Heart Development Flashcards
____is the formation of blood vessels
Angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels
Blood vessel (and blood cell) formation begins in the ______ and the embryo with __________ that coalesce to form distinct hollow clusters that then merge to form linear hollow tubes or vessels
Blood vessel (and blood cell) formation begins in the yolk sac and the embryo with mesodermal cells that coalesce to form distinct hollow clusters that then merge to form linear hollow tubes or vessels
These are apparent in the _______ cranial and ______to the neural plate and extraembryonically in the yolk sac on about day _____
These are apparent in the mesoderm cranial and lateral to the neural plate and extraembryonically in the yolk sac on about day 17
The first appearance of the clusters forming tubes that will eventually merge to form the developing heart is in the _________
The first appearance of the clusters forming tubes that will eventually merge to form the developing heart is in the cardiogenic plate
The________ contains clusters of angiogenetic cells found anterior and ________ to the neural plate.
The cardiogenic plate contains clusters of angiogenetic cells found anterior and lateral to the neural plate.
________ cell clusters in the cardiogenic plate fuse to form a pair of ________ tubes as well as other vessels.
Mesodermal cell clusters in the cardiogenic plate fuse to form a pair of endocardial tubes as well as other vessels.
Within another one to two days, the ______ tubes meet and fuse at the midline to form the ________
Within another one to two days, the endocardial tubes meet and fuse at the midline to form the primitive heart tube.
The 2 dorsal aorta and endocardial tubes arise as ________
The 2 dorsal aorta and endocardial tubes arise as mesodermal vesicles
The endocardial tubes coalesce with lateral folding to form the _______ and ________heart of the of the embryo.
The endocardial tubes coalesce with lateral folding to form the primitive and functional heart of the of the embryo.
The lining of the _________ tube will form the _________ layer of the heart.
The lining of the endocardial tube will form the endocardial layer of the heart.
Around the ______ week of development, mesodermal cells create blood islands in a horse-shoe shape region of the embryo, that includes the _______ region ______ to the embryo and bilateral to the embryo
Around the third week of development, mesodermal cells create blood islands in a horse-shoe shape region of the embryo, that includes the cardiogenic region cephalic to the embryo and bilateral to the embryo
These blood islands coalesce and form a pair of ______ heart tubes.
These blood islands coalesce and form a pair of endocardial heart tubes.
During the folding (cephalic and lateral), the ______ heart tubes become fused with one another in the midline, creating one _______ heart tube.
During the folding (cephalic and lateral), the endocardial heart tubes become fused with one another in the midline, creating one endocardial heart tube.
The single endocardial tube is invested with _________that differentiates into the ________ layer that is composed of cardiac muscle and the epicardium
The single endocardial tube is invested with splanchnic mesoderm that differentiates into the myocardial layer that is composed of cardiac muscle and the epicardium
These two layers are separated from the inner ________ layer by cardiac jelly
These two layers are separated from the inner endocardial layer by cardiac jelly
The early heart develops five distinct dilatations. From inferiorly to superiorly, they are:
the sinus venosus, the primitive atrium, the primitive ventricle, the bulbus cordis, and the the truncus arteriosus.
Note the outflow tract develops into ____ arches within the neck of the embryo
Note the outflow tract develops into 5 arches within the neck of the embryo
The innervation of the heart from the_______ is derived from the neck region of the sympathetic chain and the _______
The innervation of the heart from the autonomic nervous system is derived from the neck region of the sympathetic chain and the Xth nerve – the Vagus.
Developing primitive heart tube (ventral view) - day 20-21:
Recognize the layers of the developing heart wall - from outer to inner they are:
1) epicardium (a) – from mesothelial cells (splanchnic mesoderm)
2) myocardium (b) – from surrounding splanchnic mesoderm
3) cardiac jelly (c) – acellular extracellular matrix provides form for myocardial growth
4) endocardium (d) – formed by the merging of the endocardial tubes from splanchnic mesoderm
The pair of Dorsal aorta in the neck fuse into one dorsal aorta _______
To Vit. & Umb. A.
The pair of Dorsal aorta in the neck fuse into one dorsal aorta posteriorly
To Vit. & Umb. A.
6 pairs of arches:
Output of heart is connected by pairs of aortic arches in the neck united to a _________
6 pairs of arches:
Output of heart is connected by pairs of aortic arches in the neck united to a pair of Dorsal Aorta Arteries
Primitive Heart Input
Common Cardinal Veins (L&R pair)
- each from the confluence of anterior and posterior cardinal veins
Vitelline veins (L&R pair)
Umbilical Veins (L&R pair)
Aorta: ventral aorta connected by arches to the paired dorsal aorta (paired arteries anteriorly in the neck and head but the two dorsal aorta become fused into a single dorsal aorta posterior to the neck)
Vitelline arteries – a pair of arteries that branch off the unified dorsal aorta to the yolk sac plexus
Umbilical arteries – a pair of arteries that branch off the unified dorsal aorta to provide blood to the tertiary villi in the placenta
Heart Input (systemic veins in blue): There are 3 paris of veins:
1.) Common Cardinal Veins (Left and Right): Each is formed by the confluence of anterior and posterior cardinal veins (Left and Right)
- Anterior Cardinal Veins – drain the anterior embryo
- Posterior Cardinal veins – drain the posterior embryo
2.) Vitelline Veins (Left and Right) – return blood from the yolk sac
3.) Umbilical Veins (Left and Right) – return blood from the placenta
Three major pairs of veins and their tributaries bring blood to a confluent venous cavity - the sinus venosus of the heart.
