Human Development

Question 1

embryonic period

Answer 1

end of week 3 through week 8, most important time of pregnancy for birth, developmental defects; after week 8 everything just grows in size

Question 2

fetal period

Answer 2

end of week 8 through week 38

Question 3

Gastrulation

Answer 3

is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar (“three-layered”) structure known as the gastrula. These three germ layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Question 4

primitive streak

Answer 4

The primitive streak is a structure that forms in the blastula during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development. It forms on the dorsal (back) face of the developing embryo, toward the caudal or posterior end.

Question 5

amniotic cavity

Answer 5

is the closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo.

Question 6

yolk sac

Answer 6

yolk sac is the first element seen in the gestational sac during pregnancy, usually at 3 days gestation. Identification of the gestational sac is a critical landmark in monitoring an early pregnancy, and can be reliably seen in human pregnancy using ultrasound.

Question 7

primitive knot

Answer 7

is an enlarged group of cells located in the anterior portion of the primitive streak in a developing gastrula.

Question 8

fertilization takes place (ideally) in…

Answer 8

the ampula of the uterine tube at which it will be unarrested from metaphase II

Question 9

mitotic division that the fertilized egg undergos is called:

Answer 9

cleavage

Question 10

insitio tropho blast

Answer 10

invades tissue of endometrium

Question 11

after hatching from zona pallucida, the trophoblast differentiates into 2 distinct layers:

Answer 11

insitio trophoblast, and cytotrophoblast

Question 12

gastrulation:

Answer 12

point at which we have 3 main stages: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 13

The floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the ______disc composed of a layer of prismatic cells, the embryonic ectoderm, derived from the inner cell-mass and lying in apposition with the endoderm.

Answer 13

embryonic

Question 14

the embryonic disk is derived from

Answer 14

the epiblast layer, which lies between the hypoblast layer and the amnion. The epiblast layer is derived from the inner cell mass. Through the process of gastrulation, the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes trilaminar. The notochord forms thereafter. Through the process of neurulation, the notochord induces the formation of the neural tube in the embryonic disc

Question 15

The amnion is:

Answer 15

The amnion is a membrane that closely covers the embryo when first formed. It fills with the amniotic fluid which causes the amnion to expand and become the amniotic sac which serves to provide a protective environment for the developing embryo

Question 16

The ________ is a tissue type that forms from the inner cell mass. It lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells. Extraembryonic endoderm (including Yolk sac) is derived from hypoblast cells.

Answer 16

hypoblast

Question 17

the tri-laminar embryo is the stage at which:

Answer 17

there are 3 distinct germ layers:
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 18

ectoderm layer will become:

Answer 18

skin, epidermis, CNS, give rise to neural crest cells, teeth, eyes

Question 19

mesoderm layer will become:

Answer 19

muscles, notocord, skeletal components, RBC, cartilage, bones

Question 20

endoderm gives rise to:

Answer 20

most organs on inner cavity: hearing GI, pulmonary, urination, breathing

Question 21

before gastrulation, the bilayer pancake consists of :

Answer 21

epiblast (dorsal) and hypoblast (ventral)

Question 22

the hypoblast is the first layer pushed out of the way and it is removed by:

Answer 22

epiblast cells migration

Question 23

after being in a bilayer formation, the cells that move to form the notocord are called the:

Answer 23

axial mesoderm

Question 24

the cells of a bilayer formation that move to form the area next to the notocord and form the somites

Answer 24

paraxial mesoderm

Question 25

cells of a bilayer that spread out laterally to make a large, flat pancake-like surface are called the

Answer 25

lateral mesoderm

Question 26

hypoblast delaminates and forms the:

Answer 26

primary yolk-sac

Question 27

the chorionic cavity:

Answer 27

The chorionic cavity is enclosed by the chorionic plate, which is composed of an inner layer of somatopleuric mesoderm and an outer layer of trophoblast cells.

Question 28

notocord arises from the:

Answer 28

mesoderm

Question 29

neural crest and neural tube arise from the

Answer 29

ectoderm

Question 30

first forms the neurol _____ then the neural ______ the neural ______

Answer 30

fold, groove, tube

Question 31

after the formation of the neural tube, the _______ appear

Answer 31

somites

Question 32

septum transversum

Answer 32

grows up out of the mesoderm, forms the border between the pericardial and peritoneal cavities, divides the thorax and abdomen: just above liver, just below heart (constitutes much of the diaphram)

Question 33

septum transversum originates from C3-C5 and will be innervated by

Answer 33

c4 cut c4, breath no more

Question 34

pluera peritoneal merges with transverse septum and _____

Answer 34

pericardial pluera

Question 35

Pluera peritoneum is the:

Answer 35

abdominal cavity

Question 36

endoderm and mesoderm come together to

Answer 36

ind-ian food: splanchnopluera

Question 37

ectoderm and mesoderm:

Answer 37

somatopleura (tomato and meso)

Question 38

intraembryonic ceolum gives rise to:

Answer 38

the thoracic and abdominal (perotonium) cavities

Question 39

70% of the diaphram comes from the

Answer 39

septum transversus

Question 40

the transverse septum arises:

Answer 40

ventral side of embryo to the posterior side of the embryo,

Question 41

when septum tranverses stops, you have formed the

Answer 41

interembryonic coelum

Question 42

pluera peritoneal membrane meets with the ______ as it grows from the ______ to the ______

Answer 42

septum transversus, posterior to the ventral side

Question 43

the septum transversus and pleura peritoneal form:

Answer 43

the pericardial peritoneal cavity

Question 44

pluera pericardial fold is a _______ division

Answer 44

verticala

Question 45

4 stages of lung development:

Answer 45

"sue can suck air" Pseudoglandular – branching of bronchial tubes Canalicular – lumen increases Saccular – alveolar capillaries develop, surfactant is produced Alveolar – increase in the number of alveoli with the growth in lungs during the first 8 postnatal years

Question 46

lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to the;

Answer 46

splanchnic, somatic, extraembryonic

Question 47

fertilization usually takes place in the:

Answer 47

ampulla of the uterine tube

Question 48

ectoderm folds to form the neural ___ and ____:

Answer 48

crest/tube

Question 49

the neural crest will go on to form the _____

Answer 49

PNS (opposite of CNS)

Question 50

The neural tube will go on to form the ______

Answer 50

CNS

Question 51

caudel region of neural tube will be:

Answer 51

spinal cord

Question 52

cranial region of neural tube will be:

Answer 52

cerebellum

Question 53

the neural plate is made up of the _______ layer and will eventually become the:

Answer 53

ectoderm, neural plate

Question 54

the neural crest is made up of the _____ layer and will eventually become the:

Answer 54

PNS

Question 55

the somites are originally _____ tissue and will eventually become _____

Answer 55

paraxial mesodermal tissue, schlerotome, dermatome, or myotomes

Question 56

spina biffida

Answer 56

somites didn't correctly form the structures around tube, or the tube on the caudal end didn't close

Question 57

______ is a thin but tough sac that surrounds the developing embryo

Answer 57

amnion

Question 58

the ____ is a thin but tough sac that surrounds the amnion

Answer 58

corion