) and the duct (conducting portion)

69
Q

________ has a lumen with precipitated secretory material (pink glob) with cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells lining the duct

A

interlobular duct

70
Q

_______ ducts have zymogen granule-enriched areas of acinar cells (eosinophilic)

A

intralobular

71
Q

the duct system in the pancrease has increasingly large cells starting with the _____ then the ____ and the ______

A

intercalated duct, intralobular duct, and interlobular duct

72
Q

intercalated ducts have ______

A

simple squamous, simple cuboidal

73
Q

intralobular ducts contain:

A

simple cuboidal/simple columnar, less connective tissue

74
Q

interlobular ducts contain:

A

simple columnar, more connective tissue

75
Q

interlobular ducts contain:

A

simple columnar, more connective tissue

76
Q

absorption takes place in:

A

jejunum and illeum

77
Q

jejunum vs illeum

A

illeum is next to large intestine, full of bacteria, so illeum has more immunity cells than jejunum; jejunum has more villi

78
Q

the basal cells of the duodenum lumen are:

A

muscularis mucosa

79
Q

cells on apical side of lumen in SI are:

A

columnar epithelium

80
Q

dietary fat goes where the first round of absorption?

A

through lacteal, into lymphatic system, not to hepatic portal system

81
Q

the lymphatic vessel of the small intestine is called:

A

lacteal

82
Q

the lymphatic vessels of the SI are designed to absorb:

A

dietary fats

83
Q

the lymphocyte areas of the illeum are:

A

peyer’s pathes

84
Q

M cells are located in the ______

A

mucosa layer of the ileum, over the peyer’s patch

85
Q

the m cells stand for:

A

microfold

86
Q

the basal side of m cells have an intracellular pocket that have a nodule full of ______

A

lymphocytes

87
Q

m cells have_____ that:

A

specialized epithelial cells, endocytose antigens and transport to underlying cells

88
Q

most important enteroendocrine cell:

A

G cells

89
Q

the basal portion of the intestinal crypts contain:

A

paneth cells

90
Q

paneth cells:

A

stain red because of lysosomes

91
Q

paneth cells are of importance in the _____

A

illeum

92
Q

paneth cells play a role in:

A

innate immunity

93
Q

paneth cells contain:

A

large eosinophilic secretory granules containing lysosomes

94
Q

large intestine does not: and does:

A

include extensive villi, contain extensive goblet cells

95
Q

one misconception about large intestine:

A

it does not absorb as much h2o as everyone thinks because water follows stuff, and there isn’t much stuff left

96
Q

in the rectal-anal area, the epithelial cells change from _____ to ______

A

simple columnar to stratified squamous

97
Q

the difference between internal and external sphincters

A

internal is under smooth muscle control, external is skeletal muscle

98
Q

the large intestine has:

A

a thick longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

99
Q

taenia coli:

A

layer of incomplete longitutinal muscles found in the large intestine

100
Q

villi of the large intestine?

A

no

101
Q

large intestine contains extensive:

A

goblet cells (mucousa)

102
Q

large circular muscle forms pockets known as:

A

haustra

103
Q

serous acina

A

lumen leading to intercalated duct,

104
Q

_______ is the initial duct leading the secretion out of the acina

A

intercalated duct

105
Q

folded basal portion of the _____ ducts are called ______, filled with ______

A

salivary, striated mitochondria (if you want the cell to absorb more sodium, you need more mitochondria)

106
Q

Parotid glands contain:

A

serous acinar, connective tissue, striated ducts

107
Q

myoepithelial cells act as secretion cells in:

A

parotid glands

108
Q

the three types of glands in the mouth area are:

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

109
Q

of the three types of glands, the ____ is the darkest and contains the most protein

A

parotid

110
Q

of the three types of glands the ______ contains patches of mucosal cells or myoepithelial cells

A

submandibular

111
Q

of the three types of glands, the ______ look mostly white and are full of mucos secreting cells

A

sublingual

112
Q

myoepithelial cells surround:

A

acina

113
Q

myoepithelial cells are found in:

A

salivary gland, mammary gland, sweat gland

114
Q

survive without stomach? what’s the down side?

A

no parietal cells, no IF, no B12, no Hg synthesis

115
Q

illeum is necessary for absorption of

A

b12

116
Q

first part of liver lobule effected by tylonol overdose:

A

1 peripheral going into central vein

JK Hu A&P (21 decks)

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